Analysis on the characteristics and main structural forms of ancient buildings

Different from modern architecture, ancient architecture has many unique features, one of which is that it has integrated China's thoughts, culture and architecture for thousands of years, making it a unique architectural system in the world.

Influenced by Confucianism, China's ancient buildings pursue harmony with nature, and the ancient buildings are mainly made of wood structures, instead of using a lot of stone as building materials like western buildings. Moreover, the religious buildings involved in ancient China are filled with incense, so they are often renovated. People in China pay attention to square and tidy buildings. Most buildings are single-shaped, and the scale of ancient buildings is generally one or two floors, which should not be too large, and the wood structure is the main one. According to the nature of wood, civil engineering is moderate in yin and yang and suitable for living. The wood structure is flexible, easy to disassemble, and the indoor space design and transformation is simple.

As a load-bearing component of ancient buildings, the bucket arch is beautiful and unique in shape, and also has decorative and isolation functions. It is a unique part of ancient architecture in China. Bucket arch is mainly composed of arch, upturned, raised, vertical, bucket and raised, and the dimensions of each part are exquisitely designed, giving people a mysterious feeling. Dougong is also a symbol of the grade of ancient architecture in China. The higher the building grade, the more complex and prosperous the bucket arch is. Proportion 2 is widely used in the size design of bucket arches, because a rectangle with an aspect ratio of 2 is more comfortable than a rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1. At the same time, 1: 2 is the ratio of the side length of a square to the radius of the circumscribed circle, which reflects the concept of a round place from the perspective of China culture. The structural forms of ancient buildings and the three main forms of ancient wood structures in China are die-pressed lifting beam type, bucket type and well type.

Among them, the hanging beam structure is the most widely used, and the hanging beam structure is suitable for all kinds of buildings, both single-storey buildings and multi-storey buildings. Bucket architecture is widely used in civil buildings in southern China, which is characterized by the small amount of wood needed and convenient transportation and processing. Well-trunk buildings are not widely used in engineering. The tree house in Northeast China is a typical well-dry building, and the building form is relatively primitive, mostly native wood. The three architectural forms not only appear independently, but also complement each other, sometimes mixed with each other, and more commonly, the beam-lifting structure and bucket-piercing structure are mixed.

In order to save building materials and increase indoor use space, ancient buildings generally adopt bucket-piercing structure at both ends of the mountain and beam-lifting structure in the middle, which can make full use of the advantages of beam-lifting structure and bucket-piercing structure and make the building play its best role. Other special structures also exist in ancient buildings, such as lifting height, side angles, shifting columns and lowering columns. The rising angle and side angle increase the cohesion of the structural system and improve the overall mechanical properties of the structure, but the construction technology of the rising angle and side angle is complicated. During the Song and Liao Dynasties, some internal columns of ancient buildings were reduced to increase the indoor space of the building. This method is called column reduction. Under the condition of ensuring the stability of the whole structure, subtracting some columns from the original column network structure means reducing columns, but the unstable factors such as structure will increase, which shows that the column reduction method has advantages and disadvantages. The modular system of ancient buildings mainly includes wood grading system, bucket mouth system and column diameter system.