Bazhong cliff statues of the unique Bazhong culture

Bazhong City is located in the northeast of Sichuan Micangshan southern foothills, east of Sichuan Dazhou, west of Sichuan Guangyuan, south of Sichuan Nanchong, north of the border with the southern Shaanxi Province Hanzhong, is the north high and south low, the concentration of poverty in the mountainous areas. A total area of 12,325 square kilometers, jurisdiction of a district (Bazhou District) three counties (Nanjiang, Tongjiang, Pingchang), 172 townships, 2,355 administrative villages, with a population of 3.7 million.

Bazhong has a long history, as early as around 17,000 BC, there are human beings living here. It belonged to the domain of Liangzhou in Yugong in ancient times, and was under the jurisdiction of Bazi State in the Spring and Autumn Period, and belonged to Dangqu County of Ba County (present-day Chongqing Municipality) in the Qin and Han Dynasties. East Han Dynasty and the first year (AD 89 years) the north of Dangqu (today's Sichuan Bazhong City, Wanyuan, Daxian of the north, Xuanhan of the north-west area) set Hanchang County (Zhi today Bazhou District Bazhou Town), East Han Dynasty Emperor Xian Jian'an six years (AD 201 years) set up the Brazilian County (today's Sichuan Langzhong Bao'ning Town) by the Brazilian County after the jurisdiction of the Northern Wei Dynasty Xuanwu Yanchang three years (AD 514 years) the first set up the Bazhou, Republic of China in two years (AD 1913), changed to the Bazhong. On December 18, 1932, the Fourth Front Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army arrived at the two river mouths in Tongjiang County through the Bashan Mountains in southern Shaanxi Province and liberated the county town of Tongjiang on the 25th, liberated Bazhou on January 23, 1933, and liberated Nanjiang on February 1, 1933, and then set up the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Soviet Government, and the party, government, and military authorities were set up in Tongjiang, which was relocated to Bazhou in October 1993, and then moved into Bazhou in June 1933. Bazhou. 1993 October set up Bazhong area, 2000 was set up Bazhong City, the city government in Bazhou District Bazhou Town, population of 250,000, the Department of Bazhong political, economic, cultural and transportation center.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Bazhong had the Ba Shui (present-day Tongjiang River) and Yu Shui (present-day Nanjiang River and Ba River) running through its territory, which was historically referred to as "Bayu". Because of the two river basins inhabited by tribesmen (one of the Ba people) and here called "Ba Tribute", Han Gaozu named the "Bayu Dance" is out of this. And because tribesmen like to sing and dance, brave and good at war, Gao Zu fought tribesmen to pacify Sanqin has been successful, so the first time the county was built when Gao Zu named "Hanchang". At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, the war, the plague, a large number of population deaths, ninety percent of the current residents of the early Qing Dynasty "Lake Canton fill Sichuan" when immigrants to the descendants of the Ba people - the Tujia people after the Han Chinese, and a small number of Hui people inserted in the Han Chinese area.

Bazhong is located in the Qinba mountainous area of the south of the Micang Mountains, the territory of Bayu two water down to Chongqing, Ba Fang Ba people built so far more than 3,000 years of history of the Micang Road (Baling Road, Daxing Road) is connected to the Guanzhong Plain Chang'an, down to the Shu Chengdu, an important channel, and therefore here is the Yellow River Basin, the northern culture and Yangtze River Basin, the southern culture of the intersection of the place. Bazhong has a long history and rich cultural deposits, and there are 100 cliff statues in the city***, most of which were made in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the South Niche, West Niche, North Niche, Shui Ning Temple statues for the national key cultural relics protection units, Thousand Buddha Rock statues for the provincial cultural relics protection units. In Bazhou District, there are 156 niches and more than 2,100 statues in the South Niche; 27 niches and more than 300 statues in the Shuining Temple; 59 niches and more than 1,900 statues in the West Niche; and 24 niches and more than 300 statues in the North Niche. Tongjiang Thousand Buddha Cliff statues 51 niches more than 3,000 bodies, White Milk Creek Luban Temple statues 20 niches, 184 bodies. The above six statues of large scale, far-reaching influence, the value is extraordinary. In addition, there is a Taoist story of a statue, for the Bazhou Zengkou town Woliu Mountain statue 6 niches 12 bodies.

Bazhong cliff statue features a lot, exquisite modeling, meticulous craftsmanship, gathered a variety of schools of Buddhism statues. South niche cliff statue, for example, not only has a variety of forms of cave frieze and side decoration carving, but also decorated with colorful set of beads, curtain tassels, more show the color of religious mystery. There are more flying sky to make music, not only many brands of musical instruments, and flying sky posture is different, is a concentrated reflection of the Tang Dynasty religious culture in Bazhong. In the process of production in a realistic approach to the main, realistic image, posture, comparable to Dunhuang murals. Statue art is more nationalized, secular, in order to plump and robust for the beauty of the dress from the Buddhist "partiality right shoulder type", "shoulder type" development of Chinese "wrong clothing type". Shui Ning Temple statues all use high relief and round carving techniques, showing the beauty of the lines of the human form, so that the statues appear more exquisite, in 1992, China Dunhuang Art Research Institute Professor Mr. Duan Wenjie visited Bazhou stone carving statues after the inscription of praise: "Shui Ning Sheng Tang Dynasty colorful carvings of the country's first," "Bazhong Grottoes, a national treasure". Bazhong's folk culture has a long history, variety, rich content, distinctive features, high value. For example, "Bashan Folk Songs", only publicly published folk songs amount to more than 3,000. There are both labor songs dedicated to production and labor, as well as children's songs to teach children, ditty story songs sung in courtyards for leisure, and solemn ceremonial songs. In short, there are field songs for fielding, gongs and drums for grass-gathering, and rice-planting songs for rice-planting. There are all kinds of ceremonial songs chanted by masons, earthworkers and carpenters in the process of building houses, songs dedicated to the marriage customs of crying marriage and sitting songs, songs chanted by Mr. Zhiqi Si, who is responsible for the rituals of wine ceremony, and ceremonial songs for sending all kinds of invitations, songs used for funeral and burial, songs of filial piety, ceremonial songs used in the rituals of pig-killing and pig-slaying, songs used in the rituals of lifting up a line to report the way, songs of backing a man's Bashan backing a song, songs used for the ceremonies of inviting rain, songs used by the spring officials for saying spring, and songs used to cheat a pig and a cow to stop bleeding, as well as songs used to cheat a pig and a cow to stop bleeding, and songs used to cheat a cow to stop bleeding. There are also songs for the ceremony of inviting rain, songs for spring officials to talk about spring, songs for cheating pigs and cows to stop bleeding, songs for burning incense and worshipping Buddha, songs for sorcerers' tricks, songs for children's folklore such as marrying caterpillars, burning earthworms, and delivering goose bumps and lice. ...... In a word, all of the seventy-two rows of the BaZhong line are songs to be sung. Among them, singing love life of Maoshan song accounted for more than eighty percent.

In the folk ritual songs, ritual songs, know-how songs have the longest history. In the ritual ceremony especially emphasizes the power of language, in the use of original language must be used, not allowed to improvise, otherwise the gods do not understand, not to achieve the purpose of the ceremony, Bazhong funeral rituals used in all kinds of ceremonial text, out of the Hall of the three offerings and the spirit of the three offerings of the ceremony are all the copy of the Ming Dynasty, the use of persuasion of filial piety, filial piety, etc., and various types of filial piety and the "Classic of Poetry" poem, such as "Polygonaceae For example, "Polygonum, I'm a curd, I'm an artemisia, I'm sorry for my parents, I've paid for my birth", which is about 3,000 years old. The largest number of seven-character metrical poems in Bazhong folk songs can be traced back to the "Ba Ballad Songs" written by Qin Shihuang in the 31st year of the Qin Dynasty, which is also more than 2,000 years old.

Lyrics: The regular seven-character meter poem is the main one, and there are also five-character ones, but they are fewer in number. For example, "The white color of a virtuous sister is as white as the tofu that has only been opened; the tender tofu that has only been opened, and the water that has been gently pressed is flowing". The expression of the traditional fugue, than, Xing, choose the most typical things in the life of the Bashan people, to be artistic and highly generalized and described, simple and natural, without carving, simple and easy to understand. For example, "Sister is the fragrance of flowers for thousands of miles, brother is the bees for thousands of miles, the bees see the flowers in a circle, the flowers see the bees bloom", using flowers and bees as a metaphor for the special relationship between love and mutual equality, which seems to be very pertinent, vivid and very accurate. Such as the Bashan back two brothers at noon hungry fatigue, climbed the slope can not walk, the leader will play columns to put cavity: "called the sound of the foot pole you do not fire bar, on the can to the cool wind pass, the shopkeeper's wife is waiting for you, open chest to feed the dolls, you want to eat her hot buns, on the slow step slow step upward climb!

Bashan folk song lyrics of high creative techniques, imagination of the peculiar, metaphorical ingenuity, rhythmic harmony, the syllables of the magnificent, natural, and those with auxiliary words, sighs and other false words rhyming flowers, "Lotus Hill Love Song", the Buyi "wave whistle song", Naxi "Yulong Mountain Love Song" is not at all the same, the Bashan folk song is forbidden to rhyme with the false words. For example, "Lang is a bee flying up to the sky, Sister is a spider's web on the roof, the bee pounces on the spider's web, Lang wants to fly high and Sister wants to be entangled". Another example: "The river rises in the sand, the sister jumps over the stirrups eye blossom, which is your little sister, do you want me to pull you? I am the flower that bees have pounced on, and I have already blossomed and borne fruits, so don't try to find a way out on me." Bashan folk songs are bold and direct, passionate and unrestrained, simple and natural, which are rarely seen in other folk songs, such as "Playing with my son on the fifth night, holding my son in my arms and sighing my breath, there are all kinds of intercalary months in the leap year, why don't you intercalate on the fifth night? The story is that "people are endowed with seven emotions, and they feel things, and they feel things, and they feel things, and they feel things, and they feel things, and they feel things, and they feel things, and they feel things, and they feel things. Li Kaixian in the Ming Dynasty in the "city of YanYiYi preface" wrote "real poetry is still in the folk", Bashan folk song is the proof.

Liner notes: common in folk songs, the liner notes are always imaginary words, i.e., the main "lyrics" plus "imaginary words", the purpose of which is either to achieve the right words or to increase the rhyme of the aria. Bashan folk song liner notes are different, its biggest feature is to use real words and sentences as liner notes to deepen the role of the theme, and even the theme of some folk songs rely on the liner notes to show, which can not be found in the folk songs of other places, such as "Ask Lang when will he come", the main lyrics are "The sun is falling on the slopes of four yellow mountains, singing songs to send the lover boy, the lover boy goes home and walks slowly, the sister's tears are wet! My sister's clothes are wet with tears. The main lyrics and traditional phrases such as "Shaking the Flowering Fan", "Red Flowers and Peonies", "Ten Red Chopsticks", "Red Hydrangea", etc. are organically integrated into the song. "The song organically blends together to express the theme of love in an interesting way. The chorus appears at the end of the song: "Grab Lang's belt and ask him when he'll come; I can't be free today, I have to chop wood tomorrow, and I won't come to my little sister's mountain until the day after tomorrow!" These five lines are closely followed by the main lyrics of the last sentence "sister tears wet clothes" when the breakup of the description of the real feelings, answering the "ask Lang when to come" question, as if the Sichuan opera help, to deepen, rendering the role of the theme.

Tune: The tunes of Bashan folk songs are composed of two phrases, one in the Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Fei modes or in the Fei and Zheng alternating modes. Folk songs in the levy mode are mainly mountain songs in the major mode with a big sound. This kind of simple, bright and clear expression of the major key mountain songs from the north to the south gradually weakened. It reflects the influence of the northern major-key folk songs on the Bashan folk songs. The minor-key folk songs gradually weakened from the north to the south. Reflects the influence of southern minor mode folk songs on Bashan folk songs. Alternate tuning is the biggest feature of Bashan folk songs, especially the most common alternate tuning, which is the product of the intermingling of southern minor-key folk songs and northern major-key folk songs, such as the Tongjiang folk song "Bean Sprouts, Onion and Garlic Leaves" which won the gold medal at the World Youth Gala in Moscow in the 50s of the last century, which is a typical alternate tuning, and the popular "Send the Sun" in the south of the Mi Cangshan Mountain, a model of the intermingling of the northern and southern folk songs of our country. It is an example of the formation of the intermingling of folk songs in China.

Bazhong folk culture is also reflected in many ancient customs and traditions, there are creation myths "Nuwa Mending Heaven", love stories "Cowherd and Weaving Maiden", "Dong Yong", there are historical legends "Zhanghuai Prince", etc., but also historical legends, such as the Tang Zhenguan years to suppress the Ba people's uprising of the "Chopping Ba Serpent," and so on, but also in the year of the seasonal customs in the Spring Festival, the Festival of Lights (Lantern Festival), the Ching Ming Festival, the Duan Yang Festival, The 16th day of the first month of the year, the Mid-Yuan Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Chung Yeung Festival, and the Folk Religious Temple Festivals: the Wenchang Festival, the Guanyin Festival, the Laojun Festival, the Peach Festival, the Buddha Festival, etc.; and there are the rituals and customs of life, such as "playing the three dynasties" and "hosting the full-moon wine", "open halo", "worship godfather", head shaving ceremony, six rites to meet the bride's wedding customs, sitting in a sedan chair, supporting the guests of the Secretary to escort the rituals of Mr. a variety of etiquette, to run a birthday and birthday, school wine, etc.; funeral rites and customs still maintain the traditional "funeral rite Funeral rites still maintain the traditional "funeral rites" and "funeral" two major procedures, funeral customs are basically the legacy of the Spring and Autumn period, the funeral dress, mourning clothes, the way to pay tribute, the disposal of the body, the coffin procedures, burial goods, coffin layout, etc. have retained the traditional customs, and the burial method of the "Seganshi rock" of the "rock" of the "rock" of the "rock" of the "rock" of the "rock" of the "rock". Its burial methods include the "cave burial" of "Seganshi Rock", "hanging coffin burial" (hanging coffin burial) and "cave burial". Earth burials include burying the body in a coffin (burial in a tomb pit), burial in a hanging coffin in a tomb (first fixing the tomb with stones, and then hanging the body in a coffin with chains on the wall of the tomb, and then burying the body in the earth after arching it with stones), and secondary burials in the city with cemetery urns belong to earth burials after cremation; the construction of housing still retains the "look at the mansion under the foundation", The construction of housing still retains a whole set of ancient rituals related to nature worship and plant worship, such as "looking at the house and laying the foundation", "erecting boards and walls", "putting up beams and pillars", "opening the doors and sweeping the dams", and "offering sacrifices to the new house". The house pattern has the northern four-dimensional pattern, which is the same as the northern four-dimensional pattern. The housing pattern includes the courtyard in the north, the triplex in the south, and a large number of dry-fence hammock houses, thatched earth-wall houses, and half-cave, half-dry-fence houses in some places. In the cities, there are still many courtyard houses consisting of traditional cabinets, gates, patios, halls, corridors, hips and green tiles; folk dietary customs include baking Dingjiu wine and mash wine, boiling eagle tea, tea with tea, roasted tea and sugar tea; the "Ten Great Bowls" custom of banqueting is widely practiced by the folk; and the storage of food has been preserved. Food storage still retains the folk custom of smoking preserved meat; local paper-making is popular among the people, and in some places there is also oil-pressing with a ramrod and oil-pressing with a winch (commonly known as "small oil-pressing", which is expensive). There are also traditional printing and dyeing techniques of printed cloth, traditional bamboo weaving techniques and stone carving techniques. Clay sculpture of Enyanghe, paper-cutting of Tongjiang, and root carving of Tongjiang, Nanjiang and Bazhou are also famous. Folk burning techniques are generally preserved in Bazhong City, the clay lacquer processing technology of Nanjiang, the clay ink processing technology of Bazhou Town still exists; the "Cuan Tan Opera" and "Ancient Colored Opera" performances of folk opera are circulated in the folk of Nanjiang, Tongjiang and Bazhou; the best and most active shadow theater troupes and shadow puppets in Sichuan are also famous. The best and most active shadow troupe and shadow production in Bazhou (Li Yuxiang shadow troupe, Zhang Xuelin shadow troupe); Bazhou Zaolin folk music spring is the only remaining seed of this kind of song in our country, the person who said spring - "spring official" is still in Bazhong, southern Shaanxi area activities.

The rich ethnic folk culture is the gene culture of Bazhong culture. The thousands of miles of the Great Ba Mountain, once a hot land of wind and clouds, once a piece of flesh and blood casting of the Holy Land. 1932, the Chinese workers and peasants Red Army, the Fourth Front from the EYA to the west to carry out the strategic transfer, arrived in mid-December in Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province, and in the 27 months since then, the establishment of the second largest Soviet Union in the country to the center of the Tong, South, Ba, Ping --- Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Area. Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base. The revolutionary history of Bazhong is glorious, the revolutionary cultural relics are rich and precious, and the revolutionary spirit has been passed down from generation to generation. In those years, 120,000 sons and daughters of Bazhong joined the Red Army, and more than 40,000 of them made heroic sacrifices, making outstanding contributions to the victory of the Chinese Revolution. This piece of red land *** produced 27 *** and national generals, 128 provincial cadres, the old generation of proletarian revolutionaries Xu Xiangqian, Chen Changhao, Li Xiannian, Zhang Qinqiu, Liao Chengzhi, Liu Ruilong, Wu Ruilin, Fu Chongbi, etc. have been here in the bloodbath. The city's existing collection of 10,619 pieces of revolutionary cultural relics, including 13 pieces of first-class cultural relics, 132 pieces of second-class cultural relics, 2,926 pieces of third-class cultural relics, general cultural relics 7,648 pieces. The city's existing immovable revolutionary cultural relics protection unit 130, including the national key cultural relics protection unit 1 3 points, 6 provincial-level cultural relics protection unit, 9 municipal-level cultural relics protection unit, county-level cultural relics protection unit 112. In addition, according to the 2004 survey, the city has the Red Army stone carvings and wall book slogans, literature, couplets, bulletins and other cultural relics 802.

The city's existing Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Museum, Liu Bojian Martyrs Memorial Hall, the Red Four Frontier Army General Headquarters site Memorial Hall, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Union generals and commanders Monument Forest, Bashan Guerrillas Memorial Museum, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Red Army Martyrs Memorial Hall, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Province, the fourth party congress site exhibition hall and a number of Red Army cultural relics show positions, its exhibition hall has reached nine, which" National Patriotism Education Demonstration Base" 3, "Sichuan Province Patriotism Education Base" 2. 2004, the state launched the "Red Tourism" project, Bazhong was included in the country's 12 key red tourism areas and one of the 30 red tourism routes (name). Bazhong was listed as one of the 12 key red tourism zones and 30 red tourism routes in China (the name of which is "Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Union - Red Rock Spirit"), and the former site of the General Headquarters of the Red Fourth Front Army, the Red Army Martyrs' Cemetery in Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Bases, the Memorial Hall of the Martyrs of Liu Bojian, and the former site of the Bashan Guerrillas' Command Headquarters were listed in the country's 100 classic red scenic spots. classic red scenic spots. Red Army culture has not only become an important culture integrated into the soul of the people of Bazhong, but also become the main culture of Bazhong's social development and economic construction, and is being passed on from generation to generation with the sparkling cultural and spiritual qualities.

The rich historical culture, colorful folk culture and the glorious Red Army culture constitute the unique culture of Bazhong.