What are the problems in the development and utilization of land resources in China?

I. Ecological problems in land development and utilization in China and their causes

Land is an indispensable material basis for human production and life, and it is also an ecosystem for human survival. However, human land use activities have caused serious pollution and damage to land resources, and the problems caused by unreasonable land use threaten human development. According to the statistical yearbook of China in 2006, the total population of China reached 65.438+30.7 million at the end of 2005, and the average population density reached 654.38+0.36 people/km2, which was more than three times the average population density in the world. However, according to China Land and Resources Bulletin in 2005, the amount of cultivated land in China is only per capita 1.83 1.40 mu, which is about one third of the world's per capita cultivated land. In addition, China has a large area of land resources that are difficult to use, and the potential of reserve land resources is insufficient, especially the reserve land resources. At present, China's land resources have been utilized 65438. Land resources suitable for cultivated land development have little potential. Of the 500 million mu of cultivated land resources, the area that can be developed into cultivated land is only about 65.438+0.2 billion mu. At present, the available land has also been seriously polluted to varying degrees, and there are serious problems in both quantity and quality of land in China that cannot be ignored.

1. Main problems in land use in China at present

(1) The ecological and environmental problems caused by the development and utilization of land resources are becoming more and more serious. In the ecological environment of the earth, the deterioration of land factors is the most serious. Excessive deforestation and overloaded land use make the world face ecological and environmental problems such as land desertification, soil erosion and soil fertility decline. The land ecological environment is facing the situation of expanding the scope of deterioration, aggravating the degree and increasing the harm, which is manifested in serious soil erosion and salinization, continuous degradation of grasslands and forests, shrinking wetlands and destruction of biodiversity. At present, China's desertification land area has reached 6.5438+0.74 million square kilometers, accounting for 65438+0.8.13% of the total land area, causing direct economic losses of more than 50 billion yuan every year; The soil erosion area is 3.67 million square kilometers, accounting for 37.08% of the land area, and the soil erosion area that needs to be controlled is more than 2 million square kilometers; Salinized land covers an area of about 900,000 square kilometers, accounting for 9.38% of the national territory; The speed of land desertification also far exceeds the speed of control, and the area of desertification land in China is still growing at the rate of 2469 square kilometers per year [1]; Due to soil erosion, impoverishment, secondary salinization and soil acidification, the fertility of more than 40% of cultivated land has declined.

(2) The total amount of urban construction land is out of control, the structure is out of balance, and land waste is serious. With the rapid development of economy, urbanization and industrialization have led to the rapid growth of construction land, and the scale of urban and rural construction and production construction has been expanding. According to the data, in 2005, 4.274 million mu of new construction land was added, an increase of 6% over the previous year [2]; The unreasonable land use structure is not only manifested in the unreasonable proportion of industrial, commercial and residential land, but also in the irrationality within the industry, and the limited land cannot be effectively allocated, resulting in the waste of land resources.

(3) The amount of cultivated land has dropped sharply. The reason for the decrease of cultivated land is due to the adjustment of industrial structure and disaster damage within agriculture. The other is the permanent loss of cultivated land caused by non-agricultural construction, especially many development and construction have great blindness, which leads to serious land loss for farmers, such as blindly building development zones and seriously exceeding the standard of rural homesteads. The results of the national land use change survey in 2005 show that as of June 65438+February 3 1 2005, the cultivated land area in China was 183 1 10,000 mu, a net decrease of 5.424 million mu over the previous year, and the per capita cultivated land in China was reduced to 1.4 mu; In 2005, 3182,000 mu of cultivated land was occupied by construction, 802,000 mu of cultivated land was damaged by disasters, and 5.855 million mu of cultivated land was converted into ecological land. Due to the adjustment of agricultural structure, the cultivated land185,000 mu was reduced, and the cultivated land 10.24 million mu was reduced in four projects. During the same period, 4.6 million mu of cultivated land was supplemented through land consolidation, reclamation and development.

(4) Environmental pollution and sewage irrigation lead to soil pollution and destruction. The pollution sources of soil pollution mainly come from industry, life, agriculture and transportation. In industry, especially in recent years, with the vigorous development of township enterprises, due to their wide distribution and lack of funds and technology, a large number of pollutants are discharged into rivers and farmland with the "three wastes". At present, the annual discharge of industrial wastewater in China is more than 20 billion tons; The accumulated storage of industrial solid waste exceeds 6.5 billion tons, covering an area of more than 50,000 square kilometers. The amount of urban solid waste is huge, which not only occupies a lot of land, but also pollutes water and soil, and even causes very serious pollution incidents. Acid rain caused by industrial waste gas and smoke also directly or indirectly pollutes a large area of land. In addition, for a long time, most domestic sewage and some industrial wastewater in China have been directly discharged into rivers or irrigation systems without treatment, and in some areas with insufficient water resources, sewage is even directly used to irrigate farmland. Heavy metals were found to accumulate in the topsoil in many sewage irrigation areas. In agriculture, a large number of unreasonable chemical fertilizers and pesticides are directly applied to secondary pollutant soil, which affects the yield and quality of crops and eventually enters the human body with the food chain. In addition, the exploitation of minerals and unreasonable accumulation of tailings will directly or indirectly destroy a lot of land.

The emergence of the above problems is inseparable from people paying too much attention to the economic value or market value of land in development and utilization, while ignoring the value of land as an ecological service system. As one of the most important natural resources, land resources not only provide direct means of production and means of survival for human beings, but also provide environmental space for human beings to survive.

2. Reasons for ignoring the ecological value of land in land development and utilization

Land use and ecosystem services are essentially a pair of contradictory entities that influence and restrict each other. Land is the carrier of various terrestrial ecosystems, and the types of ecosystems in land use are land use types [1]. The change of land use structure causes the changes of various land use types, areas and spatial positions, that is, the changes of the types, areas and spatial distribution patterns of various ecosystems. Due to the simple pursuit of economic benefits in land development and utilization, land use types have reduced the ecological value of land, and many land types have lost their original ecological service functions, resulting in ecological problems. In China, the main factors affecting the change of land use structure are:

(1) Economic reasons

Land use change is the most obvious manifestation of human activities acting on the environment and resources. Many deep-seated reasons for the ecological environment problems faced by human beings are related to the utilization of land resources, such as the northern, northeastern and northwestern regions of North China. Due to over-exploitation of grasslands and over-grazing, many lands are desertified. Land desertification greatly reduces land productivity, and even completely loses biological productivity. Therefore, the land use pattern at different regional levels is the influencing factor of ecological environment, and the change of land use pattern and structure is driven by the change of social and economic structure. In the socio-economic structure, the main factors driving the change of land use structure are population density, economic density and per capita grain. The response indicators of land use structure change are construction land, cultivated land and grassland, and the relationship between construction land and cultivated land is mutual increase and decrease, for example, the rapid growth of construction land leads to the decrease of cultivated land [2]. The change of land use mode driven by socio-economic structure is bound to be reflected in the ecological environment, so the root cause of land ecological problems is economic reasons. Over the years, China's development model of simply consuming resources and pursuing economic growth has greatly changed the social and economic structure of China. The rapid economic growth has brought increasingly serious environmental problems, among which the deterioration of land ecology is the most serious. The dust disaster caused by land desertification and soil erosion has threatened people's daily production and life.

(2) Legal reasons

The development and utilization of any natural resources are related to their ownership and use rights, and land resources are no exception. Therefore, in the process of land development and utilization, we must rely on the law to clarify the ownership and use rights, and adjust and standardize the social relations of all parties in land development, utilization and protection. China implements the dual ownership structure of state-owned and collective-owned land. In real production and life, the separation of ownership and use right will inevitably lead to the contradiction between owners and users, which will bring certain difficulties to the scientific and rational development, utilization and protection of land, the sustainable utilization of land resources and the protection of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the rights and obligations of all stakeholders in land development, utilization and protection activities with the help of policy measures and legal coercion, bring land development, utilization and protection into the legal track, and establish the fashion that the whole society cares and cares for land resources and jointly safeguards the ecological environment.