I'm looking for an introduction to the ocarina, all aspects of it, such as how many kinds there are, how to play it, basic knowledge, etc....... The more complete, the better! The more you play, the m

I'm looking for an introduction to the ocarina, all aspects of it, such as how many kinds there are, how to play it, basic knowledge, etc....... The more complete, the better! The more you play, the more you'll be able to get the most out of it. The ocarina is one of the most important musical instruments in ancient China. 3000 years ago, the ancient Chinese based on the different materials used in the manufacture of musical instruments are divided into gold, stone, soil, leather, silk, bamboo, lagenaria, wood, known as the eight kinds of sound. Among the eight tones, the ocarina is the only one that occupies the earth

The sound of the ocarina. In the whole ancient orchestra plays the role of filling the middle voice, harmonizing the high and low tones. The ancient saying goes: "The five sounds, the six rhythms, the rigid and the soft must be in the center, the clear and the turbid is not lost. The ocarina was regarded as the same as the bell and the ocarina. The ocarina is regarded as the same as the bell, chime, with the same status

Ocarina is one of the important musical instruments in ancient China. 3,000 years ago, according to the different materials used in the manufacture of the ancient Chinese musical instruments are divided into gold, stone, soil, leather, silk, bamboo, lagenaria, wood, eight kinds of eight, known as the eight tones. Among the eight tones, the ocarina is the only one that occupies the earth

The sound of the ocarina. In the whole ancient orchestra plays the role of filling the middle note, harmonizing the high and low notes. The ancient saying goes: "The five sounds, the six rhythms, the rigid and the soft must be in the center, the clear and the turbid is not lost. The ocarina was regarded as the same as the bell and the ocarina. The ocarina is regarded as the same as bells and chimes

The ocarina - types

There are many types of ocarinas, besides the traditional oval ocarina, there are also gourd ocarinas, ocarinas, ocarinas, yuanyang ocarinas, ocarinas, and many other types of ocarinas.

The traditional ocarina is mostly ovoid ocarina, now there are gourd ocarina, grip ocarina, mandarin duck ocarina, son and mother ocarina and so on many kinds of styles, beautiful and fine craftsmanship.

1, gourd ocarina: with a throat device, the shape of the gourd, the production of the second need to do the tire, the process is complex. This kind of ocarina is the thinnest near the waist, when the air flow passes through here, it can cause the edge prismatic sound effect again, so that the ocarina's treble range can be properly expanded. Because the ocarina body is longer, it is more convenient to play, and the tone is softer than the traditional ovoid ocarina.

The characteristics of the gourd ocarina are:

a. The range above the base note (counting from the full flat blow) is extended by a small third; but the part below the base note is reduced by three degrees;

b. It is less laborious to play in the high register;

c. Because of the throat device, the tone of the low register is affected.

2. Holding the ocarina: it is the ocarina that is held and played, which uses ten fingers and the root of the thumb to control the sound hole.

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The ocarina is one of the important musical instruments of ancient China.More than 3,000 years ago, the ancient Chinese, based on the difference in materials used in the manufacture of the musical instrument is divided into gold, stone, earth, leather,

Silk, Bamboo, Lagenaria, wood eight, known as the eight sounds. Among the eight tones, the ocarina is the only earth tone. In the whole ancient orchestra to fill the middle voice, harmonize the role of high and low notes. The ancient people said: "the five voices, tune the six rhythm, rigid and soft must be in, clear and turbid is not lost.

The ocarina is the most important instrument in the history of the world, and it is the most important instrument in the world. The ocarina is regarded as the same as the bell and the chime, and has the same status. Editor's Summary

Table of Contents

1 Textual Interpretation 2 Historical Origins 3 Development 4 Forms 5 Types

Ocarina -

Historical Origins

The ocarina is a unique closed-mouth wind instrument in China, one of the oldest wind instruments in China, and occupies an important position in the history of primitive arts in the world. The origin of ocarina

is related to the labor and production activities of the ancestors, initially, it may be made by the ancestors to imitate the call of birds and animals to trap the prey.

The ocarina evolved into a simple musical instrument with the progress of society, and gradually increased the number of sound holes, and developed into a melodic instrument that can play tunes. Primitive society ocarina, the shape of the instrument is varied, such as the ceramic ocarina excavated at the Hemudu site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, was oval

shaped, only blowing holes, no sound holes, about 7,000 years ago. Shaanxi Xi'an half slope village Yangshao culture site pottery whistle, its shape is slightly like an olive, there is only a blowhole, made of fine clay kneaded and molded, is one of the original form of ocarina, about six thousand years ago.

The ocarina of the Shang Dynasty had a greater development than the primitive period and the Xia Dynasty, there are pottery, stone and bone, the pottery is the most common, the shape of the flat-bottomed ovoid. During the Warring States period, the pottery ocarina was also flat-bottomed and ovoid, but there were also other shapes. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, ocarinas were mainly used for court music. In archaeological excavations and heirloom ocarinas, some special shaped ceramic ocarinas or porcelain ocarinas are also occasionally seen.

The Palace Museum and the Institute of Music of the Chinese Academy of Arts has a red lacquer ocarina used in the Qing Dynasty court, which is 8.5 centimeters high and 7 centimeters in diameter. The body of the ocarina has six sound holes: four in front and two in the back, and the whole body is red lacquer, depicting golden dragons and cloud patterns. Today's improved development of the nine-hole ceramic ocarina, the ancient system of six-hole ocarina as the basis, and then expand its shoulder and inner tire, in order to increase the volume, the sound hole increased to eight: the front six after the second, plus the blow hole, *** for the nine holes.

In order to facilitate finger playing and minimize the complexity of the forked finger method, the holes are arranged in a sequence similar to the holes of a flute. A professional player can play twenty-six notes, including all the semitones in two octaves and one overtone.

The ocarina is said to have originated from a hunting tool called the "stone runner". In ancient times, people often tied a stone or mud ball to a string and threw it to hit birds and animals. Some spheres were hollow in the center, and they could make sound when swung in the wind. Later, people found it quite funny, so they used it to blow, so this kind of stone meteorite slowly evolved into ocarina.

Initially, ocarinas were mostly made of stone and bone, but later developed into pottery, and there are various shapes, such as flat round, oval, spherical, fish-shaped and pear-shaped, etc., of which the pear-shaped is the most common.

The ocarina has a mouthpiece at the top, a flat bottom, and sound holes in the side walls. The earliest ocarinas had only one sound hole, and then gradually developed into multiple holes, until the end of the third century B.C. when the six-hole ocarina appeared.

Professor Cao Zheng of the China Conservatory of Music began making antique ceramic ocarinas in the late 1930s. Later, Prof. Chen Chong of Tianjin Conservatory of Music designed a new type of nine-hole ceramic ocarina based on the ancient pear-shaped six-hole ocarina, made of purple ceramic from Yixing City, Jiangsu Province

. This nine-hole ocarina not only maintains the traditional ocarina's original shape and tone, but also increases the volume, extends the range, can play scales and semitones, so that it can be transposed musical instruments, and the tone is simple and mellow, low and mournful, very

rich characteristics. In addition, because the nine-hole ocarina changed the original irregular arrangement of holes, in accordance with the modern playing habits, so that it is more convenient to play, and can be used as a solo, ensemble or accompaniment.

The introduction of the nine-hole ceramic ocarina signaled that the ancient Chinese ocarina had regained its vitality. Soon after, another student of Prof. Chen Chong, Zhao Liangshan of the Hubei Provincial Song and Dance Troupe, developed a ten-hole ocarina with mahogany wood, which solved the defect of the ocarina that made it difficult to play high notes.

The ocarina has been used in Chinese music history mainly for court music throughout the ages. In the court music, ocarina is divided into ode ocarina and elegant ocarina two kinds. The ocarina is smaller, like an egg, and has a slightly higher sound; the elegant ocarina is larger and has a thicker, lower sound, and is often played with a bamboo wind instrument called the chi.

In the earliest collection of Chinese poetry, the Book of Poetry, there is a phrase "Bo's ocarina, Zhong's chi", meaning that two brothers, one playing the ocarina and the other one playing the chi, to express the harmony and goodwill of the brotherhood.

Ocarina - development

Ocarina has also been unearthed in Shanxi, Gansu, Henan, Shandong Province and other places in China. From the unearthed artifacts, the ocarina has gone through a long stage, about four or five thousand years ago, the ocarina developed from one tone hole to two tone holes, and was able to play three tones. After entering the slave society, the ocarina was further developed, the ocarina unearthed some years ago in Yumen, Gansu, from the late patrilineal society to the early slave society had three tone holes and could play four tones. By the Late Shang Dynasty more than 1,000 years ago, the ocarina developed to five tone holes and could play six tones. By the Spring and Autumn period, more than 700 years ago, the ocarina had six holes and was able to play a complete pentatonic and heptatonic scale. The development of the ocarina from one tone hole to six tone holes took more than 3,000 long years.

Ocarina - shape

The ocarina is a very characteristic musical instrument, made of fired clay, the external shape is like an egg (or a variety of deformation), the size of which is similar to the middle man's fist, hollow, with a blowhole at the top, and a finger hole or several finger holes in the chest and abdomen. Ocarinas are the only instruments found in the primitive era other than the bone flute that can sound more than one musical note with certainty. Ocarinas of the primitive period had only 1-3 tone holes and could only blow out 2-4 tones. (This is most likely related to the fact that the holes made in the not-so-large egg-shaped ocarinas are more difficult to calculate than those made in the tube-shaped flutes.) To a certain extent, they reflect the process of the development of the Chinese scale, and in particular, they can reveal the intervals that played an important role in the development of the Chinese scale; some scholars nowadays have pointed out that they are the intervals of the minor third, which have been emphasized again and again since the ocarina with one hole, which could only pronounce two tones. This point of view is undoubtedly of great significance to the understanding of the development of the Chinese scale, the relationship between the scale tones, and even the internal mechanism of the Chinese seven-tone scale, which is still based on the five tones as the backbone of the phenomenon.

Ancient ocarina has a lot of appearance, there are pear-shaped, fish-shaped, spherical, pencil-shaped, etc., the production of ocarinas of materials such as ceramic, stone, jade, wood, ivory, etc., and later on more than ceramic. China's ancient books on the shape of the ocarina, size size, name and so on have made a detailed record. Shiben" said: "Storm new Gong made ocarina", and another said that it was made by the person (beside plus pendant) clan in the time of Emperor ?u. Dushi Tongzhe" said, "The Zhou gui has a tyrannical country is not it time to enter?" These statements are not credible. Er Ya note: "burnt earth for this, large as a goose, sharp on a flat bottom, shaped like a scale, six holes, small as a chicken." Nie's three-body diagram said: "Where six holes, the upper one, the front three, the back two." The Old Tang Book * Music Zhi" and said: "Ocarina, the sound of autumn, everything twilight yellow also, theater soil for the ..." . "Poetry Xiao Ya" He Ren Si said: "Bo's blowing ocarina, Zhong's blowing Chi. This is a form of musical instrument combination that the ancients had worked out for a long time. Later people often use it as a term of brotherly harmony. It is said in the "Ancient Poetry" that "Heaven induces the people to be like ocarinas and chi". It is said that heaven induces the people to harmonize with each other as if they were ocarinas and chi.

Ocarina -

Types

There are many types of ocarinas, besides the traditional oval ocarina, there are also gourd ocarinas, ocarina with a grip, ocarina with a mandarin duck, ocarina with a mother and a son and a daughter and many other types of ocarinas.

The traditional ocarina is mostly ovoid ocarina, now there are gourd ocarina, grip ocarina, mandarin duck ocarina, son and mother ocarina and so on many kinds of styles, beautiful and fine craftsmanship.

1, gourd ocarina: with a throat device, the shape of the gourd, the production of the second need to do the tire, the process is complex. This kind of ocarina is the thinnest near the waist, when the air flow passes through here,

Ocarina

Can cause the edge prismatic sound effect again, so that the ocarina's soprano range is properly expanded. Because the ocarina body is longer, it is more convenient to play, and the tone is softer than the traditional ovoid ocarina.

The characteristics of the gourd ocarina are:

a. The range above the base note (counting from the full flat blow) is extended by a small third; but the part below the base note is reduced by three degrees;

b. It is less laborious to play in the high register;

c. Because of the throat device, the tone of the low register is affected.

2. Holding the ocarina: it is holding the ocarina that is played, it is using ten fingers and the root of the thumb to control the sound hole.

3, yuanyang ocarina: refers to two different pitches, opposite direction, the base is connected to the ocarina. This kind of ocarina has a blowhole at each end, the sound hole of the upper and lower ocarina is exactly the same as the general ocarina. When you play, you can change quickly according to your needs.

The characteristics of the mandarin duck are: rich tone, wider range. However, the shape is not beautiful (the original ocarina shape is perverted), and when playing, it is not very convenient to change between ocarina and yuanyang ocarina. And the sound quality changes, so the tone is not uniform.

4, child mother ocarina: refers to two different sizes, the same direction, left and right connected to the body of the ocarina, large ocarina and small ocarina intervals, generally pure five degrees. Such as: big ocarina is G, small ocarina is d. According to the need can also be arbitrary combination.

5, cow's head ocarina: according to the ningxia hui musical instrument improvement, 10 holes, the range of bass 5 to treble 2, inside the sound insulation board, sound mellow and thick, treble good blowing, the shortcomings of the hole is a little big, the range is not good to expand.

6, bullet head ocarina: Feng's ceramic ocarina's latest patented products, the internal imitation of the gourd ocarina made of double cavity structure, the beginner any mastery, soprano good blowing; shortcomings are not easy to blow down blow

Now on the market most common is the gourd ocarina, the cow's head ocarina, the bullet ocarina and the egg-shaped ocarina. Other ocarinas are not common.

Ocarina - playing skills

The common skills of ocarina can be summarized into three categories: long tone, air vibration, finger vibration, lip vibration, vibration, vibrato, glissando, spitting, hitting, air hitting, cyclic ventilation, double spitting and cyclic ventilation, and false blowing tone, etc. These skills are necessary for playing ocarina. These skills are necessary to play the ocarina.

1, gas blowing skills

Ocarina gas blowing skills are long tone, gas vibration, lip vibration, etc., of which the long tone is the foundation of the ocarina blowing skills, it must be full and mellow, loud and smooth, no noise.

In the ocarina playing skill, the long tone is the foundation of the ocarina breath training, through practicing the long tone can master the correct breathing method, develop a good playing mouth shape and smooth, full, pure pronunciation. The practice can be combined with the strength of **** with the same, the tone must be full and round, loud and smooth without noise.

Qi vibrato is also called "abdominal vibrato", relying on the abdominal contraction force caused by the airflow tremor and produce. There are big, small, fast and slow air vibrato, in the actual performance should be based on the needs of the content of the music. For example, the melody of singing should adopt even and free air vibrato, and the melody of passion and grief should adopt exaggerated air vibrato, etc. The air vibrato can be produced in a way that ensures the accuracy of the pitch. The air vibrato can be used flexibly under the premise of guaranteeing the pitch, and is required to be even and smooth.　　

Lip vibrato is a special kind of fluctuating sound produced by using both hands to drive the body of the ocarina to make the wind door and the blowhole move back and forth rapidly. When the body of the ocarina moves backward, the blowhole becomes smaller and the sound is lower; when the body of the ocarina moves forward, the blowhole becomes larger and the sound is higher. This technique is often used to express a magical, ethereal mood.

2, tongue blowing technique

The spit is a common technique of ocarina. It is suitable for playing enthusiastic and lively tunes, and requires the sound to be strong, clean and elastic, and the rhythm should be even and smooth.

The spatula is a common technique of the ocarina. It is suitable for playing enthusiastic and lively tunes. Spit sound is divided into single spit sound (including single spit, single spit), double spit, light spit, air spit, lip spit and so on.　　

Single spit (mark T) in keeping the correct blowing mouth shape on the basis of the tongue naturally upward, slightly affixed to the inner edge of the upper lip, the exhalation of the rapid retraction, so that the airflow into the blowhole to send a short, powerful sound, similar to the "spit" sound.　　

Single spit (mark K) in keeping the correct blowing mouth shape based on the root of the tongue back to block the palate, the root of the tongue quickly forward when exhaling, so that the airflow into the blowhole to make a short and powerful sound, similar to the "Ku" sound.　　

The double spit is a combination of a single internal spit and a single external spit, the speed is twice as fast as a single spit, and its sound is similar to the "Ku Ku" or "Ku Ku", suitable for playing cheerful, exciting tunes.

The sound of the spit is strong, clean and flexible, and the rhythm should be even and smooth.　　

The light spit is not essentially different from the commonly used spit, but the range of tongue activity is short and small, the spit is weakened, and the sound is light and soft, similar to the "zone" sound, like a stringed instrument's light trembling bow, which is suitable for the performance of lyrical fast music.　　

The air is exhaled by the sudden contraction of the abdomen, coupled with the strong upward support of the diaphragm, so that the airflow rushes into the blowhole in a short and powerful manner and the sound is produced. Similar to the "hoo" sound, the air spit sound is thick and rounded, but due to the slow speed of the spit sound, so it is not widely used, and is only occasionally used in special circumstances.　　

Lip spit is to rely on the power of the upper and lower lip muscles, in the moment of conscious opening and closing of the upper and lower lips, the use of the impulse of the airflow in the abdomen, the airflow into the blowhole and sound. Similar to the "flutter" sound, the lip spit is soft, and is only suitable for use at the beginning of a weak section or under special circumstances.　　

Flower tongue is the tongue playing tootling. The tip of the tongue touches the palate, and the exhale impacts the tip of the tongue while making the tip of the tongue flutter continuously and rapidly, and make the sound of "toot, toot". Flower tongue sound like plucked music wheel finger, only used in special needs.

3, finger-type playing skills

Vibrato: is to use the finger in the sound hole on the hole for the rapid opening and closing action, so that the sound fluctuation effect. Vibrato is most commonly used in large and small two degrees, three degrees, four degrees vibrato, according to the characteristics of different works, style and flexibility. Vibrato practice is the most important part of the finger movement skills, practice requires finger flexibility and elasticity.

Slide: a common technique of ocarina, mostly used in witty, humorous, low, sad music, this technique greatly enriches the ocarina's expressive power of the slide slide, slide and rounded slide three kinds.

1, the upper glide: is played after the tone, the finger without a trace of upward sliding wipe to the second tone (higher than the tone) at the same time, the exhalation of the strength of the corresponding enhancement.　2, downward sliding tone: is played after the tone, the finger without traces of sliding down to the second tone (lower than the tone) at the same time, the exhalation of the strength of the corresponding weakening.　

3, smooth tone: is played after the first tone, the finger without traces of upward or downward sliding wipe to the second tone and then return to the original position at the same time, the exhalation strength according to the down tone, up the slide and get. The round slide, also known as the compound slide, is a combination of the upper and lower slides.

Slide

The tone requires a rounded and clean sound, accurate rhythm, and the beginning of each slide is played with a light spit; in addition, the fingers should not be tense when sliding, and it is appropriate to maintain a natural state. The sound should be soft and smooth, so that no traces can be heard.　Gift tone, generally

Used at the end of the phrase, the end of the tone before the end of the short ornamental tone, also known as the send tone. Gift tone is a kind of decorative tone, almost does not take up the time value of the tone, can be heard but not obvious, when playing should be short, light, fast, air change should be timely, accurate

Certainly.

Superimposed tone: in the upper part of the tone for the second, third, fourth and other time value of the short overlap of the flower down to the tone of the tone. When playing the superimposed tone, the fingers open and close quickly, the movement of the passing tone all out, but do not play into the obvious decorative tone, to the main, only the traces of the passing tone. There is a difference between long and short superimposed tone, according to different styles, different characteristics of the work of flexible application.

Beating

The sound: the use of fingers to play the sound hole, or the sound hole below the sound hole, so that the sound hole issued by the sound of the phase separation is called the sound. It is also a common technique of ocarina, which can add color and beauty to the music. When practicing,

The speed and strength of the fingers should be practiced, the lower finger should not be hesitant, the finger playing should be strong, the equal tone should be distinguished, the phrase should be coherent, and the notes should be clear. The combination of air and finger should be clean and sharp.

When playing and vibrato overlap, the playing sound first, and the vibrato follows, sounding like a simultaneous sensation. Remember: articulation should be tight and well coordinated.

Empty

The sound of the ocarina's internal cavity is called the empty sound. When you play the empty sound, you don't need to blow, but open the sound hole and play the sound hole of the *** sound. The pitch is adjusted by hearing and controlling the angle of the blowhole with the lips

Small. Empty playing sound requires the fingers to have strength and flexibility, and make the pronunciation accurate, full suitable for playing far-reaching implicit melody as well as imitation of nature some special acoustic effects.