Group exchange traditional culture and ceramic art in life.

Ceramic art is a traditional and ancient culture in China. China's English name is China, which means ceramics. China is an ancient country of ceramics. When it comes to ceramics, foreigners will think of China.

Ceramic art is an artificial form. The basic materials of ceramic modeling are soil, water and fire. Only by mastering the plasticity, rheology, molding method and sintering law of water-soil mixing can people promote the emergence and evolution of ceramic forms and make ceramic objects produce beautiful forms. Both of them pay attention to the organic combination of modeling and decoration, and capture and reveal the plastic beauty, flexible beauty and vitality of soil through people's keen inspiration and innovative consciousness, thus a brand-new ceramic art form appears, which is mastered, developed and innovated by smart people. When any art develops to a certain stage, it will form a complete skill.

As we all know, the hometown of ceramics is in China. If the English word "China" is capitalized as "China" and lowercase as "China". China's ceramic art is concentrated in Jingdezhen, Liling and Dehua. Ceramics should be divided into three categories according to their broad categories:

Industrial ceramics

This kind of ceramics is used in the construction industry, such as ceramic tiles and bathroom porcelain.

art ceramics

The specific details of art ceramics can be divided into: stoneware, celadon, bone porcelain, high white jade porcelain, white porcelain, black porcelain, etc. According to its production process, it is divided into: blue and white porcelain, China red porcelain, underglaze colored porcelain, wool porcelain, carved porcelain, etc. According to the kiln mouth, there are Jingdezhen porcelain, Liling porcelain, Dehua porcelain, Ru Ci porcelain, Jun porcelain and Longquan porcelain.

Ceramics for daily use

The production of daily-use ceramics can be said to stem from people's demand for daily life. In daily life, people are most familiar with porcelain, such as tableware, tea set, coffee set, wine set, rice set and so on.

It is universally acknowledged that porcelain was invented by China. The invention of porcelain is based on the continuous development and perfection of pottery technology. White pottery in Shang Dynasty took porcelain clay (cosmetic clay and kaolin) as raw materials, and the firing temperature was above 1000℃, which was the basis for the appearance of original porcelain.

The successful firing of white pottery played a very important role in the transition from pottery to porcelain.

Shang Dynasty

The "green glaze ware" found in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty sites obviously has the basic characteristics of porcelain. Their texture is thinner and harder than pottery, and their tires are mostly gray. The sintering temperature is as high as1100-1200 c, and the fetal quality is basically sintered, with weak water absorption. Coat the surface of the device with a layer of lime glaze. But they are not exactly the same as porcelain. It is called "primitive porcelain" or "primitive celadon".

After the appearance of Shang Dynasty, primitive porcelain experienced changes and development during the period of 1600- 1700 years, from immaturity to maturity.

Eastern Han Dynasty

From the unearthed cultural relics, the porcelains made in the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties are mostly celadon. These celadons are finely processed, hard and non-absorbent, and the surface is coated with a layer of cyan glass glaze. This high-level porcelain-making technology marks that China porcelain production has entered a new era.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

China's white glazed porcelain sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and reached a mature stage in the Sui Dynasty. There were new developments in the Tang Dynasty. The firing temperature of porcelain reaches 1200℃, and the whiteness of porcelain reaches over 70%, which is close to the modern fine porcelain standard. This achievement laid the foundation for the development of underglaze and overglaze porcelain.

Song dynasty

In Song Dynasty, the embryo quality, glaze color and manufacturing technology of porcelain were improved, and the firing technology of porcelain reached a fully mature level. Technically, there is a clear division of labor, which is an important stage in the development of China porcelain. There were many famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. Yaozhou Kiln, Cizhou Kiln, Jingdezhen Kiln, Longquan Kiln, Yue Kiln, Jian Kiln, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln, Jun Kiln, Ding Kiln and other products all have their own unique styles. Yaozhou kiln (Tongchuan, Shaanxi) has exquisite products, thin fetal bones and uniform glaze color; Cizhou Kiln (Pengcheng, Hebei Province) takes magnetic mud as the blank, so porcelain is also called porcelain. Cizhou Kiln mostly produces white porcelain with black flowers; Jingdezhen kiln products are thin, shiny, exquisite light-induced, and have high whiteness and transparency, which is one of the representative works of promoting porcelain in Song Dynasty. The products of Longquan kiln are mostly pink or turquoise, and the glaze color is gorgeous and bright; The porcelain fired in Yue Kiln is thin, delicate and beautiful. The black porcelain produced in Jian Yao is one of the famous porcelains in Song Dynasty, and its black glaze is as bright as lacquer. Ru kiln is the crown of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. The glaze color of porcelain is mainly light blue, and the color is clear and moist. Whether the official kiln exists has always been a controversial issue. General scholars believe that the official kiln is the official kiln in Bianjing, and the kiln site is in Bianjing to burn porcelain for the court. Where the Ge kiln is fired has always been a controversial issue. Based on the analysis of all kinds of data, the most likely firing place of Ge kiln is the same production as the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty; There are many colored porcelains burned in Jun kiln, and the porcelains in carmine, turquoise and ink are also good. The porcelain produced by Ding Kiln is thin, shiny, moist and white as powder, which is called powder setting or white setting.

The development of glaze color of ancient Chinese ceramics is from unglazed to glazed, from monochromatic glaze to multicolored glaze, and then from underglaze color to overglaze color, and gradually develops to multi-color and bucket color of underglaze and overglaze color.

Colored porcelain is generally divided into underglaze color and underglaze color. The colored porcelain painted on the green body first and then fired in the kiln is called underglaze color. Glazed porcelain fired in a kiln is painted and then baked in a fire, which is called glazed porcelain. The famous blue and white porcelain in Ming Dynasty is an underglaze color.

the Ming Dynasty

Fine white glaze was successfully fired in Ming Dynasty, and monochrome glazed porcelain with copper as colorant was successfully fired, which made Ming Dynasty porcelain rich and colorful. The diversification of glaze methods of Ming dynasty porcelain indicates the continuous progress of porcelain-making technology in China. During Chenghua's reign, he created the "Doucai" with the outline of underglaze blue and white, and during Jiajing and Wanli's reign, he made colorful colors drawn directly in various colors without blue and white borders, all of which were famous treasures. Porcelain in Qing Dynasty developed further on the basis of outstanding achievements in Ming Dynasty, and porcelain-making technology reached a brilliant realm. Plain tricolor and multicolor in Kangxi period, famille rose and enamel in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods are all world famous products.

In the Ming Dynasty, a kind of porcelain was made by adding glaze color to the outline of underglaze blue and white. Because underglaze blue and white and underglaze colored paintings compete with each other, it is named "Doucai".

Ching Dynasty

Porcelain imitating the enamel effect of copper tires in Qing Dynasty. Enamel color is also called "material color".