How to view the foreign affairs school of the way to save the country

The modernization of the thinking of the foreign affairs school in the 1860s and 1890s, the Qing government officials running foreign affairs advocate the introduction of Western learning, run factories, set up schools, send people to study abroad, training technical and military personnel, the ideological_idea_from_closed_to_open_and_from_disparaging_the_"512_arts"_toward_striving_for_"craftsmanship", etc.. "craft", from the shame of profit to seek profit, etc., the modernization of this ideology has a historical role that can not be ignored, should be given a realistic evaluation. First, "Yi Xia's defense" and the breakthrough of the traditional view of technology The traditional view of technology Confucianism as the "principal", the arts as the "end", despise the arts, referring to the "strange skills and wonders". "These were two serious ideological barriers leading to the door of modernization. The important feature of the breakthrough is that from not being able to learn from the barbarians, to having to learn from the barbarians. This transformation was made possible by the change of the current situation. The concept of the breakthrough, is the premise of the introduction of modern Western science and technology, there is an important role and far-reaching impact on the opening of the wind, to start the process of China's modernization. Second, the respect for Western learning and the introduction of the foreign affairs faction of the use of Western learning, making machines as an important way to self-improvement, not only to Western learning is respected, but also the introduction of the strongest. The introduction of Western learning, foreign affairs officials through three channels: 1, the appointment of foreign teachers to teach Western learning; 2, the selection of foreign students to the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany and other countries to learn Western learning; 3, translation and dissemination of Western learning. Third, the introduction of machine manufacturing technology ideas Machine manufacturing is an important symbol of modern Western productivity. The introduction of machine manufacturing technology in modern China was started by foreign affairs officials. Foreign affairs officials on machine manufacturing technology has the following main points: 1, recognizes the "machine production" is the Western "long skills", to learn over. 2, recognizes the Western machine is wonderful in the borrowing of the power of fire and water in order to save the character of the cost of labor, the efficiency of the work is higher than the handmade. 3, that the "original manufacturing". 3, that "the original manufacturing" is "to choose its secret", "learn its learning". 4, that the manufacturing technology to strive for excellence. The above understanding, reflecting the importance of foreign officials on the machine manufacturing technology and the introduction of this technology eagerness. Although not superficial, but in the course of China's modernization still has enlightenment and enlightenment. Fourth, the modernization of several other concepts In addition to the above, foreign officials in the concept of talent, economic concepts and military concepts and other aspects of the modernization of the performance. In the military concept, first of all, the concept of weapons and equipment updated; secondly, the use of Western method of army training; and secondly, through the new school to train a new generation of generals; once again, the concept of sea defense modernization: the construction of modern naval forces, the construction of new-style batteries. Fifth, the role, status and limitations of the modernization of the ideology of foreign officials is an important feature of the breakthrough of the traditional "Yi Xia's defense" and the concept of technology, the acceptance of Western learning, the introduction of machine manufacturing technology, to change the original stereotypes. This kind of "founding move", "something that has not been done in ancient times", at the time of "old habits are difficult to get rid of", to open up the atmosphere, enlightenment, the dissemination of modern science has a role that can not be ignored. Firstly, the introduction of modern machine manufacturing technology was started by the foreign officials, which laid some foundation for China's modernization and brought capitalism into being, taking the first step of China's modernization. Secondly, specialists were valued so that they could give full play to their expertise and make contributions to the society. A number of specialists, for the dissemination and development of modern science and technology, national defense, economic modernization has made a certain contribution to this fourth. In short, the modernization of the thinking of the foreign officials is adapted to the changing needs of the times and basically meets the requirements of the times. Of course, the modernization of the thinking of foreign officials also has limitations. For example, there was a lack of political modernization in their thinking; there were limitations in their views on skills, talents and economy; and they did not carry out the reform of the military system. Nonetheless, the modernization of the thinking of the foreign affairs officials was still a change in thinking that could not be ignored in the 1860s and 1870s. Because of their official status, their ideas did not only remain in public opinion, but more importantly, they asked the court for permission to implement them. The beginning and advancement of China's modernization had its share of credit to the foreign affairs officials. Source: Middle School Liberal Arts - Teaching and Research Edition