What are the traditional cultures of China in China?

China's traditional culture is deeply rooted in the rich soil of China's social and historical development, and the unique characteristics of China's traditional society are the growing point of its formation and development. The Chinese nation is a great nation, and China has a long history of multi-ethnic integration. According to the new summary of archaeologist Su, China is "a cultural root system of more than one million years, a civilization progress of tens of thousands of years, an ancient country of 5,000 years, and a unified entity of China of 2,000 years". About 10 thousand years ago, our ancestors gradually changed from fishing and hunting to farming, began to settle down, entered the matriarchal society and entered the threshold of civilization. This is the legendary Fuxi Shennong era. Many ancient cultural sites excavated in the north and south show that our farming civilization has begun to spread from 5000 years ago to 10000 years ago. About 5000 years ago, some countries appeared one after another, and matriarchal society gave way to paternal society. This is the legendary era of the Five Emperors headed by the Yellow Emperor. From 5000 years ago to 2000 years ago, many countries annexed each other and finally formed a unified feudal country. After that, the feudal society continued for a long time, until the overthrow of the Republic of China in the new dynasty and the establishment of the sea revolution, the overthrow of Emperor Qianlong's voyage to the Western Ocean, Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean and the Silk Road in history; There is also the all-round opening-up in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and Genghis Khan's expedition: however, because it mainly originated and flourished in the inland areas of north and south, and for a long time, it emphasized agriculture over commerce, and basically did not make much use of the advantages of sea areas. In other words, it is arrogant and closed. China is also based on agriculture. The people of China have been living on agriculture since ancient times. Today, nearly 1 100 million people are farmers. Therefore, in a billion people, land is the foundation of wealth. This runs through the history of China. The center of social and economic thoughts and policies always revolves around the use and distribution of land. The feudal ruling class not only paid special attention to the skill of farming, plowing for use and fighting for land, but also paid attention to the foundation and ignored the purpose, that is, agriculture was the foundation, commerce was the purpose and commerce was the last one. Only scholars and farmers are the most glorious, so the economic background of "farming and reading" is determined. Because farmers only live on the land, and the land can't move, it is decided that a family should live together from generation to generation, so the family system in China was developed. This is the most complicated and well-organized system in the world, and it is also the system of China society in the past. There are five kinds of traditional social relations: monarch and minister, father and son, brother, couple and friend, three of which are family relations, and the other two can also be understood according to family relations, that is, the relationship between monarch and minister is about equal to the relationship between father and son, and the relationship between friends is about equal to the relationship between brothers. For this reason, the ancestors called the cultures of Greece, Rome, Scandinavia, Britain and Japan marine national cultures. Their cultural psychology is extroverted, and their cultural system is in a relatively dynamic and open state. Because China is located in a semi-closed inland geography and a long-term society, this is a prerequisite for the continuation of China culture as an independent system of national culture in the mainland. Therefore, although from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Central Plains culture had in-depth exchanges with grassland culture in Central Asia and West Asia and Buddhist culture in South China, China culture has always maintained its own style and system and has never been destroyed or broken. Therefore, China people's sense of cultural superiority and national concept is extremely heavy. It has become a spiritual force that has supported the Chinese nation to defend the country, survive and multiply, and carry forward the tradition for thousands of years. Although China people have traveled all over the world in modern times and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have been divided for a long time, the call of "descendants of the Chinese people" still excites all China people and foreign Chinese, and is full of national feelings of patriotism and homesickness. The so-called agricultural social culture is different from industrial social culture. Just like the above-mentioned characteristics of China's founding the country by agriculture, it has created this typical and strong agricultural social culture and formed the tradition of China culture. For example, China people's practical national psychology and national spirit of advocating natural harmony is a trend of this agricultural social culture. Describing China people's national character of "emphasizing reality and being mysterious", Zhang Taiyan said: "What people observe is for daily use in political affairs, and what they do is for industry and commerce. They are determined to live, and their words have never been tested. " It is this national character that makes all kinds of local or foreign religions spread in China since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, but China people have not fallen into the religious fanaticism of the whole nation, and secular and secular thoughts have always overwhelmed the miraculous thoughts born. Even in the darkest age of the Middle Ages, China people created the most splendid feudal culture and walked in the forefront of world culture. Kyle Polo, who came to China in the 20th century, was amazed and ashamed that he was not as good as Europeans. For another example, China people advocate the doctrine of the mean and seldom go to extremes. The Doctrine of the Mean is a family system that both Confucianism and Taoism admire, mainly a patriarchal clan system centered on parents. This patriarchal culture first attaches great importance to blood relationship. According to Feng Youlan's statistics, in Erya, the earliest Chinese dictionary in BC, there are many nouns expressing various family relationships, most of which have no equivalents in English. However, the difference of kinship terms between China people is rare in the world. For example, in English and Russian, uncle and fine are the same words. It can be seen that uncle and uncle pay special attention to consanguinity, but in China, they are closely related. Successive dynasties in China inherited the throne according to the principle of "heavy sons don't care about length, heavy sons don't care about morality", which is also a blood inheritance law derived from patriarchal clan system. China also has a specialty, that is, eunuchs are used in the court, and concubines are served by neutral people, which is also to ensure the purity of the royal family. Patriarchal culture is also manifested in the worship of ancestors. Although China people believe in God, they stay away from him. As the saying goes, "the sky is far away and people are close." In the memorial tablet of "heaven and earth" revered by China people, heaven and earth are actually fictitious, while the worship of monarch stems from the reverence for father. The so-called "friendship between gentlemen is as light as water 2007-11018: 34: 38-report.