What kind of historical evolution has the management system of ancient dwellings experienced?

"The city is an advanced form of rural performance and an inevitable product of the branch of social development".

Since then, China's ancient housing management system has served politics rather than economy from the beginning, so China's housing management system has distinctive political characteristics from the beginning.

From the ancient books of the Western Zhou Dynasty, we can know that the early folk houses were "flat and spacious, with dreamlike houses, orderly doors and quiet courtyards". It can be seen that as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, China planned and managed urban dwellings, which were called "Yi" or "Lv", and their jurisprudence originated from "Zhou Li". According to the explanation in Erya: "Rite means righteousness", the prototype of Zhi was established as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is clearly described in Textual Research Gong Ji.

Craftsmen run the country, with nine miles in the square, three doors on the side, nine classics in the middle and nine tracks on the upper side. Zuozu (ancestral hall) and Youshe (village) face the market outlook and the city faces the lady.

Then the construction of the capital in the past dynasties will be even better! Guan Di believes that this system has three functions: 1. Resettlement of people. Second, defend the monarch. Third, it is convenient to buy and sell. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the management of houses was modeled after the Zhou emperors' way of building cities, but it was also different, that is, the form of "twin city system" was adopted, that is, "Miyagi" with temples as the main part and "Guo Cheng" with civilian residential areas and commercial areas, that is to say, houses and markets were open. It was not until the end of the Han Dynasty that the real "Li Fang" began to breed.

First, Yecheng, built by Cao Cao, opened a new era of residential system management and built the glory of "living in a house".

Yecheng, founded in the Spring and Autumn Period, is one of the traditional historical cities in China. According to legend, Qi Huangong was the first person to build Yecheng. In 439 BC, Yecheng was sealed and became the capital of Wei, and its importance is self-evident. In the 18th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 2 13), Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao to occupy Yecheng and build the capital of the king.

When Cao Cao built Yecheng, he created an urban pattern with strict layout and clear functional distinction: the shape of the city tends to be regular, the palace is located in the middle of the north of the city, and the rest of the houses are divided into several closed "houses" by several streets in the east, west, north and south.

Yecheng built by Cao Cao is about seven miles long from east to west and five miles wide from north to south. Adopt the traditional "two-city system". The east-west trunk road divides the whole city into two areas, and the north is the aristocratic activity area, where most of Miyagi, government offices and ministers' houses are located, including the bronze sparrow terrace built by Cao Cao for Xiao Qiao. In wartime, you can also start the function of the city defense fortress by relying on the high wall platform.

South of the main road is a residential area, which is divided into several "houses". Three north-south main roads lead to three city gates in the south, and the central axis avenue leads directly to the north gate of Miyagi. Outside the east gate of the city is the land of city trade, and the guest house of Cao Wei's diplomacy is also built here. Outside the west gate are royal gardens and waters, which can be guarded by the water army and the water supply in the city is also here.

Yecheng, built by Cao Cao, not only inherited the planning thought centered on Miyagi since the Warring States Period, but also improved the loose layout of Chang 'an Miyagi. The structure of the city is rigorous, and the main road of Miyagi is directly connected to the city gate. The symmetrical layout of the central axis of ancient buildings in China is applied to the whole city, and the residential management mode of "living in residence" is pushed to a climax.

Second, from "Li" to "Fang", Jianping City and Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the "Li Fang System" were mature.

1. Development from "Rite" to "Square" and "Li Fang System".

Tuoba GUI, Emperor Daowu, moved the capital from Lesheng to Pingcheng (Datong) in 398 AD, mainly because it was a buffer zone for the grassland to move south to the Central Plains, and it was free to attack and defend, so it established the new capital of Xianbei Dynasty in Pingcheng.

The capital of Pingcheng shows a brand-new cultural style of ethnic minorities. Although Tuoba GUI worshipped Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms, the capital did not copy the "Li Jue system" of Yecheng in Cao Wei, but set out from reality and set up a formal Li Fang in the city. As early as the third year of God-given (AD 406), Tuoba GUI drew up the urban construction plan of "transferring the outer city and dividing the city", and invited Sun Ti, an architect who is good at building the city from the Central Plains, to participate in planning the construction of Pingcheng.

The main feature of "Pingchengfang" is to put people of different nationalities in the battlements of "Li Fang" and implement centralized and programmed management. At the entrance of each Li Fang, there is a sign, "Lane is connected with street, and there is a high wall in the lane. A Li Fang is a castle", which is managed by special forces and officials. From scale, form and pattern, functional system to management system, a new type of housing management system with "Li Fang system" was formed and developed, which began to play a new role in the development trend of ancient cities in China. The significance of this system lies in: making a living by scribing, sorting and placing, taking the morning bell and the evening drum as signals, and opening and closing the door regularly.

2. The Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital again, from "Pingcheng Square" to "Luoyang Square", and the "Li Fang System" became mature.

Fighting for Luoyang Grottoes is the continuation of Yungang Grottoes, and the construction of "Luoyang Square" is bound to be the inheritance and development of the "Pingcheng Square" model. After the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, Li Fang was built on a larger scale with Pingchengfang as a model, which was recorded in Galand, Luoyang.

The capital is 20 miles from east to west, north to south 15 miles ... Outside the temple fair Cao Gong, it is 300 steps away and there are four doors inside. There are two people in the door, four officials and eight people, who have walked 220 miles.

The whole city of Luoyang is laid out and managed by the Li Fang system. There is a big market outside the west gate, which covers an area of 80 miles (this is Li Fang). The east side is a place of storage, which covers an area of 20 miles, and the south side has 20 miles of modulation and music. "People are inside, silk and bamboo are singing songs, and the world is wonderful." In the second year of Jingming (AD 50 1), "fifty thousand ancestors of Ji Fa built the 323rd workshop in Shi Jing" marked the maturity of Li Fang system.

The design is more like China's hieroglyphic "Tian", which is the foundation of any dynasty. Just like farmland, it was made into the foundation of Xianbei nationality country, from the mining of farmland in Shang Dynasty to the reclamation of farmland in Cao Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties and so on. Amazingly, the members of nomadic grassland tribes were incorporated into the Han nationality, and quickly entered the feudal society from the tribal alliance after sinicization. Later, in the "Taihe Reform" in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the "three-long system" promulgated was also matched with the Li Fang system. The implementation of this system strengthened the county system since the Qin and Han Dynasties, and when it spread to the whole country, it formed the court grass-roots management system with villages as the unit, which provided a solid foundation for the introduction of the "land equalization system".

Thirdly, the Li Fang system, which flourished in Chang 'an during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, is a highlight of the management system of ancient houses in China.

After shaping the city of peace, the Li Fang system gradually evolved and sublimated into a national system. After Luoyang, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui and Tang Dynasties, it finally reached its peak in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. The management of ancient dwellings has completed the historical evolution from "Li" to "Fang" and then to "Fang City".

Last year, there was a hit drama The Longest Day in Chang 'an, which was set in Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. The names of archways such as Pingkangfang and Anlefang were mentioned many times in the middle. In fact, Chang 'an was established on the basis of renaming Daxing City in Sui Dynasty. As early as the second year of Huang Kai in Sui Dynasty (AD 582), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wrote a letter to build a new capital.

Since the Han Dynasty, this city has been in decline for a long time and has become a battlefield for many times. The ancient mountains and rivers are beautiful, the flowers are splendid, and the food is delicious. If the capital is to be built, the foundation of Dingding will always be solid, and endless industries will be in Sri Lanka.

Following the Sui system in the Tang Dynasty, Tang Gaozong expanded the square in Chang 'an City on the basis of the great prosperity of the Sui Dynasty, which can be described as uniform in urban planning, and there is a scene of "Yun Zhonghe's three thousands of feet, ten thousand towers in the fog". The square "has rows of streets and straight lines, which have never existed in the imperial capital since ancient times". Zhu, a master of Neo-Confucianism, praised: "The residents are within the fence, the official street has a fence, the people's entrances and exits have square doors, and the square is very safe."

Although the Li Fang system has brought convenience to the city's public security management, it has restricted the citizens' production, life and interpersonal communication. The curfew order of "closing in a daze and opening at five o'clock" makes the vast Chang 'an city show a kind of silence after nightfall, with drums on six streets and pedestrians on nine roads, which is absolutely deserted.

No matter what kind of system, it does not conform to the law of economic development. After the crazy development of commodity economy in Chang 'an, a super-large city, illegal buildings frequently appeared in Chang 'an after the mid-Tang Dynasty, which was difficult to stop. According to Tang Shi, during the reign of Xian Zongyuan, "Chang 'an Square had street stops and temple music, but Chi Ming did not". By the fifth year of Emperor Wenzong's reign of Taihe (AD 827), a bad coach had presented the gate of Chang 'an Square as "either the drum opened before moving, or it was not closed at night".

It can be seen that after the mid-Tang Dynasty, with the development of industry and commerce, shops have faintly broken through the barriers of cities and broke into stores. For example, Robbie's shop in Changxing Square, hotels in Daozheng Square and so on are all recorded. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, Chongren Square in Chang 'an was "full of streets, and then the two cities fell, and the lights rang day and night, and the square in Beijing was unparalleled."

No matter in the Sui Dynasty or the Tang Dynasty, its designers used the Pingcheng built by Xianbei people as a template, but the notable feature of the Sui and Tang Dynasties was the adoption of the "three-city system", namely Miyagi, Imperial City and Guo Cheng. The symmetry of the central axis is more prominent in the building, and the imperial city is located in the center of the "three cities". The beauty of symmetry and balance in its architectural style reflects the "golden mean" of Confucian culture in China, and further embodies this point.

Under the feudal centralization at home and abroad, the square system has gradually evolved into a universal urban planning principle, which makes cities in different regions tend to be similar, which is also an important reason why we see that historical cities are only large and small, and there is no structural difference.

With the frequent chaos in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and the establishment of the Song Dynasty in Song Taizu, the whole Song Dynasty fell into a trade frenzy, so that "eight famines fought for fairies", the prosperous economy brought a new trend of thought, and the Li Fang system of urban dwellings finally came to an end, which is why we can't see Li Fang's trace in The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. Li Fang system is the product of self-sufficient agricultural economy, and the vitality of business needs this closed system to break through itself, so Li Fang system is declining.

Fang Shi in the Tang Dynasty was the most prosperous period of China Li Fang system, which echoed the "Curie" system in the distant Zhou Dynasty, was the inheritance and development of Pingcheng Square and Luoyang Square in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and had an important influence on later generations. For example, the word "neighborhood" comes from this.

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"Li", "Fang" and "Fang City", as a management mode of residential buildings, are still a way of gathering and living for human beings and have played an important role in the development of feudal society. It not only balanced the operation of social order, but also served the rule of feudal dynasty. However, it is undeniable that the Li Fang system occupies an extremely important position in the ancient urban planning of China, and its stable pattern and vitality for thousands of years can be seen.

Political means will eventually give way to economic development. Therefore, in the Song Dynasty, when commerce was extremely prosperous, the rational Li Fang system of banishing the city itself not only realized the effective management of the people, but also hindered the natural and healthy development of economic activities. Therefore, the demolition of the square wall is accompanied by the implementation of tax collection and management, and the residential system of Fangcheng in China since the Western Zhou Dynasty ended, followed by the street system that we are familiar with at present.

However, Li Fang's housing management system is far from being as simple as having a huge impact on China. In the 5th century, Koguryo borrowed China's management model to build Pyongyang City. At the end of the 6th century, Japan absorbed the model of China and Li Fang system and established a new capital, Fujiwara, whose general regulations were similar to Pingchengfang. ...

The significance of a city lies in breaking through the self-sufficiency of farming culture, gathering social members and providing them with places for cultural dissemination and commodity trading. The opening of the city is the positive progress of the city. Therefore, Chang 'an, a model with strong political factors, is doomed to decline with the development of economy, which is not only the demand of urban functionalization, but also the necessity of economic development and the demand of human spiritual life.