Essay: "Chaoshan Folk Houses" 50 words at the beginning of the essay

China is a vast country with a wide range of local architectures, and Chaoshan houses are one of the wonders. The Chaoshan houses are a unique part of the Chinese culture, which is the result of the wisdom of the Chaoshan people for thousands of years, just like the ruggedness of the Pingyao houses in Shanxi, the wildness of the Yaozhai footstools, the elegance of the Hui houses in the south of the Yangtze River, and the naturalness of the Suzhou gardens. In the rural areas of Chaoshan, there are many clans living together, and in the coastal plains along the river, the economy is more developed, and many prominent clans live together in these places, and there are also many clans living together in the old county towns. Therefore, urban and rural residents have a strong clan concept, reflected in the settlement building is to the ancestral hall of the family name as the center of the walled village pattern. Qingfu county records: "Wang clan building houses, must build a family temple, especially magnificent." "Carved beams and painted buildings, pool table bamboo trees, must be extremely skillful. Large and small clans, competing to build ancestral halls, and strive to boast of the magnificent, at all costs." The rural villages in Chaoshan are mostly inhabited by clans, and the whole villages are built according to their clan concepts, feng shui concepts, production and life, defense functions and certain aesthetic concepts, so the general pattern of the Chaoshan houses is the unique ideal feng shui living environment. At the same time, the Chaoshan folk dwellings directly incorporate the so-called "heavenly time, earthly qi and wind" into their buildings, reflecting the unity of harmony between man and heaven and a noble spiritual mood. The orientation of Chaoshan houses is generally oriented towards the south and east, with the south as the main direction. In this way, they can block the cold north wind in winter and receive the cool south wind in summer. Main styles In Chaoshan, there are various styles of traditional houses in the countryside. Although there are many high-rise buildings in Chaoshan nowadays, there are still some traditional old houses in the countryside, which are named with vivid names, such as "Four Horse Trailers", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Horse Trailers", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Points of Gold", "Four Points of Gold", "four points of gold", "downhill tiger" and so on.

Four Points of Gold

"Four Points of Gold" is a unique building of Chaoshan custom, which is named because each of its four corners has a room shaped like the word "gold" pressing the corners. In the old days, only rich families could build this building. The architectural pattern of the "Four Points of Gold" is somewhat similar to that of Beijing's courtyard houses. There is usually a fence around the perimeter, and inside the fence, there are Yangcheng and wells; there are "wall bellies" on the left and right sides of the main door; once you enter the main door, there is a front hall, and the rooms on both sides are called the front rooms; there is an open patio, and there is a room on each side, and one room is used as a kitchen, which is called the "eight-foot room". The other room is used as a firewood room, which is generally called "Alley Hand Room"; behind the patio is the back room, also known as the hall, which is the place for ancestor worship, and there is a big room on each side, which is the bedroom for the elders to live in, and it is a great disrespect if the juniors live in it. Therefore, it is said in the Shantou dialect that "the younger generation should live in the alcove".

The "Four Points of Gold" generally does not open windows to the outside, but only to the inner court. This is because "the house to the patio for the wealth and fortune, in front of the house for the case of the mountain. If the patio is wide and narrow, it will gather wealth" ("Summary of Yang Mansions"). "Wealth" from the door or from the upper sky down to accumulate in the patio, and then through the doors and windows of each room "suck" into the house, if the windows are open to the outside is the gourd leakage, "wealth" leakage.

"Four points of gold" of the structure of the building there are many kinds. Only before and after the four main room, no "Alcove hand room" and "eight-foot room", and the four halls to the patio, called "four halls will"; before and after the room with "Alcove hand room" and "eight-foot room", and the four halls to the patio, called "four halls will"; before and after the room with "Alcove hand room" and "eight-foot room Hand room" and "eight-foot room", change eight rooms for ten rooms is called "four water jets". If you build a circle of houses around the "four-pointed gold", it is called "four-pointed gold plus Chu Bao".

Downhill Tiger

The building of "Downhill Tiger" is more common in the rural areas of Chaoshan, which is also called "Climbing Lion". As the name suggests, the beginning of "Downhill Tiger" is really a bit like a tiger and a crawling lion. The architectural pattern is simpler than that of "Four Points of Gold", with two less front rooms than it, and the rest is basically the same. "Because of the different doorways, there is a difference between the main door and the side door. Usually the center does not open the door, but both sides open the door, both sides of the door is also known as the "dragon and tiger door", there are also open the main door and not open the side door. "Downhill tiger" form is very old, in Guangzhou unearthed Han Dynasty Ming and the Palace Museum in Beijing, which is rumored to be the Sui Dynasty Zhan Ziqi made the "Spring Festival" can be seen in the predecessor, its pattern and the Yunnan Bai "a seal" homes are also quite similar.

In the past, most of the dwellings were occupied by a single family. With the development and increase of population, the form of one-family residence was gradually broken. Nowadays, a residential house is often occupied by three or four families. This kind of residence, although a little crowded and messy, is very suitable for friendly interaction between people. Smooth marble paves the patio, and all the doors are painted with frescoes, which are different from the flowers and plants on the "gatehouse belly", but are popular folk tales and myths, such as "Mu Guiying hangs up the marshal", "fairy send son", "Guo Ziyi get treasure" and so on, the main hall wall is a long mural, mostly for the "Ten Immortals congratulate the birthday picture", all to take the meaning of good luck. There are also red sandalwood and blue citron (collectively known as "red truss and blue jue"), these colorful paintings make the "Lower Tiger" become a real painting garden, just like the Summer Palace's promenade, there is ubiquitous art to be appreciated.

Painting alone does not highlight the magnificence, there are more representative of Chaoshan culture and art treasures: skillful carvings, glittering Chaozhou embroidery and vivid paper-cutting, as well as never-fading inlaid ceramics make the whole "Shimoyashanhu" opulent, beautiful.

Four-horse trailer

"Four-horse trailer", also known as "three down two fire lane a backpack", is the "four points of gold" complication.

Four-horse trailer "four-horse trailer" the whole building of each part has its special function. The "reflection" of the header is to block the view of passers-by and guests from the house. The corridor is a place for the owner and guests to park their transportation. The north and south halls are used for receiving guests, while important meetings and deliberations of the elders take place in the second and third halls. In the third hall, there is also a shrine for the ancestors. On New Year's holidays, the anniversary of the death of the ancestors, family members to go abroad, we must open the niche door to worship or "farewell" to the ancestors; family members who have done harm to the customs and customs of the family to be punished by the family law, but also to open the niche to burn incense, so that they can ask for forgiveness in front of the ancestors. The back room is the place where coffins are parked for funerals. The big room of the main building is inhabited by the elders, and the highest elders usually live in the three-room house, while the other rooms are inhabited by the juniors. The mill, kitchen, bathroom, toilet and other living rooms are concentrated in the fire lane on the left. When there is a happy event in the family, the Zen door of each hall is opened. In the case of a funeral, it is even more solemn to remove not only the "reflection" but also the Zen doors of each entrance. The floor was put up in all the patios, and a tent was set up over the patio. In this way, the first, second, and third entrances formed a large and spacious space, making it easy for various activities to take place. In general, the main building is low in the front and high in the back, with three stone steps in each step, which makes it easy to emphasize the main hall, and more importantly, ensures the light in the back so that the front does not overshadow the back. The rear package is designed to protect the main building and anti-theft. Of course, like this large-scale houses, the average family is not the chance to ask. Existing more complete "four horse trailer", can be in Chenghai County, Longdu Town, "Ci hon master's former residence" and Puning City, Hongyang Town, the Qing dynasty governor's residence, "De'anli" to see.

Architectural style of Shantou houses is distinctive and has high aesthetic value.

Luxury and grandeur, like the imperial palace

The main feature of the Teochew houses is the integration of the traditional architectural culture with the traditional arts and crafts unique to Teochew, such as gold lacquer and wood carving, stone carving, inlaid ceramic art, metal crafts, calligraphy, painting and so on to the maximum extent. The architecture of residential buildings is not vulgar, elegant and charming, with rich cultural heritage and luxury, whether in the architectural sequence pattern or decorative techniques can be comparable with the palace, so since ancient times there has been a "Chaozhou Alley Palace", "the emperor's residence in Beijing, the people's home in the Chaozhou Mountain

The Chaozhou Alter Imperial Palace," "Beijing Imperial Palace, Chao Mountain people's home" said.

Chaoyang and other places to build the house red beams and golden tiles, some people to "Master Palace" (Temple) described. This architectural style is only the palace and temple can have, I heard that the reason why the Chao Yang can build is the year of the false uncle Chen Beike "application" to come.

The scale is huge and magnificent

The Chaoshan residential retained the Tang and Song dynasty families living in the tradition of gathering clans, the formation of large-scale villages and other architectural groups, coupled with the local economy, humanities, so the scale of the building is often very grand and magnificent.

Secondary buildings surround the main building, connected to a piece, for an external closed and internal open building groups, living together.

Light and airy

The so-called "light", one is the small size of a single body, generally less than the Central Plains and the Jiangnan region of the residential architecture of the grand spacious and tall; the second is the appearance of the visual effect is not as majestic as the Central Plains, and less than the Jiangnan region of the handsome. Chaozhou building color tone gray, focusing on the ridge, beams, walls, eaves and other key areas to strengthen the decoration, and these decorative components are often related to the practical function of the building components. The so-called "permeable", refers to the building from the overall attention to the wind, not only is conducive to the building materials to go to the damp anti-rot, prolonging the life of the building materials, but also to focus on the natural climate conditions in the Chaozhou long summer and no winter, living in the activities of a comfortable and cool.

The internal space of the residential buildings emphasizes on gas gathering, ventilation and sunshade, with beams and columns stacked, layers advancing, and heavy lines dividing and slender and beautiful.

Paying attention to decoration

The Teochew houses are highly decorated from outside to inside, and they pursue luxury and elegance, even at any cost in order to achieve the effect. This makes the appearance of Teochew houses very rich and magnificent, and the halls are even more splendid.

The decoration of the roof ridge, the inlaying of porcelain on the roof of the dragon wind and the fairy and animals, the exquisite wood carving and stone carving are all the characteristics of the houses in Chaoshan.

Exquisite craftsmanship

Chaoshan architecture can be said to build not tired of fine, the old master of the building is always built for a while after stopping a few people to scrutinize the discussion, put forward criticism, and then modify, often a small detail has to come back and forth to modify several times. And "a cow rope to kill three masters" of the building of the story, should be the most illustrative of the Chaoshan residential "fine" has reached the point of excellence.

Pursuing harmony with nature

Large families have gardens in their huts, planting grasses and trees, creating rocks and water, and there are often a variety of flowers and trees in the courtyards of ordinary families and in front of and behind the houses, so that the dwellings are in a beautiful and almost natural environment in order to obtain a peaceful and harmonious living atmosphere. Chaoshan gardens are also known as the four great gardens of China together with Suzhou gardens. All these are a reflection of the pursuit of harmony with nature and the pursuit of a good living environment and a good quality of life.

Feng Shui

Chaoshan architecture is very concerned about feng shui, for example, the top of the roof of the house outside the mountain wall molding spine decorations are very careful, often according to the geographical location of the five attributes of the five elements such as gold, wood, water, fire, earth five-star gray molding, which is limited to the fire of the Temple Temple Ancestors, which is a traditional philosophical thinking, and by the yin-yang and five elements of the doctrine of the influence of the common practice or convention. And the building site, direction, pattern, vegetation and so on there are more details, such as water in front of the door, the patio should have the appropriate white, halls and rooms should be properly interspersed, before the planting of banyan after the planting of bamboo, etc. And therefore also left the lice mother Xian, which was used only in the temple. And therefore also left a lice mother fairy, Yu half a fairy and other selection of feng shui and create many legends of the building.

The Chaoshan Plain is densely populated with rivers, villages and towns more than water, not close to the river more open ditches to draw water to the village in front of the digging of a semi-circular reservoir water storage, curved towards the main building, in order to gather wealth to the gas, but also "over the pool of the wind," the benefits of the cool, and more swimming, bathing, laundry, fish farming practical value.

Unique Building Methods and Materials

The Chaoshan area still retains the old way of building (i.e., "Fu Shuo lifted between the plates").

The raw materials are usually made of red soil and gravel mixed to form walls, instead of bricks which need to consume the good soil in the fields, and then the walls are coated with mud and sand mixed with shell ash, and some of them are made of rammed earth, or made of wood and grass, and in the olden days, the poor people on the seashore lived in the thatched huts which were called "Tu (grass) huts", and the stone was used for the doors of the building elements. Stone is mostly used for building components of the door frame, balustrade, holding drum stone, steps, column bases, well ring, beam square and stone bridge, stone tower, stone bridge construction of large buildings. And the roof and ridge, there are through the flower ceramic pressure top, both wind and pressure top wind, there are double (or triple) green tiles on the upper layer of food seven to stay in three, the bottom layer of food three to stay in seven, and then the pressure of the tile tube, in the two tiles between the thermal insulation drain.