Comparison and thinking of building energy-saving system between China and Japan?

The following is the comparison and reflection of building energy-saving system between China and Japan brought by Zhong Da Consulting, for your reference.

Japan, which is poor in energy, has the strongest energy-saving technology under the consciousness of hardship, and its energy utilization efficiency ranks first in the world. Perhaps it is a long-term boast of "vast territory and abundant resources", but our society's understanding of energy and environmental issues is almost numb, and the extensive economic development model in recent years has sounded the alarm for us. Through the investigation and investigation of Japanese building energy-saving system, I hope to arouse people's thinking about the domestic building energy-saving situation.

introduce

Recently, the awareness of energy crisis has been clearly reflected in all walks of life and at all levels in China. Behind China's double-digit GDP growth rate for many years, extensive economic's defects have been exposed. A recent set of statistics is shocking: in that year, we consumed nearly 50% of the world's total consumption, 35% of iron ore, 20% of alumina and copper, and created only 4% of the world's total GDP. China's current energy efficiency is only 3 1.2%. The situation of high energy consumption and low output makes the energy problem in China become a major issue related to whether the social economy can maintain sustainable development.

Among them, the construction industry and housing industry have developed rapidly and have become the pillar industries of the national economy. In recent years, according to the statistics of GDP by the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2002, the investment in urban and rural housing construction in China reached 9407 1 billion yuan, accounting for 2 1.8% of the total investment in fixed assets and 9.2% of GDP. While greatly improving people's living environment, it has brought about a rapid increase in building energy consumption, which is close to 1/3 of the total energy consumption of the whole society and close to the level of Japan. Compared with the slowdown of industrial energy consumption, building energy consumption is on the rise.

On the other hand, there are too many problems in building energy efficiency in China. According to the statistics of relevant state departments, China's construction area is 40 billion square meters, and it is still under construction at a speed of 2 billion square meters (Figure 2), but more than 95% of them are high-energy buildings. In the past, as a pillar industry of the national economy, the construction industry is likely to evolve into a "worn-out pillar" that destroys the environment and wastes energy, eroding a large number of social resources.

However, Japan, which is poor in resources, has many ideas and technologies in building energy conservation that are worth learning. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on China's building energy conservation work by summarizing and sorting out Japanese building energy conservation, so as to promote the development of China's building energy conservation work.

Second, the general situation of building energy conservation in Japan

1) Japan's energy background and energy utilization efficiency

Japan is a country with extremely poor resources, and its energy mainly depends on imports. The energy structure is dominated by oil, and the energy supply is affected by the international situation. Therefore, we attach great importance to the safety of energy supply, and the future policy is to gradually increase gas (replacing oil with gas). Because of this, the whole society has a strong sense of energy crisis. In order to achieve the development goal of low energy consumption and high output, energy-saving technologies have been vigorously developed, and energy utilization efficiency ranks first in the world.

Especially after the Third Kyoto Conference (COP3) of the International Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997), in order to fulfill the international convention on protecting the earth's environment, Japan has closely linked energy consumption with CO2 emissions from the government to the people, and implemented specific digital emission reduction targets.

Note: People's livelihood sector includes energy consumption of commercial buildings and houses.

The average growth rate from 200 1 to 20 10 is calculated as 2.0%.

2) Overview of building energy efficiency in Japan

Japan's building energy consumption accounts for about 27% of the total social energy consumption. As a country that mainly relies on foreign oil energy imports, the development of energy-saving technologies and the construction of relevant energy-saving laws and regulations have been greatly developed after two oil crises: 1974 and 1979. Especially after the Kyoto Conference (COP3), the implementation system of energy-saving policies has been systematically sorted out and greatly improved. We will comprehensively promote the innovation of regulations, systems and technologies for the management of associations.

Japan's energy-saving targets are set according to the current situation, with residential buildings set according to household units and commercial buildings set according to building area units, so as to curb energy consumption growth and further reduce it. The following is a general description of Japan's building energy-saving countermeasure system.

(1) Regulation construction:

Basic Law: Law on Rational Utilization of Energy (hereinafter referred to as Energy Conservation Law, promulgated in June 1979 and implemented in June/65438 10).

Table 3 Main contents of energy utilization rationalization method:

Relevant measures of residential buildings

Non-residential building related measures

Formulate and publish the "building owners' judgment benchmark"

(1999 Circular No.2 of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Construction)

Formulation and Release of Design and Construction Guidelines (1999 Announcement of the Ministry of Construction)

Partial Revision of Design and Construction Guide (promulgated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in 200 1)

Formulation and Publication of Criteria for Determining Building Owners (Announcement of Ministry of Trade and Industry and Ministry of Construction 1No. in 1999) [Office Buildings, Stores, Hotels, Hospitals, Restaurants]

1998 revised the law to further clarify the provisions of PAL and CEC.

On the basis of the energy-saving regulations of factories, the category of [second-class energy management factories] is added, which will be the object of mandatory energy-saving management.

The scope is extended to general commercial facilities.

② Measures of fiscal and taxation system to promote energy saving.

Preferential measures for environmental protection housing (financing): energy-saving housing projects (corresponding to the new generation standards)

Configuration of energy-saving equipment (heating and cooling equipment, ventilation equipment, solar photovoltaic power generation equipment)

Energy-saving financial incentive system of Japanese policy investment bank;

Economical building maintenance/promotion of building energy conservation/popularization of circular economy products.

Energy-saving building equipment financing system/regional cooling and heating facilities maintenance system/energy demand structure reform, investment promotion tax system

③ Development of technology development and investigation.

Research and development of technology for restraining energy consumption growth aiming at improving housing level (1988 ~ 199 1 year)

Residential development is conducive to reducing the consumption of petrochemical fuel (1900 ~ 199 1 year)

Study on the countermeasures of housing promoting global warming (1992 ~ 1993)

Formulation of technical standards for energy saving of new generation residential buildings (1995)

Formulation of Guidelines for Preventing Global Warming Related to Residential Buildings (1996)

Study on the Countermeasures to Reduce the Life Cycle Cost of Housing (1996 ~ 1998)

Study on the Development and Promotion Countermeasures of Zero Environmental Load Housing (1997 ~ 1998)

Research on Environmental Management System for Housing, Building and Development (ISO14000) (1996 ~1998)

Study on Environmental Impact Assessment Method of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Residential Buildings (1998)

Investigation on dew prevention technology corresponding to new construction technology (1998)

Discussion on the introduction strategy of ISO 14000 in small and medium-sized buildings and residential construction industries (1999 ~)

Discussion on the formulation of thermal insulation standard for residential pipelines (1999 ~ 200 1)

④ Publicity and popularization activities

Mainly based on the non-profit special legal person organization-(consortium legal person) Building Environment and Energy Conservation Organization as a platform, actively promote the publicity activities of energy-saving technology popularization. The main contents are as follows:

Technical evaluation of energy-saving buildings

Implementation of building identification system for excellent environment and energy.

Implement the training designated by the government (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)

Implementation of the training and education system of solar energy utilization building technology

Implementation of technical training for residential thermal insulation construction

Implementation of energy-saving forum for residential buildings

Evaluation and Implementation of [Environment and Energy-saving Building Award]

Evaluation and Implementation of [Environment and Energy-saving Housing Award]

Other publicity activities.

⑤ International cooperation

IEA R&D Plan for Building and Public Facilities (1988 ~)

Study on control technology of composite system of mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation in office buildings (1998 ~ 200 1 year)

Research and Development of Low Exergy System for Building Heating and Air Conditioning (200 1 ~ 2003)

Study on Sustainable Development of Solar Residential Buildings (200 1 ~ 2004)

Research on performance certification of energy-saving air conditioning equipment (200 1 ~ 2004)

Study on Establishing a Unified Method of Building Life Cycle Assessment/Formulation of International Standard for Building Assessment (GBC2002)

According to the corresponding relationship between government departments, institutions and industries, they can be classified as shown in Table 4 below.

Third, thinking from the comparison between the current situation of China and the current situation of Japanese energy conservation.

The rapid development of housing construction in China and people's pursuit of indoor thermal comfort environment constitute the general trend of energy consumption. In recent years, China attaches great importance to building energy efficiency. 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress passed the Energy Conservation Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), and set energy-saving targets. 1996 to 2000, new heating residential buildings should save energy by 50% on the basis of local general design energy consumption level 1980~ 198 1; From 2005, new heating residential buildings should save energy by 30% on this basis. Put forward the goal of phased implementation. Gradually realize the transformation of non-energy-saving buildings, and realize the overall goal of building energy saving by 30%, equipment energy saving by 20% and energy saving by 50% from two aspects of building energy saving and equipment energy saving. Furthermore, the goal of saving 65% of the total energy consumption of the whole society by 2020 is put forward.

Table 4 Correspondence between Japanese government departments, associations and industries and energy conservation

Communication of government departments

Consistency of learning

Industry correspondence

Revision of the Law on Rationalization of Energy Utilization (Basic Law of the State 1998)

Energy tax reform (low interest financing and preferential tax system)

Outline of Environmental Policy (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism 1994)

Guide to government facilities planning considering environmental factors

(Ministry of Construction 1997)

Guidelines for Developing Economical Schools (Ministry of Education, 1996)

Promoting Sustainable Building Initiative (School of Architecture 1998)

Life cycle evaluation index of architecture (Architectural Society 1999)

Charter of Earth Environment and Architecture (Association of Five Societies, including Architectural Society, 2000)

[Earth Environment Committee] Settings (Air Conditioning Society 1993)

Charter of the Earth Environment Economic Union (Federation of Economic Organizations 199 1)

Action Plan for Industry Independence (Federation of Economic Organizations 1996)

Independent Action Plan for Environmental Protection of Construction Industry (Construction Industry Association 1998)

According to different regions, in 200 1 year, the state promulgated the energy-saving design standard for residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter areas (JGJ 134-200 1), and in 2003, it promulgated the energy-saving design standard for residential buildings in hot summer and warm winter areas (JGJ75-2003).

However, despite the continuous introduction of laws and regulations, there are still problems such as inconsistent understanding and poor implementation. Many years after the promulgation of relevant codes, the market is still full of non-energy-saving buildings with high energy consumption.

In 2002, 654.38+00,000 square meters of newly-built houses in Shanghai were renovated according to the national energy-saving standards. In 2003, the scope of the pilot project was expanded, and 3 million square meters of new residential buildings were designed and built according to energy-saving standards.

The energy-saving promotion meeting jointly held by the Shanghai Municipal Construction Committee, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Economic Commission and other departments further clarified that all newly-built houses within the Shanghai Outer Ring Road, as well as newly-built government agencies, shopping malls, hotels, office buildings, comprehensive building construction projects composed of them, low-rise residential quarters and residential quarters with one city and nine towns should be "dressed and capped" in accordance with the building energy-saving design standards.

From September 2002 to September 2003, the relevant departments of Shanghai monitored the residential building projects under construction and about to start in this stage according to the national design standards for energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter areas. Less than 3% are designed according to energy-saving standards. From June 2003 to 2003 10, about 70% of the residential projects under construction and about to start were still not up to standard.

Since May 2004, Shanghai has strengthened the energy-saving certification for residential buildings in the design stage, and tested the corresponding energy-saving standards for the construction drawings submitted by design units to ensure that all low-rise buildings within the outer ring road meet the national energy-saving standards.

However, in terms of design review, construction supervision, completion acceptance and operation supervision, there is still a lack of strength and guarantee for unified coordination and strict implementation.

Looking at the current situation in China, the author thinks that we should strengthen the building energy conservation work in China from the following aspects:

1) Strengthen the construction of relevant laws and regulations and improve the specific implementation rules of laws (the current laws and regulations are too vague).

2) The implementation of preferential tax system should be strengthened (the existing mechanism is not coordinated and sensitive enough).

3) Establish a more scientific, efficient and authoritative non-permanent professional committee and formulate regulations/norms.

(At present, the law-making process has strong administrative color, lack of professionalism/authority, lack of unity and poor knowledge. )

4) Strengthen the self-discipline norms and administrative guidance intervention in the construction industry (poor self-discipline and poor management in the industry)

5) Strengthen the popularization and application of new energy-saving technologies. Strengthen the follow-up research and evaluation of the application of energy-saving technologies.

(Social universal education is not in place, owners have poor awareness of energy conservation, and there is a lack of systematic follow-up investigation and evaluation of the application of new technologies)

The above aspects are not directly related to the research and development of energy-saving technology itself, but they are the focus of promoting energy-saving technology and the weakness of promoting energy-saving technology in China at present. Undoubtedly, the problem of energy conservation is a systematic engineering problem, which requires the change of the consciousness and concept of the whole society and the attention of all parties. Only on this basis can energy-saving technology find wide application and form a virtuous circle of energy-saving technology.

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