"Ji" Literature in Zuo Zhuan

Historical Records is a genre of historical books that appeared in the pre-Qin period. "Zhi" was originally used as a verb, mostly referring to "Ji". Kangxi Dictionary clearly interprets "Zhi" as "Ji", "Zhi". Memory must come from the heart, so the "ambition" in the pre-Qin period is often associated with "heart", which represents the important content of "ambition". In The Analects of Confucius Learning, it is said that "I have five out of ten ambitions to learn", which Zhu interpreted as "the ambition of my heart". ..... If you aim at it, you will never tire of reading it. ". Preface to Mao's Poems also emphasizes "be ambitious". On this basis, people often call those words recorded by heart "records" and the records of events in history "records". Li Zhouguan's pure Xiao family has "Xiao family holds the ambition of the country, establishes the foundation of the world and distinguishes Zhao Mu". Zheng Xuan thinks that the "national ambition" here is the so-called Zhou Zhi in Chunqiu Zhuan, which is a kind of historical books of the Zhou Dynasty mentioned in Zuozhuan. It is worth mentioning that "knowing" means "knowing" in ancient times, and "Chun Guan Zhang Bao" says "being in charge of the stars, observing the changes of the stars, the sun and the moon, and distinguishing their good and bad". Zheng Zhu thinks: "Wisdom, knowledge of the ancient times, memory of knowledge", and Yan Shigu also thinks "wisdom, memory". "Book of Arts and Discipline" has "knowing things by books", which is the usage.

"National Danger at the Beginning of Danger" records: "Teach in the Spring and Autumn Period, only to shrug its good and suppress its evil, in order to remonstrate its heart; Teach the world, to show virtue, abandon obscurity, and not be afraid of its movement; Teach poetry, guide it to show virtue, in order to show ambition; Teach, let you know the rules from top to bottom; The joy of teaching, to sparse its * and town its floating; The order of teaching, so that visitors; The language of teaching clearly shows its virtue, while knowing that the affairs of the former king are people-oriented; The ambition of teaching scares those who know how to waste and get rich; The precepts of teaching make you know how to compete and act beyond righteousness. " Here, "Zhi" is obviously used side by side with "Spring and Autumn", "Time", "Time", "Reason", "Yue", "Ling", "Yu", "Xun" and "Dian". It can be seen that "zhi" is one of many literary genres in the pre-Qin period, and it is a general term for a certain kind of literature, not a proper name for a certain kind of literature. Its basic function, like other documents, is to record words and notes, that is, books in general. However, the main difference between "Zhi" and other literary genres is that it is a specialized literature with relatively stable functions. In this regard, Liu Qimao pointed out in the "Continued Discrimination of Ancient History": "This kind of' ambition', as the proper name of historical books, often records the requirements that should be paid attention to in political life at that time, or some norms, some guidelines for guiding behavior and other normative words similar to proverbs." It can be seen that the "ambition" in the pre-Qin period is a written summary of the country's chaos, political rules and the rise and fall of life experiences. Its purpose is to warn and educate the world by proverbs and other popular ways, which is a widely popular political proverb and life proverb among nobles at that time. Therefore, the "Chronicle" literature in the pre-Qin period is relatively short.

All kinds of "Ji" often appeared in Zuo Zhuan, and the naming method was complex and changeable. It can be seen that "Ji" was everywhere in social life at that time and its application range was very wide. However, it is a great pity that most of the "local records" in Zuo Zhuan are only a few quotations, which are very scattered and the full text has not been handed down. Of course, this phenomenon is also in line with the nature that most of the contents of local records are aphorisms, proverbs and proverbs.

First of all, the most common case of "Zhi" literature in Zuo Zhuan is directly named after "Zhi". For example, "ambition" in "Four Years of" xianggong "said:" If you are rude for many lines, you will be complacent "; "Zhao Gongnian" has "ambition" saying:' If you don't know your surname when you buy a concubine, you will know it'; In Eighteen Years of Mourning for the Duke, there is a record in ancient times:' self-denial, courtesy and benevolence'. There are similar records in Twenty-five Years of "xianggong" and Three Years of Zhao Gong. Such records quoted in Zuo Zhuan often have no clear information such as year, title, chapter, author, etc., but their contents are often found in * documents, such as "many lines of injustice will kill themselves", and the hidden year is earlier than "xianggong" four years 150 years; There is also a saying in the Book of Rites Quli that "if you don't know your surname, you will know"; "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan" also has the expression "self-denial and courtesy are benevolence". Of course, this situation is also in line with people's traditional cognition of early literature, that is, first a single article goes its own way, and then gradually becomes a book.

Secondly, some of the "Zhi" documents in Zuo Zhuan were named after dynasties or vassal states, such as Wen Gong's second year, Zhou Zhi and "Brave harm, not in class". Du Yu thought that "Zhou is also", and Kong further pointed out that "Zhou is called Zhou, and Ming is called Zhou". I wonder what the book is called. "However, this sentence does not appear in any chapter of Shangshu Zhou Shu. On the contrary, "Yi Zhou Shu Da Kuang Jie" contains similar words, that is, "the brave is not in the hall". Compared with the two, the words are slightly different, but the meaning is the same. Facts have proved that the documents such as Shu or Zhou Zhi quoted in Zuozhuan are not only from Shangshu, but also include a large number of Yi, which shows the close relationship between them. According to Liu Xiang's records in the Western Han Dynasty, Yi Zhou Shu, as an oath of the Zhou Dynasty, is actually "a hundred articles discussed by Confucius". The Hundred Pieces of Confucius here refers to the Book of History mentioned by Kong Anguo, while the Redundant Pieces, as a collection of parts deleted by Confucius from the Book of History, should refer to the Book of Yizhou, both of which are homologous. In addition, there are some usages in Zuo Zhuan, such as "Zhi", "Song Zhi" and "Enlightening Wisdom", which shows that "Zhi" was widely circulated and used in various vassal states in the pre-Qin period.

Thirdly, the literature of "Zhi" in Zuo Zhuan is named after its function. For example, in the twenty-eighth year of Gong, when discussing the invincibility of the Jin Army, he quoted the discussion of Junzhi, which said: "When you allow it, you will return it." Again,' retreat from difficulties'. He also said that "you can't take morality as the enemy", and the theory here is obviously the way to use troops. Similar expressions can also be found in the famous art of war "Woods Liao Enemy" in the pre-Qin period. In the 12th year of Gong Xuan, there was a saying in the art of war that' ancestors had the heart to rob others', and in the 21st year of Zhao Gong, there was a saying in the art of war that' ancestors had the heart to rob others, and later generations waited for their decline'. These two articles discuss the application of military tactics in the case of confrontation between the enemy and ourselves. It can be seen that the military records here are all about the principles, strategies and methods of marching, reflecting the summary of the wisdom of ancient military struggle, and should be the earliest military books in ancient China.

Finally, there are "Zhi" documents named after people in Zuo Zhuan. For example, after returning from a four-year official visit to Shanxi, Duke Lu planned to rebel and oppose the Jin Chu League, but Ji Wenzi strongly opposed it. The most important reason is that Shimi's "ambition" exists, saying that "if you are not my family, your heart will be different." Although Chu is big and not my home, what's it to me? "xianggong" for three years, Zheng Bo was addicted to alcohol and fled to Guo Xu. The ministers discussed the countermeasures, and Zi Pi put forward the "Zhong You Zhi Zhi" cloud:' The chaotic people take it, and the dead people humiliate it. Pushing the dead to survive, the interests of the country are also ",this sentence is also seen in" Shang Qi Gu ". According to legend, Shi Mi was an official in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it was a good look in the Tang Dynasty. In the Book of History, there is an article devoted to Zhong Guopatent. It can be seen that the "records" quoted in Zuo Zhuan have relatively clear authors and sources. Of course, considering the present situation of early literature, it may also be written by later generations under the guise of predecessors. But in any case, it is an important aspect of "recording" in Zuozhuan.

In Zuo Zhuan, we can also see some expressions such as "Zhou people have words", "ancestors have words" and "ancient times have words", which can be regarded as necessary supplements to other local records. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the phenomenon of "local records" titles and articles increased greatly. For example, the records of laws, rites and music, criminal law, food, suburban worship, five elements, geography, valleys, literature and art, etc.