What are the Thirteen Classics?

The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of ancient Chinese poems. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period (1 1 century to the 6th century), including ***3 1 1, among which 6 poems are flourishing.

That is, there are only titles, but no contents, which are called Sheng Liu (Nanchang, Yougeng, Chongqiu and Youyi), reflecting the social outlook of about 500 years from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty to the weekend.

The author of The Book of Songs is anonymous, and most of them cannot be verified. They were collected by Yin Jifu and edited by Confucius. In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Songs was called "The Book of Songs", or it was called "The Book of Songs 300" by integers.

In the Western Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic, formerly known as The Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since. The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. "Wind" is a ballad of Zhou Dynasty. Elegant music is the official music of Zhou people, which is divided into harmony and elegance. Ode is a musical song used for sacrificial rites in Zhou and noble ancestral temples, which is divided into ode to, and ode to Shang.

2. Shangshu

The earliest title of Shangshu was Shu, which was written in the first five centuries. The traditional Shangshu (also known as Jinwen Shangshu) was handed down by Fu Sheng. Legend is left over from the "Three Graves and Five Codes" of ancient culture.

Twenty-eight pieces of Shangshu dictated by Fu Sheng, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, are modern versions of Shangshu. When King Lu Gong demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence, he found another piece of Shangshu, which is an ancient version of Shangshu. In the battle of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty, the modern and ancient versions of Shangshu were all lost. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shi Meihuan of Zhang Yu presented a history book to the court, including 33 modern literature histories and 25 ancient literature pseudographs.

Shangshu is listed as one of the important core Confucian classics, and "Shang" means "Shang". Shangshu is an ancient book. It is a compilation of ancient historical documents of China and some works tracing back ancient deeds, and it is the earliest compilation of historical documents in China.

3. Zhou Li

Zhou Li is a Confucian classic and one of the thirteen classics. This biography was written by Zhou Gongdan, but it was actually written during the Han Dynasty. Zhou Li, Yi Li and The Book of Rites, collectively called "Three Rites", are the theoretical forms of the ancient national rites and music culture in China, which recorded and explained the laws and significance of rites most authoritatively and had the most far-reaching influence on the ritual system in past dynasties.

Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics, made an excellent annotation on Zhou Li. Because of Zheng Xuan's high academic prestige, Zhou Li became the first of Li San and became one of the Confucian ceremonies.

Zhou Li, formerly known as Zhou Guan, was first seen in Historical Records and Amenorrhea. Zhou Li recorded the society, politics, economy, culture, customs and etiquette in the pre-Qin period, with rich historical materials. The content involved is extremely rich and all-encompassing, which is a treasure house in the cultural history of China.

4. "ceremony"

"Yili" is one of the thirteen Confucian classics, and it is a collection of etiquette in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. * * * Article seventeen. The content records all kinds of etiquette in the Zhou Dynasty, such as crown, marriage, burial, sacrifice, hometown shooting, courtship and employment. , mainly to record the etiquette of literati. Before the Qin dynasty, the title was unknown, and in the early Han dynasty, Gao Tang gave birth to a ceremony.

In addition, 56 kinds of ancient etiquette in China have been lost.

5. The Book of Rites

The Book of Rites, also known as The Book of Rites of Little Dai and The Sutra of Little Dai, was written in the Han Dynasty and compiled by Dai Sheng, a ritual and musicologist in the Western Han Dynasty. The Book of Rites is an important collection of laws and regulations in ancient China, with 20 volumes and 49 articles. This book mainly focuses on the pre-Qin ritual system, which embodies the pre-Qin Confucian philosophical thoughts (such as the view of heaven, world outlook and outlook on life).

Educational thoughts (such as personal cultivation, educational system, teaching methods, school management, etc.), political thoughts (such as educational politics, building a harmonious society, etiquette and criminal law) and aesthetic thoughts (such as touching theory and the theory of harmony between rites and music) are important materials for studying the pre-Qin society and a compilation of Confucian thoughts.

6. I ching

The Book of Changes is an ancient classic that expounds the changes of Vientiane in the world, and it is a profound dialectical philosophical work. Including Lianshan, Guizang and Zhouyi, among which Lianshan and Guizang have been lost.

Only the Book of Changes exists in the world. The Book of Changes, known as the source of ten thousand classics, is the general program of China traditional culture, which contains simple and profound natural laws and harmonious dialectical thoughts, and is the crystallization of the wisdom of the Chinese nation for 5,000 years.

7. Zuo Zhuan

Zuo Zhuan, formerly known as Zuo's Chunqiu, was renamed Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan in Han Dynasty, which is a chronological history book in ancient China. The Han Dynasty was also called Zuoshi and Zuoshi in the Spring and Autumn Period. It was called Zuo Zhuan only after the Han Dynasty. It is also called "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang. According to legend, it was written by Zuo Qiuming at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to explain Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals.

Zuo Zhuan is an independent history book in essence. It began in the year of Luyin (722 BC) and ended in the 14th year of Lu Daogong (453 BC). Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, it illustrates the outline of the Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period, which is one of the important Confucian classics.

8. Ram biography

Biography of the Ram, also known as Biography of the Ram in the Spring and Autumn Period, is one of the Confucian classics. It started in the year of Luyin and ended in the 14th year of Lu Aigong, which is the same as the beginning and ending time of Chunqiu. According to legend, its author was a disciple of Xia Zi. During the Warring States Period, Qi people were taller than rams. At first it was just word of mouth. When Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty was in power, it spread to Xuansunshou. Together with Hu Musheng, Yang Gongshou wrote the bamboo slips "Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram".

Biography of the Ram includes Biography of the Ram in the Spring and Autumn Period by He Xiu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Biography of the Ram by Yan Xu in the Tang Dynasty and Biography of the Ram by Chen Li in the Qing Dynasty.

9. Liang Chuan.

In other words, Biography of Liang Bo is also called Biography of Spring and Autumn and Biography of Spring Liang. Chunqiu Zhuan is one of the Confucian classics. Together with Zuo Zhuan and Ram Zhuan, it is one of the three biographies to explain Chunqiu. It began in the year of Luyin (722 BC) and ended in the 14th year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year).

Liang Zhuan emphasizes that the authority of the king must be respected, but the kingship is not restricted; Monarchs and ministers have their own responsibilities and codes of conduct; He advocated that the distinction between nobility and inferiority must be treated strictly, and hoped that the king would pay attention to his own behavior. However, it rejects political change and social change.

10, Analects of Confucius

The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and re-disciples until the early Warring States period. The book * * * consists of 20 chapters and 492 sections. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.

This book is one of the Confucian classics, and it is also called "Four Books" with Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius. Together with The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu, they are called "Four Books and Five Classics".

Erya 1 1

Erya is the ancestor of dictionaries. Erya was first recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, but the author's name was not included. This book has a rich collection of ancient Chinese words. It is not only the ancestor of dictionaries, but also one of the classics and thirteen classics, and it is the core component of traditional Chinese culture.

12, filial piety

The Book of Filial Piety is an ethical work of ancient Confucianism in China. One of the thirteen Confucian classics. The legend was written by Confucius, but it was suspected that it was written by later generations in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In the Qing Dynasty, Ji Yun pointed out in the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu that this book was the last words of Confucius and was written in Qin and Han Dynasties. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were hundreds of commentators. At present, the more popular versions are Li Longji's Annotation of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Xing Bing's Annotation of Song Dynasty. The book is divided into 18 chapters.

13, Mencius

Mencius was listed as "Four Books" by Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty (the other three books were Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and The Analects of Confucius). In the mid-Warring States period, Mencius and his disciples Zhang Wan, Gong Sunchou and others. It was first seen in Zhao Qi's inscription "Mencius": "This book was also written by Mencius, so it is called Mencius".

There are eleven pieces of Mencius recorded in History of Han, and there are seven pieces and fourteen volumes. The total number of words is more than 35,000 words and 286 chapters. According to legend, there are four other books of Mencius, which have been lost (this book of Mencius is a fake of Yao Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty). This book records the politics, education, philosophy, ethical thoughts and political activities of Mencius and his disciples. Ancient examinations mainly included four books and five classics.