Dunhuang murals are which dynasty

Introduction: Mogao Grottoes has a long history of culture, inherited the tradition of Buddhism, from the Western Xia, the early Tang Dynasty, the Han Dynasty to the present has a huge value of cultural investigation. Below I introduce you to Dunhuang mural painting is which dynasty article, welcome to read reference!

Dunhuang murals is which dynasty

Dunhuang murals

Dunhuang murals including Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand Buddha Cave, Anxi Yulin Grottoes *** There are 552 grottoes, with successive generations of murals more than 50,000 square meters, is the largest group of grottos in our country and even the world mural, the content is very rich.

Dunhuang mural painting is the main component of Dunhuang art, the scale is huge, skillful. Dunhuang mural paintings are rich and colorful, it is the same as other religious art, is the depiction of the image of God, God's activities, God and God's relationship, God's relationship with people in order to send people's good wishes, appease people's minds art. Therefore, the style of frescoes has different characteristics from secular paintings. However, any art originates from real life, and any art has its national tradition. Thus, their forms are mostly out of **** the same artistic language and expression techniques, with **** the same national style. Also known as the Thousand Buddha Caves. It is also one of the four major ancient caves in China, and is listed as a world intangible cultural heritage.

Modeling features

Dunhuang mural paintings have the image of gods (Buddha, bodhisattvas, etc.) and the image of the common people (for the people and the characters in the storytelling paintings). These two types of images are derived from real life) but each has a different nature. From the modeling. The image of ordinary people rich in life, the characteristics of the times also showed more distinctive; while the image of the gods is less change, imagination and exaggeration more components. From the clothes and costumes, said the common people more for the Chinese Han, the gods are more to maintain exotic clothes and crowns; halo method is not the same, the painting of the common people more halo method of the Central Plains, the gods are more for the West concave and convex method. All of these again with the different times and constantly changing.

One of the issues closely related to modeling is deformation. Dunhuang murals inherited the deformation of traditional painting, skillfully shaped a variety of figures, animals and plants. Different times, different aesthetic point of view, the degree and method of deformation is not the same. Early deformation degree is larger, more romanticism, the image of the characteristics of the distinctive and prominent; Sui and Tang later, less deformation, three-dimensional sense of strong, realistic and increasingly thick.

Deformation of the method of two broad: one is exaggerated deformation of a character in the original shape of the regular changes, that is, lengthened into a disaster. Such as the late Northern Wei or Western Wei period of the Bodhisattva, greatly increasing the length of the clothes, fingers and neck, the end of the bone exposed, with the day between the distance between the pastoral foraging, the corner of the mouth upturned, shaped like a flower petal; after the deformation of the Che became the flow of the dashing "show bone rule like". Vajra Rex is more in the horizontal exaggeration, thickened limbs, shorten the neck, head round belly, prismatic eyebrows and eyes, emphasizing the physical fitness and superhuman strength. Both figures are the result of exaggeration.

Main Categories

Statue of Buddha

As a religious art, it is the main part of the mural painting, which includes a variety of Buddha statues (Three Buddhas, Seven Buddhas, Shakyamuni, Doppelg?nger Buddha, Xianjia Thousand Buddhas and so on); Bodhisattvas (Manjushri, Pushyin, Guanyin, Seijeong and so on); The Eight Divisions of the Heavenly Dragons (Heavenly King, Dragon King, Night Fork, Flying Sky, Asura, Garuda (King of the Golden-winged Birds), Jinnara (Lotus), Great Python God, etc.). Most of these Buddha statues are painted in the figure of saying. Only the Mogao Caves murals in the sayings of the map has 933, a variety of demeanor of the Buddha 12208 body.

Sutra change painting

The use of painting, literature and other forms of art, easy to understand the performance of esoteric Buddhist classics called "sutra change". The use of painting techniques to express the content of the classics is called "change of phase", that is, the sutra change of painting; with the text, singing and singing techniques called "change of text".

Theme

In the late Northern Wei caves, the emergence of mythological themes with Taoist thinking. Western Wei 249 caves at the top, in addition to the center of the painting Lotus Algae Well, the east and west of the two sides of the fools Wang Ba Wang Ba section to raise the streamers of the Founder to open the way, after someone with the head of the dragon body of the Enlightenment Beasts followed. Vermilion Bird, Xuanwu, Qinglong, White Tiger distribution of each wall. Flying Lian wings and wind movement, Lei Gong swinging arm to turn even drums, Thunderbolt to iron drill smashing stone flash, rain master spray and cause rain.

Provider Portrait

Provider, that is, the belief in Buddhism to fund the construction of grottoes. In order to show their devotion to Buddhism, to remain famous for generations to come, in the opening of the grotto image, in the grotto painted on their own and the family, relatives and slave girls and other people's portraits, these portraits, known as the provider portraits.

Decorative pattern painting

Colorful decorative pattern painting is mainly used for grotto architectural decorations, but also table surroundings, crowns and artifacts such as decoration. Decorative patterns vary with the times, a thousand variations, with superb painting skills and rich imagination. Pattern painting mainly algae well patterns, patterns between the rafters, side decorative patterns and so on.

story painting

In order to attract a wide range of people, vigorously publicize the Buddhist scriptures and teachings, it is necessary to abstract, esoteric history of the Buddhist classics with the popular concise, image of the form of inculcation to the masses, call them, so that they believe in worship. So, in the cave painted a large number of story paintings, so that the masses in the process of watching, by subtle `education. Story paintings are rich in content, moving plot, rich life flavor, with attractive charm. Can be divided into five main categories.

1, the Buddha story: mainly promote the life of Sakyamuni. Many of them are ancient Indian myths and folklore, the Buddhists after a number of centuries of processing modification, attached to Sakyamuni. Generally, there are more scenes of "taking an elephant into the womb" and "crossing the city at midnight". Cave 290 (Northern Zhou) of the Buddha's story for the horizontal scroll six side-by-side, painted in a sequential structure, *** 87 images, depicting the Sakyamuni from the birth of the family between all the episodes. Such a long and huge serial painting, in our country Buddhist story painting is rare.

2, the story of life painting: refers to the depiction of Shakyamuni's life of various good deeds, publicity "karma" "hard to do good" vivid story. It is also a widely popular subject in the early murals at Dunhuang, such as "Sa Whang Na gave up his body to feed the tiger", "King Zebi cut his flesh to save the pigeons", "Nine-Colored Deer gave up his life to save others", "Sukhothi cut his flesh to serve his relatives" and so on. Although they are branded with religion, but still maintains the myth, fairy tale, folk tales of the original color.

3, karma story painting: this is the Buddha's disciples, good men and women and Sakyamuni's story of the enlightenment of beings. The difference between the story and the story of this life is: this life is only about the story of Sakyamuni's life; and karma is about the disciples of the Buddha, good men and women in the past life or in this life. The main stories in the mural are "five hundred robbers to become Buddha", "Shamans to keep the precepts of suicide", "good friend Prince into the sea to get the treasure" and so on. Story content bizarre, plot twists and turns, quite dramatic.

4, Buddhist history story painting: refers to the story painted according to historical records, including Buddhist holy relics, induction stories, monks, Rui-like figure, precepts paintings and so on. Containing historical figures, historical events, is the image of the Buddhist historical information. These paintings are mostly painted in the cave niche four Phi, the top of the tunnel and the corner of the secondary places. But some are also painted on the front wall, such as Cave 323 of the "Zhang Qian mission to the West", "Fotu Cheng" and Cave 72 of the "Liu Saha" and so on.

5, metaphorical story painting: this is Shakyamuni in-depth, easy to understand to the Buddhist disciples, good men and women to explain the teachings of Buddhism listed in the story. These stories are mostly fables and fairy tales from ancient India and Southeast Asia, which were collected and recorded by Buddhists in Buddhist scriptures and preserved to this day. Dunhuang murals in the metaphorical story of "Elephant Protection and the Golden Elephant", "Golden Lion" and so on.

6, Tang Xuanzang sutra story painting: in the Western Xia period of Dunhuang murals, there are six "Xuanzang sutra map", is the story of the Tang Monk, the Tang Monk, there are people similar to the monkey Monkey King holding a white horse. Most of them are not independent images, but interspersed in the Guanyin sutra changes and Pu Xian sutra changes in the interlude. [1] Later, it was constantly interpreted, and came to be known as the Journey to the West.

Landscape paintings

The landscape paintings in Dunhuang murals are all over the grottoes, rich in content and diverse forms. Most of them are integrated with the painting of sutra changes and story paintings, and play a role in accompanying. Some are in accordance with the Buddhist canon in the landscape, reference to the reality of the scene plus a superb imagination, depicting the "Elysium" green hills and water, birds and flowers of the beautiful natural scenery; some of the landscape as the main body of the independent panels, such as Cave 61, "Wutai Mountain Figure".

Mural content in addition to the above seven categories, there are architectural paintings, artifact paintings, paintings of birds and flowers, animal paintings and so on. The artistic value of Dunhuang murals is invaluable, as they systematically reflect the artistic styles of various periods, their evolution, and the history of Chinese and Western artistic exchanges and fusion in terms of structural layout, character modeling, line drawing, and coloring.

The above seven types of murals, in addition to decorative motifs, the general plot of the murals, especially the painting and story painting, reflecting a large number of real-life social life, such as: the ruling class of the travel, banquets, interrogation, hunting, shaving, rituals, etc.; the working people's farming, hunting, fishing, pottery, smelting, butchery, cooking, construction, begging, and so on; and marriage, schooling, martial arts, singing, dancing and playing, business travel, ethnic minorities, foreigners, and so on. The Dunhuang Grottoes are a great example of social activities such as marriage, schooling, martial arts, singing, dancing, traveling, ethnic minorities, foreign emissaries, and so on. Therefore, Dunhuang Grottoes, is not only a treasure trove of human art, but also a treasure trove of historical documents. Mogao Grottoes with its large number of exquisite murals and countless images of vivid color statues, and a large number of extremely valuable Buddhist scriptures, documents and other precious historical documents, known as one of the world's most valuable historical and cultural heritage treasury.