What are the Mongolian cultures?

Mongolian, with an existing population of 4,806,849. Mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the rest are distributed in northeast and northwest China.

Mongolian is a legendary nation with a long history. For thousands of years, Mongolians have lived a nomadic life of "migrating by water plants". Most grasslands in China have left footprints of Mongolian herders, so they are known as "the pride of grasslands".

The scientific and cultural undertakings of the Mongols are relatively developed, especially since the Ming Dynasty, and they have made great contributions to the scientific and cultural undertakings of the motherland in history, literature, language, medicine, astronomy and geography. In folk literature and art, "Haolibao" is a popular singing form among Mongolians, and Ma Touqin is the most distinctive national musical instrument.

Mongols originated from the east bank of the ancient King Jianhe (now Ergon River). "Mongolian Uighur" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word "Mongolia", which was first seen in the Tang Dynasty. "Mongolia" was originally just the name of one of the Mongolian tribes. /kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, the Mongolian Ministry headed by Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian ministries and gradually formed a new national identity. "Mongolia" has changed from the original tribal name to the national name.

Mongolians have their own language and literature. Mongols belong to Altai Mongolian language family and are divided into three dialects: Inner Mongolia, Weilat and Malhu-Buryat.

White yurt

"Mongolian yurt" is the Manchu name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. "Bao" means "home" and "house" in Manchu. In ancient times, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt house". There are round yurts, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 20 people to rest; Little people can also accommodate 10 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. Generally, draw a circle according to the size of the bag where it is suitable for aquatic plants. Then Hana (made of 2.5-meter-long wicker) was erected along the drawn circle, and Wuni (a wicker with a length of about 3.2 meters) was erected at the top to kidnap Hana and Wuni together into a circle. Even if a herder settled on the grassland.

After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet, place furniture, and hang picture frames and posters around. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy.

The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to assemble and disassemble. Easy to move. When it is erected, the Hannah will be opened to form a circular fence. When disassembling, folding Hannah back will reduce the size and can also be used as a board for cattle and carriages. A yurt can only be carried by a two-humped camel or a two-wheeled ox cart, and it can be covered in two or three hours.

Although the yurt looks small, it has a large use area. And indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, not afraid of wind and rain, very suitable for herders to live and use frequently.

Koumiss and braised pork

Mongolians live on grasslands and live on animal husbandry. Koumiss, braised pork and roast mutton are their favorite drinks, food and hospitality dishes in daily life.

Every year in July and August, Mazhuang is the season for brewing koumiss. Hard-working Mongolian women put horse milk in leather bags, stirred it, separated the milk fat a few days later and fermented it into wine. With the development of science and the prosperity of life, the technology of Mongolian koumiss brewing is becoming more and more perfect. There are not only simple fermentation methods but also distillation methods to brew strong koumiss. Six steamed and six brewed milk wine is the top grade.

Koumiss wine is mild in nature and has the effects of expelling cold, relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting blood circulation and strengthening stomach. Known as purple jade pulp and yuan jade pulp, it is one of the "eight treasures of Mongolia". It was once the main drink of the court of the Yuan Dynasty and the noble families of Mongolia. Kublai Khan often put it in a precious golden bowl to reward meritorious ministers.

"Hand-grabbed meat" is one of the traditional Mongolian food methods. The practice is to gut the fat and tender sheep, peel and wash the viscera, remove the head and hoof, then cut the whole sheep into several large pieces, cook it with white water, take it out when the meat is cooked, and put it on a big plate to eat. Everyone took Mongolian knives and cut them into big pieces to eat. It got its name because it grabbed food with its hands instead of chopsticks.

Pour wine to respect guests, and eat meat with your hands, which is the performance of grassland herders' respect and love for guests. When you set foot on the grassland and walk into the yurt, the warm and hospitable Mongolians will pour the wine into a silver bowl or a gold cup, hold it on a long Hada, sing a touching toast song and entertain the distinguished guests from afar to express their sincere feelings. At this time, the guests should immediately catch the wine, drink it if they can, and return it to the host if they can't drink a little. If you shirk, cater and don't drink, you will be considered to look down on your host and don't want to be honest. The enthusiasm of the host often makes the guests feel sad and attached.

Grassland "Nadam"

In August, the grassland is golden, the autumn is crisp, and the cattle and sheep are fat, which is the season for herders to celebrate the harvest. At this time, they began to brew koumiss, slaughter cattle and sheep, sew new clothes, prepare all kinds of delicious food, hold "Nadam" of different scales (Mongolian means "entertainment" and "recreation"), and hold traditional sports competitions such as archery, wrestling and horse racing, which are called "three arts for men".

Nadam usually lasts five to seven days. At this time, the herdsmen came from all directions wearing brand-new national costumes, riding horses and driving Lele cars. Set up a felt tent on the green grass and cook tea in the boiled meat. The whole grassland was filled with smoke, people cheered and horses neighed.

Nadam originated in the early13rd century and played an important role in Mongolian life. At that time, whenever Mongolian leaders held a large-scale "Huli Le Tai" (big rally), besides making laws and regulations, appointing and dismissing officials, rewarding and punishing them, they also held a large-scale "Nadam". At that time, Nadam's main events were archery, wrestling and horse racing. Today's "Nadam" has added many new contents such as material exchange and cultural performances. Let this traditional national event be more festive, auspicious, joyful and effective!

Wrestling is the main content of Nadam, and Nadam can't be called without wrestling. Wrestlers can be more or less, with a maximum of more than 1000, regardless of region and weight. After the wrestlers are arranged and paired, the single elimination system is adopted, and the losers are not allowed to compete again. The wrestler wears a tight half-sleeve vest made of cowhide or canvas, with bare arms covering his back and copper nails nailed to the edge. Wearing fat wrestling pants, Mongolian boots and a colorful stripe "Jingga" made of five-color silks and satins around his neck indicates how many places he has won. In most areas, wrestlers will sing wrestling songs before the competition. At the beginning and the end, both wrestlers have to jump. At the referee's command, the two sides shook hands and began to confront each other. There is no time limit and no hugging or kneeling is allowed. Landing anywhere above the knee is a failure. All the wrestlers who participated in Nadam have prizes, and the top three prizes are more expensive.

Mongolian history attaches great importance to "Darhan wrestler", which is a lifelong honor. At the ceremony of awarding the honorary title, the wrestler who won the title of "Dahan" put on the full costume of the competition, sang three wrestling songs, and then jumped into the arena to perform. Badges, certificates and souvenirs were given to the leader who presided over Nadam, and he was invited to drink a bowl of milk wine and fresh milk according to national customs. At this time, the winner of "Durham" chose a most promising wrestler, took off his wrestling suit and gave it to him, volunteered to be an amateur coach, then hugged each other and jumped out together.

Mausoleum of Genghis Khan

In the southeast of Ordos Plateau, there is a beautiful and unique palace on the Ejinhoro grassland, with green grass, gurgling streams and flocks of cattle and sheep. Dozens of miles away, you can see its shining brilliance and majestic posture from a distance. This is the sacred place in the hearts of Mongols, the tomb of Genghis Khan, the resting place of a generation of Tianjiao Genghis Khan.

The mausoleum of Genghis Khan covers a total area of more than 55,000 square meters, with a building area of 1500 square meters. The mausoleum palace faces south and is built on a rectangular base more than one meter high. * * * is divided into main hall, east hall, west hall, bedroom, east corridor and west corridor. The main hall is 26 meters high, with a Mongolian dome, beautiful cylindrical decoration and auspicious clouds inlaid with yellow and blue glazed tiles. Below is a double blue octagonal cornice. The east and west halls are slightly lower than the main hall, and the top is the same as the main hall, with a single top. These three halls are interconnected. There is a statue of Genghis Khan in the hall, and murals praising his great achievements are painted on the walls of the hall on both sides. Behind the hall next to the bedroom, there are four Mongolian yurts covered with yellow forging. The bag contains urns dedicated to Genghis Khan and his wife Kyle Poirot, his second wife Hulun, his third wife Xu Yi, his younger brother Beligutai, his younger sister Hasal, his fourth son Tuo Lei and his wife Ixhiatu. In front of the bag are precious cultural relics such as saddles handed down from generation to generation by Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan is a great legend. There are also many historical records and legends about the cause of his death, the burial place and the transfer of the coffin. Although today's Genghis Khan Mausoleum does not really contain his real body because of its secret burial, for hundreds of years, Mongolians still regard it as the burial place of its master. Send infinite reverence and yearning for the mausoleum of Genghis Khan. There are often cigarettes around here, and commemorative activities continue. To this day, there are four grand memorial activities every year on March 2 1 day, May 15, August 12 and10.3. On this day, many admirers come from afar with sincere feelings. Standing in front of the tall statue of this great man, I offered white Hada, bright candles, fragrant incense, fat whole sheep, creamy butter, mellow koumiss and other sacrifices to recall his great talent and place my endless thoughts on him.