Does anyone know the exact process of the construction of the Spirit Nullah, which was built by the Qin Dynasty?

Qin Shi Huang (259 BC - 210 BC), surnamed Winzheng, was the first emperor in Chinese history to establish unification. He took the throne at the age of 13, and at the age of 22, he formally presided over the imperial government. He recruited a group of civil officials and military generals, and implemented a policy of enriching the country and strengthening the army, so as to create the conditions for the unification of China and the hegemony of the whole world. From 230 B.C. to 210 B.C., Qin Shi Huang fought a decade of bloody and brutal wars, conquered the six kingdoms, and established the first united feudal centralized state in Chinese history, thus ending the centuries-long division and fragmentation that had characterized the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.　　After the unification of Qin Shi Huang, the monarchical system was implemented, the feudal system was abolished, and the country was divided into 36 counties, under which counties were set up. Major affairs of the state, appointments, dismissals, and the gathering of troops were all decided by the emperor, and power was centralized. Internally, Qin Shi Huang implemented the three major measures of unification of writing, unification of currency, unification of weights and measures, and ordered the construction of a direct road to the country, which played a significant role in economic development and cultural exchanges; externally, he sent troops to attack the Xiong Nu, and constructed the Great Wall of China. At that time, the country's population was about 20 million people, while the Great Wall, the A-Fang Palace and the mausoleums were constructed, and they used 2.2 million people, which accounted for one-tenth of the total population. In order to consolidate the kingdom, Qin Shi Huang went on five tours and traveled almost all over the country. He ascended the throne at the age of 13, assumed power at the age of 22, unified China at the age of 39, and died in the sand dunes at the age of 50. He was a man of great talent and great accomplishments, and he did many great things in his life, which had a great impact on Chinese history, which is rare among the emperors and kings of the past, and he deserves to be called "the first emperor of the past".

Historical Achievements

Beginning in 222 BC, Emperor Qin Shi Huang began to build a large number of roads, similar to modern highways, centered on the capital city of Xianyang and extending out in all directions. The roads were built on the same track and were 50 paces wide. There were several functions of the Chilao, one of which was to facilitate the transportation and management of the six states, another was to facilitate the supply of the northern war fronts, and another was to facilitate the unimpeded passage of Emperor Shihuang when he went on a tour. Except for the Qin Straight Road and the Qin Trestle Road, most of them were built on the basis of the old roads between Qin's homeland and the six kingdoms, as well as the roads built during Qin's conquest of the six kingdoms. Famous roads include: Shangxian Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qin Trestle Road, Xiandao Road and Qin Zhidao Road.

After Qin Shi Huang swept away the six kingdoms, he ordered Shilu to dig canals to connect the Xiang River in the Yangtze River system and the Li River in the Pearl River system, in order to facilitate the transportation of armies and supplies needed for the conquest of Lingnan. The canal was finally completed between the 20th (219 BC) and 23rd (215 BC) years of Emperor Shihuang's reign. The Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world, and has been a major waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than 2,000 years since it was opened. Therefore this project in the beginning of the national key cultural relics protection units.

Important Events

Zhang Liang, a famous Korean family member, once sent assassins to assassinate Emperor Qin Shi Huang at Bolangsha, but was unsuccessful.

In order to seek the medicine of immortality, Xu Fu, a square scholar, was sent to cross the East China Sea at the rate of thousands of children, men and women to seek immortality, which cost a huge amount of money. ('Chuyi Six Posts' refers to the fact that Xu Fu and the boys and girls never returned after reaching their destination (i.e. present-day Japan), and the Japanese heavyweight minister Qin is his descendant. However, referring to the Historical Records and the Records of the Three Kingdoms, it can be seen that this story did not appear before the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for the theory that Xu Fu was Emperor Shenwu, there is no documented evidence to support it, apart from the fact that it does not fit the chronology).

Historical Evaluation

He was the first emperor of China, the founder of the honorific title of emperor, and the founder of the emperor system in China, which enabled China to enter the age of centralized multi-ethnic empire. He was also the first to complete the political unification of China, forming the situation of "the same track, the same book," which laid the foundation for the unification of the subsequent dynasties. But since ancient times, Qin Shi Huang has been a controversial figure.

1. Evaluation

-Positive

When Qin Shi Huang was on the throne, he annexed the six kingdoms and sent his troops to conquer the north and the south, which was recorded as "the land of the Hundred-Yue, all of them bowed down", "expanding thousands of miles in the north". According to the map of the Warring States period, the territory of Qin Shi Huang almost doubled the area under the control of the seven warring states. Moreover, Qin Shi Huang "set up counties" and emphasized on the rule and system construction of the conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome who only emphasized on conquest but not on system construction; therefore, he made the rule of the united land firm, which laid the foundation for the current map of China. According to the later generation, "the greatest achievement is the Qin Emperor and the Han Emperor". This means that Emperor Qin Shi Huang ranked ahead of Emperor Han Wu Di in terms of martial arts, and there is no one else like him in history. To this day, China, the name for China in English, has evolved from the Roman word Chin, which is a side effect of the influence of the Qin Empire.

The state of Qin has emphasized the rule of law since Shang Yang's change in the law, and the first emperor of Qin inherited this tradition, greatly admiring the legal figure Han Fei, who once sighed to himself, "If I had traveled with him, I would not have hated him. The generals were rewarded and punished according to the law. Although Qin Shi Huang was autocratic and believed that "I am the world", but there is a generation of Qin, still according to the rule of law. Chen Sheng, Wu Guang uprising, the reason is also "Qin law is harsh", the crime of death, had to rebel, is the law forced the people to rebel. It was not because of serious corruption that the officials forced the people to revolt, as in the case of "the stench of wine and meat at the vermilion gate and the frozen bones on the road" in the later times. Later Confucianism advocates the rule of man, the rule of law is not according to the law, by the monarch to decide, and today the wind of the rule of man, the wind of the horse's ass is still there.

Qin Shi Huang created the first stagecoach system and repaired the stagecoach road. This laid the technological foundation for the accessibility of governmental orders in the vast empire and the resulting county system of the imperial state. "Building stagecoaches and setting up counties" was a necessary condition for China to be able to adopt the county system, an advanced system, rather than a feudal system similar to that of the West. At the same time, Rome could not effectively control the occupied areas, and could only set up governors with great power (the governors had the military and political power of a place, they were all aristocrats, and the grassroots organizations relied on the original local organizations), which was still similar to the feudal system, and this was one of the most important reasons for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system was a civilian system in which the military and political leaders were appointed by the emperor, and could be moved up or down according to their political and military achievements, which led to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. This led to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers could come from the common people, and the county bureaucracy effectively guaranteed the right of the common people to participate in politics (e.g., Li Si, Meng Ao, etc., were all common people, and they were appointed as prime ministers according to their military achievements), which was undoubtedly a great historical progress compared with the aristocratic politics of the feudal system. This is where the civil and military systems of modern states originated.

The Qin Empire, founded by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, laid the foundation for China to become more advanced than the West in terms of political system and thus more developed than the West in the following 1700 years. As the saying goes, "The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system", "Since the Qin Dynasty, the system has remained unchanged", and "the Qin system has been practiced for hundreds of generations". In the two millennia of imperial China, the political system basically followed that of the Qin dynasty.

Li Bai's poem "Ancient Winds" says: "The Qin king swept away the six kingdoms, and the tiger's gaze was not strong enough!" Sang Hongyang's treatise affirms the achievements of Qin Shi Huang in unifying China. The Qing dynasty's Zhang Taiyan also praised Qin Shi Huang in his 1913 account of Qin's government.

-Negative

Because Qin Shihuang promoted the legalistic doctrine of "the rule of law", whereas subsequent Chinese rulers promoted the Confucian doctrine of benevolence and mediocrity. As a result, Qin Shi Huang is often portrayed as a negative character in various prose and historical texts. For example, Jia Yi's The Discourse on Exceeding Qin.

The Records of the Grand Historian (史记-秦始皇本纪)《秦王怀怀贪鄙之心，行自奋之智，不信功臣，不亲士民，废王道，立私权，禁文书而酷法，先诈力而後仁义，以暴虐为天下始。

Jia Yi "over Qin theory": a husband for the difficult and seven temples fall, body dead manpower, for the world to laugh, why? The benevolent heart does not give, and the offense and defense of the situation is also different.

The first emperor of Qin was regarded by many historians as a tyrant who could do anything for power.

The Great Wall, the Qin Chidao, the Lingqu, the Afang Palace, and the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum were all extremely large in scale, laboring the entire population of the country to build them, and many documents have blamed them for causing a lot of deaths and injuries during the construction, but on the other hand, they enabled the further development of transportation in different parts of the world, which was helpful for the future transportation, economic and trade, as well as for the integration of the various ethnic groups. Therefore, it has been a point of contention among historians as to whether Qin Shi Huang did too much or too little. Night Breeze/aiq来袭 2008-02-13 11:07 Han Wu Di

Because Han Wu Di sent Zhang Qian on a mission to the Western Regions, bringing with him silk and many other things from the Han Dynasty, so that they could see the richness of China, and also brought from them grapes and other products, so that we could know many things about the outside world.

Tang Taizong

Because the reign of Zhenguan let many countries overseas know that China is a big and rich country with a lot of things. √who provides ℡ 2008-02-13 11:12 The New Book of Tang:

Very much, the king of the supreme rule does not come out of the world! Yu has the world, passing on ten six kings, and Shaokang has the Zhongxing industry. Tang has the world, passing twenty-eight kings, and its very prosperous, called the three zong. King Wu had the world, passed on thirty-six kings, and became, Kang's rule and Xuan's achievements, the rest of the nothing to say. Although the "Poetry" and "Book", sometimes there is a queue, but the three generations of thousands of more than 700 years, passing more than seventy kings, which is outstanding in the future generations, this six or seven kings only. The first is that the first time I saw this, it was a very rare thing to see!

The Old Book of Tang evaluation:

Shiyuan said: I viewed the emperor's hair more than strange, smart and martial arts. Pulling characters are not selfish in the party, negative ambition is salty and talented. So Qu Tu, Yuchi, by the enemy and willing to pour heart and brawn; Ma Zhou, Liu Michael, since the estrangement and pawn commissioned by Junheng. The final leveling of the Thai order, thanks to the way. Try to say: the foundation is moist and the clouds are rising, and the insects are singing and katydids are leaping. Although Yao, Shun's saint, can not use the financial and financial, poor and the level of governance; Yi, Lv's wisdom, can not be Xia Jie, Yin Xin and prosperity. The time of the king and his ministers, encountered the difficulties, to the choice of eyes and heart, insects flow tendons Mew, good by the value of the difference. The wisdom of Fang and Wei is not more than Qiu and Ke, so they can honor the Lord and protect the people, but also by the time. The Zhou hair, Zhou Cheng's hereditary, I have a legacy of Yan; Han Wen, Han Wu's grandeur, they are more ashamed of virtue. The trace of its hear off not confused, from the good, a thousand years can be called, a person only!

Wu jing in the "zhen guan yi - preface" said: "tai zong when the government of the chemical, good enough to see, vibration of the ancient times, not yet there."

The author of the "Zhenguan Political Essentials" collection of the Yuan Dynasty's Gao Zhi said: "The Taizong in the right mind to cultivate the way, the family of the side of the bright family, it is worthy of the two emperors and three kings of the matter is carried forward. However, he bent himself to accept advice, appointing the virtuous and capable, respectful and thrifty, generous and love the people, but also the three generations and the next, absolutely no one but the only one. After the ruler, choose its good and from it, its not good and change, will not be handed over some benefit!" Here said, Taizong in the right mind to cultivate themselves, family and family, the shame of the two emperors and three kings, mainly refers to Taizong and his brother Li Jiancheng's throne dispute.

Ming Xianzong in the order of Confucian ministers to revise the reissue of the "Zhenguan political summary" wrote: "Taizong in the Tang Dynasty for a generation of wise ruler, the world and the people, great and successful martyrdom, and Zhuo can not be and has been. It is a pity that the right mind and cultivate the body, worthy of the two emperors and three kings of the way, and the rule is not pure."

Achievements

1 he was not confined to the use of people, the use of human resources and leadership to achieve a very high level;

2 he was a unique vision, see the inadequacy of personal power, fully aware of the king as a stone, good ministers such as craftsmen, before the jade, the ministers of all the progress of the word open-minded to be adopted;

3 not arbitrary, the initial establishment of the Separation of powers, mutual supervision of the political management system, the provisions of the decree and even their own (affecting the national policy of the part) will need to be reviewed by the Ministry of the countersignature of the Department before the effective release, to ensure the feasibility of the policy, timely detection and correction. Eliminate the bad policy on the country and the people's violation of the harm and influence;

4 recognizes that human life is very important, can not kill the legal policy, the provisions of the death penalty to three times (five times in the field) to review the approval of the execution, it will not be difficult to recognize the people recalled Zhenkuan four years (630) the national rebel death penalty of 29 people, Zhenkuan six years (632) the country's death penalty of 290 people, Taizong review all 290 people to order Go home to reunion, to come back after the fall harvest to resume the sentence, the results of 290 people came on time, no one fled.

5Taizong dynasty of martial arts, in addition to the Goryeo war did not achieve strategic victories have achieved brilliant victories (Turkic, Tugukhun, Gaochang, four towns in Anxi, Desert Xueyantuo, etc.), which is with the national strength, military combat effectiveness, overall strategy, the use of candidate will be with the cooperation of tacit understanding, the process of harmonization of the important factors is not inseparable, and therefore in the history of the Chinese generals and generals, the Zhenguan dynasty occupies a considerable proportion, in the Chinese military history. A considerable proportion of the Chinese military history, Zhen Guan dynasty war cases are also cited;

6 swallow the world's "Tian Khan" temperament, Li Shimin many times to less scare more, the classic battle is in the Weishui single rider to scare off the Turk 100,000 elite cavalry, compared to the Song Zhen Zong in the Kou Zhun one in the insistence and request before barely in the army escort to reach The still state south city, and to be trembling immediately to go back is what a world of difference ah!

7 the big picture, the four seas unification of national and foreign policy, Taizong dynasty's national and foreign policy has achieved a brilliant victory, the four seas as long as they know that China's efforts to attach to the Tang, proud, happy, they not only with the same Tang people as free and easy to survive, but also can be an official, the famous minority generals Ashina Sihmao, Dexiong Si loss of force, Qiyi He Li, and even later Gao Xianzhi Li Guangbi, etc. have made outstanding contributions to the Tang Dynasty, in their bodies reflect the glory of Li Shimin's national policy, now the Tang Dynasty, Chinatown is also when the prosperous and strong, Wei A four seas, the vivid portrayal of the state of culture and etiquette;

8 improve the system of science and technology, and vigorously build schools, attach importance to educational activities, popularization of the selection and recruitment of government officials, the state, the prevalence of the Imperial College, the local school, but also a lot of schools, so it is not difficult to remember the teaching of the time, but also to the Tang people. So it is not difficult to think of the indoctrination of the time it, at the same time the imperial examinations at the time also standardized, the examination and selection of fairness, to the most outstanding section of the jinshi, so there is Taizong see the new section of the jinshi come out of the fish, happy to say that "the world's heroes, into my enough to barbaric", the Tang Dynasty's education and the imperial examinations for the political to provide talented people with the essence of culture -- Tang poetry and economic development to make outstanding achievements. -The education and examination of the Tang Dynasty provided excellent talents and cultural essence for the political and economic development of the Tang Dynasty;

9Working on calligraphy and rich literature, Emperor Taizong's personal cultivation and talent were very high, and he was famous for calligraphy and literature, and it was only under his vigorous promotion and encouragement that the calligraphy, literature and art of the Tang Dynasty flourished;

10Advocating honesty and clean government, being thrifty and simple, and attaching importance to farmland and water conservancy, Emperor Taizong was quite successful in building honesty and clean government. integrity construction is quite successful, he did not punish corrupt officials as severely as Zhu Yuanzhang, but to establish a clean and law-abiding central leadership, attach importance to the election of local governors, when many ministers and prime ministers in the court were poor, Wen Yanbo, Dai Hou, Yu Zhining, Wei Zheng, Zhang Xuansu, and so on, coupled with the propaganda of a good culture and administrative supervision, in time to prevent the officials from committing crimes, so that officials of the time Quite law-abiding, honest and self-disciplined; Emperor Taizong also pay more attention to thrift, do not abuse the people's power, pay attention to rest with the people, the community formed a simple and realistic style; Emperor Taizong also attaches great importance to agriculture, the Beijing officials outside the tour of the capital Taizong first asked about this, because the Prince's Crown Ceremony and the agricultural time contrary to the change;

11 due to social stability, the development of the commercial economy, the country's emerging many commercial cities, the urban industry has developed considerably, and the city has a considerable development.

11As a result of the development of commercial economy, many new commercial cities in the country, the city industry has considerable development, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu, Jiangling, Liangzhou and other cities rapid economic development, Chang'an and Luoyang as the world's economic metropolis is self-evident, which laid a solid foundation for the top of the feudal economy;

12 support of Xuanzang's Buddhism with the affirmation of the Western Tour, open and maintain the Hexi Corridor - Silk Road and Silla, Japan, promoting cultural exchanges between China and the West and economic development, Princess Wencheng married the Tubo, so that the Tubo from slavery into feudal society, the development and promotion of the development of Tibet;

Summary of the above, the Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Shimin deserves to be a great statesman, military, strategist, writer, calligrapher, outstanding leader in China's history, and even the world process of influencing the outstanding people. He has made outstanding contributions to the Chinese nation and people, leaving behind great achievements and spiritual wealth that have shone through the ages, and is therefore revered by the people; and as Mr. Chiku Dongyang said, "He is one of the most important leaders in China after Confucius.