Primary school students' knowledge of prevention and treatment of common diseases and infectious diseases in winter

Common infectious diseases in schools include tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, measles, mumps, chickenpox and influenza. Mumps, chickenpox, flu and measles are highly contagious. Therefore, each of us should fully understand the harm of infectious diseases to our health, which will affect our work, study and life. Severe cases can leave sequelae or even death.

Comprehensive prevention and control measures

School is a special part of society and a place where susceptible people are concentrated. Infectious diseases in schools are as seasonal as those in society. Respiratory infectious diseases are frequent in winter and spring, and intestinal infectious diseases are the main ones in summer and autumn. At the same time, the occurrence of infectious diseases in schools is closely related to winter and summer vacations. The occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases in schools in the two semesters after the winter and summer vacations are not only consistent with the epidemic season of infectious diseases in society, but more importantly, the mobility and activity of students visiting relatives and friends during the winter and summer vacations may bring foreign infectious diseases to the local area and bring them to the school with the start of school. Spread in schools through close contact between students. It is of great significance to understand the seasonal characteristics of infectious diseases in schools and do a good job in the prevention and control of infectious diseases in spring and autumn.

Measures to prevent infectious diseases in schools include:

(1) Publicity and education

1. In view of infectious diseases in different seasons, schools should carry out various forms of publicity and education on infectious disease prevention and control knowledge to improve teachers and students' public health awareness and self-protection ability.

2, the use of parent-teacher conferences, parents' schools and other forms, to promote the prevention of infectious diseases knowledge to parents, to obtain the cooperation and support of parents.

(2) Management measures

1, adhere to the morning inspection system. School doctors should guide the school's morning check-up work, carefully observe and ask students' health status. Fill in the sick leave and illness record form of school students in time.

2, the school should organize teachers and students to participate in various forms of outdoor sports, to ensure that students have one hour of physical exercise time every day, and urge students to go outdoors during recess, breathe fresh air, and enhance physical fitness.

3. Schools should create conditions to provide students with sufficient hand washing facilities such as faucets and soaps to solve the problem of students' hand washing.

4. Schools should take measures to let students drink drinking water that meets the hygiene requirements.

5. Establish a disinfection system and regularly ventilate and disinfect classrooms, dormitories and other student activity places.

6, the establishment of infectious disease epidemic reporting system, the school must determine 1-3 infectious disease epidemic reporting responsibility.

7, to carry out patriotic health campaign, keep the school environment clean and tidy, there is no health corner on campus.

8. Strictly control the isolation time of various infectious diseases. When students with infectious diseases return to school, they must provide a non-infectious certificate issued by a doctor. Teachers and workers are the same.

(3) Emergency treatment of infectious diseases.

1. Once the school finds patients with infectious diseases, it should take timely isolation measures, and the responsible reporter should report to the zhijiang city Center for Disease Control and Prevention in time. Do early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment.

2. In case of major infectious diseases and group diseases with unknown causes, the following measures should be taken:

(1) Teachers, students and employees of the school must take necessary protective measures, distribute necessary protective articles and monitor their body temperature.

(2) The studios and crowded places where teachers and students live should be ventilated and disinfected.

⑶ Educate teachers and students to increase outdoor activities, pay attention to the combination of work and rest, and enhance physical resistance.

(4) When an epidemic occurs, the school implements closed management and strictly controls the entry of outsiders into the campus.

5] When necessary, the returnees from epidemic areas of infectious diseases can be observed in isolation according to relevant laws and regulations.

Understanding of common infectious diseases in schools

chickenpox

Chickenpox is a common and frequent infectious disease in children, which is caused by varicella-zoster virus and can produce repeated and persistent latent infection without clinical symptoms. The clinical feature is pruritic herpes on the skin mucosa. It is one of the main infectious diseases of children in developing countries, which seriously threatens children's health. Vaccination with varicella vaccine is an effective measure to prevent this infectious disease.

epidemiology

This disease mostly occurs in late winter and early spring. 90% of the children are under 10 years old, and the peak is 6-9 years old, but it can also occur at any age, including the neonatal period. Through direct contact, droplets and air transmission. The virus disappears after the onset of chickenpox, so the infection period is 24 hours before the eruption to scab, about 7 ~ 8 days. The incubation period is 1 1 ~ 2 1 day, usually about 14 days.

Chickenpox virus invades the human body through the nose and mouth, first proliferates in the upper respiratory tract, and then invades the blood, resulting in viremia and skin and intima damage.

complication

Individual cases of chickenpox may involve lung, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, adrenal gland and pancreas, causing local congestion, bleeding, inflammatory cell infiltration and local necrosis. Inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, focal necrosis and fibrosis can occur in the ganglion involved in herpes zoster.

(1) Secondary skin infections: the most common, such as impetigo and cellulitis.

(2) Thrombocytopenia: There are often skin and mucous membrane bleeding, and in severe cases there are visceral bleeding, including adrenal hemorrhage, and the prognosis is poor.

(3) Chickenpox pneumonia: rare in children, with rapid clinical recovery. X-ray changes often last for 6 ~ 12 weeks, with occasional death reports.

(4) Myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis, hepatitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis and orchitis have been reported in a few cases; Laryngeal injury can lead to edema and severe respiratory distress.

(5) Nervous system: Encephalitis often occurs several days after eruption. Those with cerebellar symptoms such as ataxia, nystagmus and tremor have better prognosis than those with brain symptoms such as convulsion and coma. Among the survivors, 15% had sequelae such as epilepsy, mental retardation and behavior disorder. Other neurological complications include Guillain-Barre syndrome, transverse myelitis, facial paralysis, optic neuritis with temporary vision loss and hypothalamic syndrome. Reyes syndrome occurred after chickenpox, accounting for 10%.

prevent

(a) For those who use large doses of hormones, impaired immune function and malignant diseases, varicella-zoster immunoglobulin can be given within 72 hours of contact with varicella, which can play a preventive role. Pregnancy termination is the best choice for susceptible pregnant women with chickenpox in early pregnancy.

(2) Use live attenuated varicella vaccine: There are few side effects, which can be prevented by injection immediately after contact with varicella, even if the condition is extremely mild, so children who use hormones or malignant diseases should be injected after contact with varicella.

(3) Control the source of infection: The patient must be isolated until the rash grows completely. Susceptible persons exposed in kindergartens should be isolated for 3 weeks.

Second, mumps.

Mumps, commonly known as "holding the ear wind", is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus. Mainly occurs in children or adolescents. The main clinical manifestations are fever and parotid swelling and pain. Besides parotid gland, it can invade other organs, causing meningitis (about 8%), orchitis (about 6%), oophoritis (about 5%), pancreatitis (about 10%) and so on.

epidemiology

Mumps can occur all year round, but it mainly occurs in winter and spring. Outbreaks sometimes occur, especially in crowded places, such as kindergartens, schools, dormitories and military camps. The patients with this disease are mainly children and teenagers. /kloc-infants under 0/year old have fewer cases because of the existence of antibodies obtained by their mothers. Most patients are children under 14 years old, but it may also happen to adults. There is no gender difference among children, and there are more men than women after puberty.

complication

Mumps is not terrible, but the complications are terrible.

First, orchitis: older children and frail children are prone to orchitis. One or both testicles are often swollen and painful. If testicular atrophy is not treated in time, it will lead to azoospermia, so it will not give birth.

Second, ovarian inflammation: 10 female children over the age of 0 are prone to ovarian inflammation. Symptoms are pain in the lower abdomen and lumbosacral region, general weakness and high fever to 39℃. Treatment is not timely, infertility after marriage.

Third, thyroiditis: There are a few children with neck swelling and pain, rapid heartbeat and hyperthyroidism.

Meningeal encephalitis: lethargy, vomiting, headache, stiff neck and fever above 39℃ occurred one week after parotid gland enlargement, and there was no convulsion in general, and there was no obvious change in skull CT examination.

There are also very few children complicated with myelitis, myocarditis, mastitis, pancreatitis, acoustic neuritis, facial neuritis, olfactory neuritis and so on.

prevent

1. It is easy to become popular in children's collective institutions or places with many people, so you should go to public places less.

2. Pay attention to indoor ventilation, keep the air fresh and ensure that children get enough sleep.

People with anorexia can be treated as early as possible to enhance their immunity.

4, you can take the traditional Chinese medicine Banlangen granules for three days.

5. In recent years, live attenuated vaccine has been used for intradermal or subcutaneous injection or nasal spray at home and abroad. 90% people can produce antibodies, so it is one of the most reliable preventive measures.

6. Once mumps is found, it must be isolated immediately to avoid infecting other students.

Triple measles

Measles is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by measles virus, which is characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctival congestion, Koplik's spot and systemic maculopapular rash, and is often complicated with pneumonia, endangering the life of infants.

epidemiology

Measles is transmitted by respiratory droplets, and patients are the only source of infection. Measles is highly contagious. The infection period is generally from 5 days before eruption to 5 days after eruption, and it is contagious from the 7th day of incubation period, but it is most contagious from the end of incubation period to 1 and 2 days after eruption. If the patient is complicated with pneumonia, the infectivity can be extended to 10 day after eruption. Indirect infection through clothes and utensils is rare.

It happens in winter and spring, but it also happens occasionally in other seasons. People who have never suffered from measles or been vaccinated against measles are generally susceptible, especially children aged 6 months to 5 years have the highest incidence rate (90%). In recent years, the incidence of adult diseases has increased. Continuous immunity can be obtained after illness, and the second onset is rare.

Measles is prevalent in this area. In areas where vaccines are not widely vaccinated, when the susceptible population reaches more than 40%, an epidemic can occur in large cities with concentrated populations, about once every 2-3 years, while the interval between rural areas, border areas and mountainous areas with scattered population and inconvenient transportation is longer. Measles is highly contagious, and almost 90% of susceptible people (the same family or kindergarten) who live with patients can be infected. The onset season is mostly in winter and spring, but it can be seen all year round. There is no difference between men and women. After getting sick, you can gain lasting immunity and rarely get sick for the second time.

complication

(1) Pneumonia: It is easy to be complicated with secondary pneumonia at all stages of the disease course, especially at the eruption stage. When complicated with pneumonia, the systemic symptoms are aggravated, and the body temperature continues to rise. Empyema, empyema, myocarditis, heart failure and circulatory failure are often complicated. If the course of disease continues, it can cause bronchiectasis. Severe pneumonia is the main cause of measles death.

(2) Laryngitis: Measles patients are often accompanied by mild laryngitis. Severe laryngitis is often accompanied by bacterial or other viral infections, and hoarseness is aggravated. If not treated in time, tracheal intubation or tracheotomy can rapidly develop into third-degree laryngeal obstruction and asphyxia.

(3) Myocarditis and cardiac insufficiency: Severe measles can affect myocardial function due to high fever and severe poisoning symptoms, especially malnourished children and pneumonia, and the virus is critical.

(4) Encephalitis: The incidence of measles complicated with central nervous system diseases is about 1 ‰ ~ 2 ‰. Most patients are in critical condition and may have sequelae such as tonic paralysis, mental retardation and blindness.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: This is a long-term complication of measles, which belongs to subacute progressive encephalitis, and the incidence rate is about 1 ~ 4/ million. The total course of disease is about one year, ranging from half a year to six to seven years. Finally died of malnutrition, cachexia and secondary infection.

(5) Others: stomatitis, otitis media and mastoiditis can still be complicated, mostly secondary bacterial infection. Malnutrition and vitamin deficiency are often caused by chronic diarrhea, improper nursing and taboos. The original tuberculosis focus can spread and worsen, leading to miliary tuberculosis or tuberculous meningitis. Infections such as whooping cough and chicken pox are also prone to occur after measles.

prevent

(1) Active immunization: susceptible people should be vaccinated with live attenuated measles vaccine. At present, China is scheduled to sow at the beginning of 8 months and strengthen it once at the age of 4 or 6.

(2) Passive immunization: If the young, the weak and the sick are in contact with measles patients, passive immunization can avoid the onset within 5 days, and only relieve the disease within 5-9 days. Gamma globulin (10%)0.2ml/kg, placental globulin 0.5 ~ 1.0 ml/kg or adult plasma 20 ~ 30 ml can be injected intramuscularly. Passive immunization can only last for 3 ~ 4 weeks, and patients exposed to measles need to be injected again after 3 weeks.

(3) Comprehensive preventive measures: When measles patients are found, they should immediately report the epidemic situation, keep the respiratory tract isolated for 5 days after the eruption, and delay it to 10 day if there are complications. Susceptible children in contact with patients should be isolated for 3 weeks and given active or passive immunization according to the situation. People who receive immune preparations should be quarantined for 4 weeks. During the epidemic of measles, it is necessary to vigorously publicize that patients should not go out, drugs should be delivered to the door, susceptible children should not go to the door, collective institutions should strengthen morning check-ups, and suspicious personnel should be isolated for observation.

Four flu

Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus. It is a worldwide infectious disease that cannot be effectively controlled by human beings so far, and it is also one of the key infectious diseases to be prevented and controlled in China. It is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which is highly contagious, spreads quickly, and is prone to large-scale epidemic and even worldwide epidemic.

epidemiology

Influenza spreads through droplets and occurs in winter and spring. Its main feature is that it often forms a local or large-scale epidemic. This disease is highly contagious and easily causes lung infection. Influenza patients are the main source of infection and are contagious from the incubation period. The infection is strongest within 3 days of onset, and patients with mild symptoms are of great significance in transmission.

Influenza epidemic is characterized by sudden onset, high incidence, rapid spread and short epidemic process, but it can recur many times.

Because influenza virus changes very quickly, it is called "thousand-sided virus", so influenza is a disease caused by constantly changing viruses, which is highly contagious, spreads quickly and has no borders.

complication

Many people think that the flu is a minor illness and ignore it. In fact, countless people die of the flu every year. If influenza virus invades organs, it will cause serious complications, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, congestive heart failure, gastroenteritis, syncope, hallucinations and so on, with very serious consequences.

prevent

As influenza is a viral infectious disease, there is no specific treatment, so preventive measures are very important. The main preventive measures include:

(1) Maintain good personal and environmental hygiene.

(2) Wash your hands frequently, use soap or hand sanitizer and tap water, and don't wipe your hands with dirty towels. Wash your hands immediately after contact with respiratory secretions (such as sneezing).

(3) Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or paper towel when sneezing or coughing, so as not to pollute others with droplets. Influenza patients wear masks at home or when they go out to avoid infecting others.

(four) a balanced diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, to avoid excessive fatigue.

(5) Open more windows for ventilation every day (ventilation should be avoided in winter) to keep the indoor air fresh.

(6) During the high incidence of influenza, try not to go to places with dense people and dirty air; You'd better wear a mask when necessary.

(7) Vaccination against influenza is recognized as an effective method to prevent influenza in the world. Immunization of influenza vaccine has been paid more and more attention by countries. Practice has proved that immunization is an important measure and means to reduce the harm of influenza, and vaccination for high-risk groups and susceptible groups is an effective method to prevent influenza.

Related links

☆ At present, there are four recognized influenza pandemics in the world: the first "Spanish influenza" (1919) (originated in France, with an estimated number of cases of 700 million and death toll of 2 1 10,000, more than the total number of deaths in World War I.. The second "Asian Influenza" occurred in 1957- 1958 (the first time occurred in western Guizhou, China, with a particularly high incidence rate, resulting in nearly 6,543,800 deaths worldwide and about 69,800 deaths in the United States); The third "Hong Kong Influenza" was in 1968- 1969 (the first time was in Hong Kong, the incidence rate was about 30%, and about 33,800 people in the United States died from this influenza epidemic); 1977 the fourth "Russian flu" (the first place is in the northeast; The patients are mainly primary and secondary school students under the age of 20).

☆ In order to prevent the outbreak of influenza in China, the Party and the government attach great importance to it. On June 5438+ 10, 2005, the Ministry of Health issued the Knowledge of Influenza Prevention and Control, the Ministry of Health's Preparative Plan and Emergency Plan for Dealing with Epidemic Influenza (Trial), and the Hubei Provincial Health Department also issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in Disaster Relief and Prevention and Control of Key Infectious Diseases. The circular requires that "medical and health institutions at all levels should vaccinate their medical staff and encourage public officials to voluntarily vaccinate against influenza" and can "organize voluntary vaccination against influenza".

☆ Zhong Nanshan: If the two viruses, influenza and avian influenza, are mixed and evolve into human-to-human viruses, it will be a disaster for mankind!

Viral hepatitis V

It is an infectious disease caused by a variety of hepatitis viruses, which has the characteristics of strong infectivity, complex transmission routes, wide epidemic area and high incidence rate. It can be divided into five types: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and hepatitis E, among which hepatitis A and hepatitis B have higher infection rates. The carrier rate of hepatitis B virus was 10.09%.

The main manifestations are fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, hepatomegaly and liver function damage. Some patients may have jaundice and fever, and recessive infection is more common.

China is a big country with hepatitis, and the incidence of viral hepatitis ranks first in the management of legal infectious diseases, with only 65.438+0.2 billion people infected with chronic hepatitis B virus.

epidemiology

1, the source of infection of hepatitis A is acute patients and infected people, which is highly contagious and spreads through the digestive tract, that is, feces-mouth. Will lead to an outbreak of disease. Patients with hepatitis A are most contagious from the late incubation period to 10 day after onset, and become contagious only 20 days after jaundice appears. Mainly in children and adolescents.

2. The source of infection of hepatitis B is the virus carriers of patients with acute and chronic hepatitis. The main transmission routes are iatrogenic, wound infection and vertical transmission from mother to child. Acute patients are infectious in their blood from the end of incubation period to 66 ~ 144 days after onset. Hepatitis B mostly occurs in young adults aged 20-40.

3. Hepatitis C is mainly infected by blood transfusion, blood products and wounds. The transmission route of hepatitis D is the same as that of hepatitis B, and the main source of infection of hepatitis E is the pollution of water or food by patients' feces. The incidence of hepatitis C and E is higher among adults.

complication

Hepatitis is a systemic disease. Viruses can invade not only the liver, but also other organs, such as kidney, pancreas, bone marrow and thyroid. The common complications are arthritis (12% ~ 27%), glomerulonephritis (26.5%), polyarteritis nodosa and so on. Rare complications include diabetes, fatty liver, aplastic anemia, polyneuritis, pleurisy, myocarditis and pericarditis, among which diabetes and fatty liver deserve attention. A few patients may have hyperbilirubinemia after hepatitis.

Hepatitis B, especially hepatitis C, is easy to develop into chronic disease, a few patients can develop into cirrhosis, and a few cases can show the clinical course of severe hepatitis. If the course of chronic hepatitis B is prolonged, it will develop into cirrhosis and even liver cancer, which will seriously endanger human health.

prevent

1. Comprehensive preventive measures should be taken to cut off the transmission route, such as focusing on water source protection, drinking water disinfection, food hygiene and feces management, which is of great significance to cut off the transmission of hepatitis A.

2. Patients in acute phase should be isolated. Patients' eating utensils and washing utensils should be special, pay attention to food hygiene, avoid close contact with hepatitis patients, avoid iatrogenic infection and protect wounds. Women of childbearing age must avoid pregnancy. Eat foods rich in protein and vitamins. Avoid alcohol, onions, garlic, peppers and other irritating foods. Give a light diet with high digestible vitamins, eat normally after the appetite recovers, and give high protein such as milk, eggs, fish and lean meat. And eat sugar in moderation.

3. Prevent blood pollution and minimize the use of blood transfusion and blood products.

4. Passive immunization and active immunization: At present, the most commonly used vaccines with good effects are hepatitis A vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine, while hepatitis B immunoglobulin can prevent vertical transmission from mother to child, and gamma globulin can also increase resistance.

Six pulmonary tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, known as "consumption" and "white plague" in the past, is the most common tuberculosis, and it is a chronic infectious disease that is harmful to health due to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is divided into primary pulmonary tuberculosis (type I), disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis (type II), infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis (type III), chronic fibrocavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (type IV) and tuberculous pleurisy (type V).

epidemiology

According to statistics, every day in the world, an average of 1000 people die of tuberculosis. In September 2003, the regional committee of the World Health Organization declared the western Pacific as a "tuberculosis crisis", including 37 countries in East Asia and the Pacific. By the end of 2003, four fifths of people in our country had been infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, so our country has declared that the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis has entered a "state of emergency", and all tuberculosis patients must be treated in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, nearly13 people in the world have been infected with tuberculosis, with 8.7 million new cases of tuberculosis every year and 2 million deaths due to tuberculosis every year. There are currently 20 million cases of tuberculosis in the world.

There are four main reasons for the rebound of tuberculosis epidemic:

1) government neglect: developing countries are unable to support TB prevention and control.

2) The number of immigrants and refugees has increased.

3) HIV infection and AIDS epidemic.

4) The number of multidrug-resistant cases increased: due to the irregular treatment of patients.

complication

Common diseases include pulmonary heart disease (pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale), lung cancer (no definite evidence yet), silicosis, secondary fungal infection, amyloidosis and so on.

prevent

As a country with serious tuberculosis epidemic and the second highest tuberculosis burden in the world, the quality of tuberculosis control in China directly affects the global tuberculosis control work. Therefore, the world is extremely concerned about the tuberculosis control work in China, and some countries and organizations have given some support one after another, forming a huge tuberculosis control project in China, and the government has also implemented standardized management and free treatment for tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is a widespread chronic infectious disease, and prevention must be given priority to. Three links must be grasped to prevent the spread of tuberculosis.

First, control the source of infection. The main source of infection of tuberculosis is tuberculosis patients, especially those with positive sputum tuberculosis, who receive reasonable chemotherapy at an early stage. In a short time, the number of tuberculosis in sputum decreased or even disappeared, and almost 100% could be cured. Therefore, early detection of patients, especially those with positive sputum test, and timely and reasonable chemotherapy are the central links of modern tuberculosis prevention and treatment.

Second, cut off the route of infection. Tuberculosis is mainly transmitted through respiratory tract. Therefore, spitting is prohibited, and the sputum, daily necessities and surrounding things of patients with positive bacteria should be disinfected and properly handled. Indoor ultraviolet irradiation can be used for disinfection once a day or once every other day for 2 hours. Tableware used by patients needs to be boiled and disinfected 10- 15 minutes, bedding needs to be exposed to the sun for 4-6 hours, and sputum box toilets can be used for 5%- 10.

Third, inoculate BCG. It is a non-pathogenic live vaccine, which can make people who are not infected with tuberculosis gain specific immunity to tuberculosis after being inoculated into human body, and the protection rate is about 80%. It can last for 5- 10 years, so it will take several years for those who turn negative in nodulation test to replant. The inoculation target is those who have never eaten tuberculosis infection and have negative tuberculin test. The younger the better, it is usually injected within three months after birth, mainly for newborns, infants, primary and secondary school students and citizens in ethnic minority areas who have just entered the city. Those with negative tuberculin test were vaccinated and replanted. However, the immunity produced by BCG vaccination is relative, and other preventive measures should also be paid attention to.

Seven rabies

Rabies Rabies, also known as rabies, is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by rabies virus. More common in dogs, wolves, cats and other carnivores. Many people are infected by being bitten by sick animals. Once the disease occurs, the mortality rate reaches 100%. The clinical manifestations are mania, anxiety, fear of wind and water, salivation and pharyngeal muscle spasm, which eventually leads to paralysis and life-threatening. Vaccination is of great significance in this disease.

According to the corresponding statistical data, the mortality and fatality rate of rabies in class A and B infectious diseases have always ranked first.

epidemiology

Rabies has been prevalent in China for a long time. Since 195 1, dog killing operations have been carried out nationwide, and great results have been achieved in controlling rabies. However, since 1970s, the epidemic has started to rise and become more and more serious.

① Source of infection: Infected sick dogs and asymptomatic dogs are the main sources of infection, followed by sick cats, sick wolves and other sick animals. It is worth noting that "healthy" poisonous animals, as the source of rabies infection, are harmful and bring difficulties to prevention.

(2) Transmission route: 50% ~ 90% of the saliva of sick animals contains rabies virus, which can be transmitted to people by biting, scratching human skin and mucosa, or polluting the external environment (stones, branches, etc.). ) use infected saliva and then pollute ordinary wounds.

③ People are generally susceptible, and are not immune after being bitten by sick animals. The incidence rate is 15% ~ 60%.

④ Epidemic characteristics: The disease is an infectious disease of warm-blooded animals, widely publicized, and often seen in places with high density of domestic dogs. The disease occurs all year round, but the incidence rate is slightly lower in winter. Most of the patients are rural young adults and children, and they have more opportunities to contact domestic dogs or wild animals.

Prevention of rabies

1. manage the source of infection: try not to keep animals such as cats and dogs at home. If you have one, you should always keep the animals clean. Strictly manage domestic dogs and put an end to wild dogs. When dogs or cats with rabies are suspected, kill them immediately. Don't peel, eat, burn or bury.

2. cut off the route of transmission: it is important to prevent cats and dogs from biting people and educate children not to tease them. The filth, secretions and residence of rabies patients should be thoroughly disinfected.

3. Protect susceptible people: It is important to prevent injection and timely and correct treatment after being bitten.

4. Immediate preventive injection: on the day of being bitten by animals such as cats and dogs, and on the 3rd, 7th, 1 4th and 28th days thereafter, intramuscular injection of rabies vaccine1branch.

Frequent contact with suspected sick dogs, cats and experimenters should be vaccinated before exposure, at 1, 7, 2 1 day respectively 1 time, and then strengthen immunization 1 time every year.

Rabies first aid

The principle of first aid is that no matter what dog bites, first aid should be given immediately.

One is washing. Rinse the bitten wound repeatedly with 20% soapy water or 0. 1% bromogeramine (both cannot be used at the same time) or clear water for about 20 minutes, and then rinse with clear water to wash off saliva and blood containing virus.

The second is to squeeze. Where it can be squeezed, rush into the water and squeeze it out of the wound to prevent the virus from being absorbed by the human body. Or use a breast pump or cupping to suck out the blood in the wound and then suck out the toxin.

The third is disinfection. Immediately after washing, wipe the inside and outside of the wound with 75% alcohol or iodine to kill rabies virus as much as possible.

The fourth is to inject antibodies. Inject anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin into subcutaneous muscle around the wound to neutralize rabies virus.

The fifth is to inject rabies vaccine. Inject rabies vaccine as soon as possible after being bitten, and the sooner you start, the better the effect.

Eight diseases prevented by vaccine

Protection period of preventable diseases

Hepatitis A vaccine 1 5-7 years old

Lack of influenza vaccine for more than 6 months 1 year.

Water tank and live attenuated varicella vaccine

1- 13 years old, no disease, 10 years old.

Mumps vaccine for more than 8 months.

Rubella vaccine has been injected for more than 8 months.

Measles, rubella, mumps, leprosy/leprosy/mumps have been vaccinated for more than 8 months.

Rabies rabies vaccine/immunoglobulin at any age for half a year.

Cholera vaccine is suitable for any baby aged 3-6 months.

Typhoid, paratyphoid, paratyphoid vaccine at any age 1 year.

Oral dysentery vaccine for bacillary dysentery over 2 years old 1 year old

The meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine was used for meningitis for 6 months-15 years and 3 years.

Meningococcal B vaccine for 6 months-10 years old, 2-4 years old.

23 serotypes of pneumococcus were infected with trivalent pneumococcal vaccine for more than 2 years, 5- 10 years.

Invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (meningitis, pneumonia, septicemia, arthritis, etc. Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine 2 months -5 years old 1-2 years old.

(An Erbao)

Infantile diarrhea caused by rotavirus vaccine was 2 months -2 years old/kloc-0 years old (80%)

Hepatitis B vaccine, measles vaccine and BCG vaccine, which are also used in children's planned immunization, can also be used in other populations to prevent hepatitis B, measles and tuberculosis respectively.