How to go to Jiangxi to see Nuo dance?

Nuo dance is also called "Nuo dance" and "Nuo dance", commonly known as "ghost play" or "grimacing". It originates from the totem belief in ancient clan society and is the gene of primitive cultural belief. This is a kind of folk dance, which has the functions of exorcising ghosts, curing diseases and offering sacrifices. It is a part of Nuo dance and is usually performed from the first day of the Lunar New Year to the first day of the first month 16. At first, it was an ancient primitive dance of sacrifice. The dancers wore ferocious masks and dressed up as the legendary "Fang Shixiang". While dancing, they shouted "promise, promise ..." and ran to every corner, skipping and searching for ominous things, in order to drive away the epidemic ghosts and pray for peace for a year. The existing Nuo dances are mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Guangxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Fujian, Yunnan, Guangdong and other places, with local names such as "Nuo Dance", "Ghost Dance" and "Daxi".

This kind of folk dance with a long history is generally performed in two forms: one is performed by four protagonists, and the performers wear masks such as crowns, skins and aegis, making a "Nuo" sound. The other is composed of 12 people, each with a painted hair and a few feet of hemp whip in his hand, shaking and shouting the name of the god who specializes in eating evil spirits and beasts, accompanied by music.

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1, overview

Nuo dance has a long history, which has been recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins. The Zhou Dynasty called Nuo dance "national Nuo" and "great Nuo", and the countryside was also called "local Nuo". According to the Analects of Confucius, when Confucius saw the arrival of the Nuo dance performance team, he stood on the steps in a formal suit and greeted him respectfully (the villagers were all Nuo, but the court stood on the steps). Derived from this allusion, many scholars after the Qing Dynasty generally referred to all kinds of folk song and dance performances during the Spring Festival as "villagers' Nuo" and quoted them in some local and temple inscriptions.

The custom of Nuo sacrifice continued from Qin and Han dynasties to Tang and Song dynasties, and it continued to develop. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nuo dance has developed into an entertaining folk activity, a traditional opera and a "Nuo opera" and "local opera" in some areas. Today, in the rural areas of Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and other places, the relatively old forms of Nuo dance are still preserved, and some new contents have been added. For example, the "Nuo Dance" in Wuyuan, Nanfeng, Le 'an and other counties in Jiangxi Province includes the "mountain-opening god", the legendary "harmony of two immortals" and "golden toad in Liu Hai opera"; Dramatic fragments reflecting working life in Meng Jiangnv, Legend of the White Snake and Dance of Ji Ma. The performance form and mask making of Nuo dance have influenced the dances of many ethnic minorities, such as "Qiangmu" of Tibetans and "Master Dance" of Zhuang, Yao, Maonan and Mulao nationalities, which absorbed many cultural factors and performance skills of Nuo dance and developed into a unique dance form of this nation.

Scholars have many explanations for Nuo dance. Qu, president of China Nuo Opera Research Association, and Mr. Qian, a scholar of Nuo Opera in Jiangxi Province, wrote in the first book "A General Introduction to Nuo Culture in China": "Nuo culture is the fusion of multi-religious culture, folk culture and artistic culture, and it is cross-era, cross-society, cross-ethnic and cross-time. In the long history, it is the darling of traditional culture. " The origin of Nuo is related to primitive hunting, totem worship and witchcraft consciousness. Nuo was incorporated into the national ritual system in the Zhou Dynasty. According to the pre-Qin literature, Nuo ceremony is to adjust Yin and Yang in four seasons to meet the needs of cold and summer, with good weather, abundant crops, safe people and animals, and a prosperous country. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, the court Nuo ceremony was unprecedented and spread to Vietnam, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. At the end of Northern Song Dynasty, the court Nuo instrument adopted a new system, and Nuo developed in the direction of entertainment. Nuo ceremony was rejected because of different beliefs. Palace furniture was restored in Ming dynasty, but it was no longer held in Qing dynasty. However, the "villagers' Nuo" recorded in The Analects of Confucius and the Rural Party has been continued among the people, combined with religion, literature and folk customs, and evolved into various forms of Nuo dancing and Nuo opera, which is still popular in the vast rural areas of China, especially in Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangxi.

2. The origin of Jiangxi Nuo dance history.

Jiangxi is one of the birthplaces of Nuo culture in China. The descendants of Sanmiao (or Yang Yue) who lived in Ganjiang River and Poyang Lake valley in Shang and Zhou Dynasties created a splendid bronze culture in Jiangxi. The bronze double-horned mask unearthed from the Shang tomb of Taiyangzhou in Xin 'gan County reveals the information of the origin of Jiangxi. The earliest recorded Nuo in Jiangxi is the Genealogy of Shi Yu in Jinsha County, which records that Wu Rui, the king of Changsha, was ordered to conquer Fujian and Vietnam in the early Han Dynasty and was stationed in Nanfeng Junshan. In order to avoid the "sword disaster", the villagers were warned to "spread the evil spirit". The culture of the Tang Dynasty was in its heyday, and Li Kaiyuan's unified regulations on Nuo ceremonies in various counties and prefectures promoted the spread of "rural Nuo" in 8 counties and 37 counties in Jiangxi. For example, Nanfeng, Pingxiang and Xiushui all have legends that Nuo temples were built in the Tang Dynasty to offer sacrifices to gods. When Xuancheng Zhi quoted Liang's Chronicle of Jingchu, Luling County had the custom of begging for money at the end of the year.

Jiangxi's economy and culture were developed in Song Dynasty, and Jiangxi Nuo was popular. According to the genealogy of Yu family in Nanfeng, Jinsha, in the late Tang Dynasty, Yu moved to Nanfeng from Yugan to escape the war. In the early Song Dynasty, the statue of Erlang Qingyuan, which was enshrined by ancestors when they were officials in Sichuan, was moved to Jinsha (now Huangsha Village, Zixiao Town). "I set up a temple to worship, made incense when I was old, and kept it for exorcism." Pingxiang textual research shows that Shiyuan Xiandi Temple was built during the reign of Taiping and Xingguo, dedicated to Nuo gods Tang Hong, Ge Yong and Friday. The Song Dynasty moved south, and the Queen Mother Long Youmeng was stationed in Nanfeng Jue Yuan Temple. A large number of members of the Zhao clan live in Nanfeng, where musicians and geisha gather and the scene is prosperous for a hundred years. Liu Tang, a hermit in Nanfeng, wrote an ancient poem "Observing Nuo": "Drums are deep and flutes are crisp, ghosts and gods change their plays ...". This 48-sentence poem describes in detail the performance of Nanfeng Nuo Dance Opera in the Southern Song Dynasty, providing a specimen for the study of China's early Nuo Opera.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were a period of prosperity of Jiangxi Nuo culture. There are records or remains of Nuo in more than 30 counties and cities in Jiangxi: Nanfeng is the most lively place in eastern Jiangxi. Up to now, Nuo classes have been set up in more than 80 villages in/kloc-0 in the late Qing dynasty, and there are still "Nuo dancing", "Zhu Zhuma dancing", "Hehe dancing" and "Eight Immortals dancing". Le 'an has "rolling Nuo gods", "playing drums" and "playing music", Chongren has "dancing the Eight Immortals", Yihuang has "dancing Nuo opera", Guangchang has "Meng opera" and "jumping Kuixing", Lichuan has "jumping together", Pingxiang is the largest in western Jiangxi, and the Nuo opera there. Wanzai is called "jumping case" or "moving case", which can be divided into two factions: "closed promise" and "open promise" Yichun is divided into "silent Nuo", "open Nuo" and "narrator Nuo". "Bullfighting Dance" is popular in Suichuan. There are many records in northern Jiangxi. Nanchang and Xinjian are called "Nuo", Gao 'an and Shanggao are called "exorcising evil spirits and epidemics", Jing 'an and Fengxin are called "Mountain Nuo", Xiushui is called "Xing Nuo", Wuning sings "Nuo Song", De 'an is called "Xing Li Nuo", and Ruichang has them all. Central Jiangxi is an active area of rural Nuo. In the Qing Dynasty, there were Nuo operas at Xiajiang Lantern Festival, and Nuo operas at Qingjiang and Fengcheng were spread to Yunnan and Guizhou. Wuyuan is very famous in northeast Jiangxi, and Nuo dance is called "jumping ghosts". There were 36 Nuo classes and 72 lion classes in Qing Dynasty. There is a "five-stage play" on the floating beam, in which the Nuo is danced first, and then the lion is danced. In Gannan, there is Nuo dance in Ningdu and Nuo custom in Ruijin. Formed a local Nuo culture group with Jiangxi characteristics.

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Because Nuo dance is spread in different regions, its performance style is also different, including the genre of "Wen Nuo" with complex scene changes, meticulous and rigorous performance, strong life atmosphere and beautiful and moving dance; There is also the "Wu Nuo" school with great momentum, unrestrained and cheerful mood, bright rhythm and vigorous movements. This ancient traditional flower of Nuo dance is still popular in the stage, hall and village head of De 'an, Wuning, Wuyuan, Nanfeng and Duchang counties in Jiangxi. Nuo dance usually wears a mask of some role, including mythical images, secular figures and historical celebrities, forming a huge pedigree of Nuo gods. "It is human to take off the mask, and it is god to put on the mask." Nuo dance accompaniment instruments are simple, generally percussion instruments such as drums and gongs. The organization that performs Nuo dance is called "Nuo class", which generally has eight to ten people and often has strict class rules. Nuo dance often appears in the climax and performance stage of Nuo instrument, and there are rich Nuo dance programs in various places, which have dual functions of sacrifice and entertainment.

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Nuo is the product of ancient primitive religion. "It was human beings who first exerted their spiritual strength, used witchcraft to obtain the minimum living conditions from the extremely harsh natural environment, expanded the living space, and carried out two interrelated production activities-material production and population reproduction, thus showing the value of early human life." (Introduction to Nuo Culture in China) The publicity of Nuo life is mainly reflected in the exorcism ceremony, in which natural disasters (such as drought, flood, fire, insect disaster, etc. ) and human disasters (such as plague and disease, etc. ) were driven away by the power of god.

Nuo Temple is the habitat of gods (masks) and the main place for Nuo ceremonies. There are 65,438+07 in Pingxiang and 65,438+07 in Nanfeng, among which the Nuo Temple in Jinsha Village in the Northern Song Dynasty was the earliest recorded, and the Nuo Temple in Fanggan Village, which was relocated during the Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (65,438+0403 ~ 65,438+0424), was well preserved, which was the first recorded in the Qing Dynasty (65,438+0424) In order to show respect for God, some places should hold "show off handsome" ceremonies on a regular basis, follow the example of dignitaries, and reserve ceremonial ceremonies, such as flags, gongs, umbrellas, drums and percussion, which are very spectacular.

Nuo instrument is the basic form. Jiangxi Nuo ceremony follows the ancient ceremony, including Nuo (opening the box, leaving the hole, leaving the case), Nuo (jumping, jumping, dancing ghosts), Nuo (searching, sweeping the hall, walking quietly) and Nuo (sealing the box, dancing ghosts). Time usually begins on the first day of the first lunar month and ends a few days after the Lantern Festival (there are also several classes in February). "exorcism" is the focus of the whole ceremony. Nuo people wear ferocious masks and carry weapons, and under the irradiation of torches, they drive away evil spirits that endanger human beings along the door. The performance of this ceremony varies from place to place: Nanfeng Youshi Village "Sou Nuo" entered various halls and rooms with Zhong Kui and Shen Xiao in chains, retaining the original morphological characteristics of ancient Nuo "Sou Fang to drive away the epidemic". Chasing the King In Changjing Village, Wuyuan, the villagers chased the "King of Eighty" along the field path and asked him to shave his head with a mountain axe several times to ward off evil spirits and drive away epidemics, which showed people's desire for health and longevity. Liukeng Village in Le 'an dispelled the epidemic, Nuo people dressed as gods entered the room to search for "safe walking", villagers cleaned the roadway, cleaned up dirt and sprinkled lime and sulfur, which reflected the improvement of villagers' civilization.

Praying for reproduction is an important purpose of Nuo ceremony. Li Tuo's Chronicle of Qin Years in Tang Dynasty: "Every year is a ghost, and there are two old people in it. His masterpieces are Nuogong and Nuomu." These two Nuo gods are the reproductive worship gods of Nanfeng Nuo. If you dance Nuo, you have to dance Nuo in-laws. Some married people have to dance again in the new house in order to have children. Prop Nuozai holds a red egg and casts a penis, which is generally enshrined on the altar as a XiShen. As a reproductive admirer, there is also Jiro Pass. Jienuo in Shanggan village will dance Jiro's ritual dance of bowing and begging for children. Similar programs, Yihuang Shengang has "Gao Yuan Song Zi", and Lean Liukeng has "Scholar Dong Yong and the Seven Fairies". The masks of the wedding gods such as Yue Lao, Jin Hua and Yin Hua preserved in Pingxiang are also obviously related to the search for heirs.

Protecting children is the focus of Nuo ceremony. During the Millennium Dance, the Great Bodhisattva "organized generals", and the viewers took their children and hid under the umbrella to ask for God's protection. In Zhongcun, Ningdu, there is a Nuo dance in September. Villagers celebrate the Double Ninth Festival, the full moon of children and the birthday of the elderly, hoping that children will live a long life. Nanfeng Nuo Dance not only has a "happy event" program to congratulate the birth of a child, but also has the custom of making a wish, worshiping a deed and fighting customs to ward off evil spirits and eliminate disasters for the child. When the Nuo temple in Youshi village is "searched", all the boys can climb the altar and watch it with Prince Nuo. The villagers said, "The prince protects the children from ghosts and gods.

Praying for a bumper harvest in agriculture is another important purpose of Nuo ceremony. Nanfeng Nuo God Nishikawa Guankou Jiro originally came from Li Bing and his son, the god of agriculture and water. There are statues of land in Nuo Temple, especially in Shanggan Village Nuo Temple, which is taller than real people, and the pattern of "White rabbit holding peach branches" is painted in front of the robe. Rabbits can be productive and peaches can ward off evil spirits. This symbol expresses the villagers' prayers for grain harvest and population reproduction. Praying for a bumper year is also manifested in the ceremony of the Spring Festival. According to the records of Jianchang County in Qing Dynasty, after the Spring Festival ploughing ceremony, "there were scenes of bamboo horses, big Nuo, He Shen and lions dancing in colorful clothes and masks." Nanfeng, which is under the jurisdiction of Jianchang Prefecture, still retains all the above Nuo dances, and the earliest "bamboo horse" dance is one-legged dance, which has the characteristics of "bending one-legged dance" in ancient rain-praying dance. Catching carp essence by otters is a Nuo dance based on the spring phenology of "Rex Sacrificing Fish" in the Book of Rites. The artist painted pockmarks on the carp mask, emphasizing that it is male, expressing the villagers' environmental awareness of not hurting the female livestock in spring. There are also records of Pingxiang Nuo dance in Qing Dynasty.

The ritual of exorcising ghosts and epidemics and praying for prosperity in Jiangxi Nuo was later extended to praying for happiness, Naji, seeking wealth and so on. For example, "I wish every family happiness, the couple are safe, Tian He is ripe, pigs and cows are prosperous, and the grain is abundant. Six people are willing to live for generations"; "Those who seek an heir will have your son"; "The scholar is smart, rich and famous, and boarded the gold list early; Farmers, a seed fell into the mud and harvested 10,000 seeds; Those who do skills are invited at home and greeted at home; People who do business, one money is the foundation, 10 thousand money is the profit, and so on.

Nuo ceremony can not be separated from song and dance forms, masks and costumes and other related artifacts. In order to increase entertainment and expand the mass base, Nuo Opera constantly absorbs other artistic nutrition, enriching the expressive forms of Nuo Opera art and the treasure house of China folk art, and Jiangxi Nuo Opera is an important part of this treasure house.

Nuo dance is the main performance form of Jiangxi Nuo dance, which is known as the "living fossil" of China dance. There are more than 200 traditional programs, including more than 90 in Nanfeng. Ritual dance is a kind of dance performed during exorcism. The dancers danced fiercely and mysteriously, and the atmosphere was mysterious and majestic. There are many entertainment dance programs, which come from myths and legends, folk stories, classical novels and secular life. Due to the different spreading years and the relationship between teachers and students, the performance styles are different, ranging from the genre of "Wen Nuo" with freehand brushwork, stretching movements, elegant dancing and ancient charm, to the genre of "Wu Nuo" with strong movements, distinct rhythm and martial arts skills. In the same class, because the program content is different, the performance has its own characteristics.

There are many programs of heroic gods in Jiangxi, such as the first battle, prince, three generals, two kings versus mace, twelve pairs of broadswords, pioneer, green goods, Yang Shuai, Shangguan Xiaguan tournament, Guan Gong vs Yan Liang, Zhang Fei offering guns, etc. There are also many Nuo opera programs in Jiangxi, such as Wuyuan dance drama "Dancing Flowers", which tells the historical story of Qin Ershi Hu Hai poisoning his brother Fu Su for the throne. It consists of several programs, such as Yaksha Banning, Cao Bing Yuan Shuai, the Prime Minister delivering wine, and the death of the Prince. The scene is spectacular. Hua Guan Suo and Bao Sanniang, the opening story of a thousand years, is a folk story of Hua Bao's confrontation. Their duet content is basically the same as that in Ming Chenghua's rap "Thorn". Guangchang's Mongolian opera sings a legendary story, which has the characteristics of southern opera, primitive mask performance and Nuo opera.

Nuo mask is a symbol of Nuo culture, a carrier of gods in Nuo ceremonies, and the costumes of characters in Nuo dance. There are many names such as mask, idol, icon, helmet, ghost face, face shell and so on. There are more than 400 kinds and more than 3000 kinds of Nuo masks in Jiangxi. Pingxiang Nuo noodles are simple and vigorous, Wuyuan Nuo noodles are exaggerated and strange, and Nanfeng Nuo noodles are bright in color, which can be described as three characteristics of Jiangxi Nuo masks. Nanfeng has more than 2300 kinds of glutinous noodles with different shapes, including 120. The most distinctive mask is the mountain mask, which is ferocious and fierce. The image symbols such as horns, fangs, flaming eyebrows, golden eyes, sliced noodles, sword temples and bronze mirrors reflect the traces of the evolution of Nuo culture with Chiyou as the legendary side. The material of Nuo mask was originally made of copper, and later it was mostly carved from camphor wood or poplar wood. The color is elegant, showing the exquisite skills and national aesthetic taste of new and old folk artists. After some Nuo masks were carved, a ceremony was held to make them full of gods.

Nuo music, Nuo clothes and Nuo furniture are the important contents of Nuo culture in Jiangxi, with different forms and characteristics, and Nanfeng is even more colorful: from the accompaniment music, Nuo music retains the ancient ritual and music system of "connecting the gods with music", "beating drums to avoid epidemics" and "sending the gods with music"; Nuo dance music has developed greatly on the basis of absorbing folk music and traditional Chinese opera music. Besides the accompaniment of gongs and drums, there are drum music, percussion music, bamboo music and other forms. There are dozens of tunes to choose from, and the musical expression is very rich. From the perspective of Nuo dance costumes, on the one hand, it inherited the old system of "red scarf", "Zhu Shang" (red skirt) and "green coat" (green sleeve) in ancient Nuo dance, on the other hand, it developed the characteristics of "embroidered clothes" in Song Nuo dance, including red flowers and red sleeves. From the perspective of Nuo, there are hundreds of weapons and military appliances, ritual vessels, lanterns and candles, food offerings and daily necessities, which not only extend the armed props of ancient Nuo to drive away the epidemic, but also reflect the ancient civilization and etiquette and the changes in social life. In addition, Nuo customs and folk customs, stories, sacred words, hymns, ode to joy, auspicious words, couplets, inscriptions, spells and spells are also indispensable parts of Jiangxi Nuo culture.

Edit this cultural treasure

In the long process of inheritance and development, it has integrated anthropology, sociology, history, religion, folklore, drama, dance, aesthetics and other disciplines, and accumulated rich cultural heritage.

Nuo absorbed the cultural factors of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. First of all, they absorbed their gods system and strengthened the power of Nuo instruments. Jiangxi Nuo gods (masks) are Taoist gods and protectors, such as Taibai Venus, Zhenwu Emperor, Eight Immortals, Ma (Lingguan), Zhao (Lang), Guan (Gong), Wen (Qiong), and Liu Jia, as well as Tathagata, Maitreya, Guanyin, King Kong and Mu. There are also Confucian figures and heroic deities such as Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Qin, Weichi Gong, Hua Tuo and Sun Simiao. Second, they borrowed their etiquette system to enrich their rituals of exorcising ghosts and epidemics, such as Taoist fasting ceremonies and spells in Jiangxi Nuo and Confucian codes of conduct and etiquette music in Nanfeng Nuo. The third is to express its ideological content and expand the entertainment functions of Nuo dance and Nuo opera, such as exorcism, exorcism programs and Taoist five-element view of Jiangxi Nuo dance and Nuo opera, Buddhism's thought of seeking universal life and karma, Confucianism's official learning program and "Shinto" thought. Jiangxi Nuo is eclectic and has the characteristics of multi-religious culture.

Nuo combines ancient myths and legends. Some myths are directly related to Nuo, such as Zhuan Xu's myth of driving away the son of epidemic ghosts, the myth of gods binding ghosts to feed tigers, the myth of Huangdi killing Chiyou because of his aversion to evil, and the myth of Huangdi taking his second princess Mo Mu as his side to protect his funeral. Some myth programs reflect the struggle between human beings and nature and society in ancient times, such as Pangu myth in Genesis, Ten-Day Shooting Myth in Houyi Shooting the Sun, Creation Myth of Fuxi Nuwa in Nuogong Nuopo, and High Seeking Myth in Jiro Fagong. The myths and legends in Jiangxi Nuo reflect the ancient historical and cultural image of China.

Nuo contains the factors of the occurrence and development of drama. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu Yue said, "Nuo is ancient, but it's close to drama." In Nanfeng in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were not only the early Nuo opera performances described in the poem Look at Nuo, but also the earliest record of transplanting Yongjia opera so far. Qingyuan Zhenjun Nuo, introduced from Nanfeng in the Song Dynasty, is the Yihuang drama god recorded by Tang Xianzu in the Ming Dynasty. Nuo Dance and Meng Opera in Xintian, which are popular in Nanfeng, are inextricably linked with Meng Opera in Guangchang in the Ming Dynasty. The ceremony of opening a new platform in Jiangxi absorbed the ceremony of Nuo sacrifice in Jiangxi; Before the local opera performance, Jia Guan, Kui Xing and Ling Guan obviously came from Nuo dance. Gan Nuo's programs, such as Mulian Saving Mother, Gu Chenghui, Tianmen Array and Shuijinmanshan, are also quoted from traditional operas or puppet shows. These provide fresh materials for the study of Nuo opera art.

Nuo absorbed China folk culture. Nuo culture in rural areas is combined with folk customs to form Nuo culture. Nuo custom in Jiangxi includes many cultural phenomena such as material Nuo, social Nuo and spiritual Nuo, such as Nuo temple decoration, exorcism in the house, exorcism in children, Nuo rice disaster, Nuo epidemic and Nuo dance. Jiangxi Nuo is mostly active during the Spring Festival, and its folk culture is strong. In Nanfeng, hundreds of Nuo classes go out to dance, send blessings to welcome good luck, entertain the gods and people, contact all ethnic groups and build a harmonious neighborhood. Before and after the Lantern Festival, villagers combined Nuo dance and Nuo instrument with traditional opera performances, lantern entertainment and folk etiquette. Indulge in pleasure and vent their feelings, satisfying the expectations of the broad masses for a better future.

Nuo also created his own inheritance system. Rural Nuo is the product of farming culture, and all the participants are farmers. There are more than 3,000 peasant artists in Nanfeng alone, and they have formed ethnic Nuo classes, village community classes and private classes according to the situation of each village. Disciples are not limited. There are 5 students in one class and 24 students in one class. We live in harmony and treat each other as equals. Leaders are promoted according to their qualifications, or elected by the whole people, or decided by drawing lots. There are names such as uncle, Andrew, leader, sitting case, old position and long position. Management methods are adapted to local conditions, including hereditary surnames, taking turns to be responsible, and various forms of participation. Self-financing, equal income. The business model and inheritance mode created by Jiangxi Nuo opera artists reflect the extraordinary wisdom of farmers.

The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Nuo Dance was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

have a long history

Lean is located in the east of Jiangxi Province, surrounded by mountains. In ancient times, the traffic was blocked, and it was difficult to export abundant grain. Farmers used surplus grain to feed pigs, so You Zhu was thin and tender and became a royal tribute in past dynasties. Because of the surplus of grain, the chicken industry is also very popular. In order to ensure the prosperity of six animals, there were chicken mouth gods and pig mouth gods to exorcise evil spirits in Le 'an in Qing Dynasty. Wherever there is a plague, Donghu Village is invited to the "Rolling Exorcism God" to exorcise demons with the gods of chicken mouth, pig mouth and goose king. Le 'an, in the form of exorcism by animal gods, can be traced back to the palace furniture in the Han Dynasty. The lack of ancient scientific knowledge makes the abnormal phenomena of meteorology, vegetation, insects and livestock become ominous. After the Warring States period, the theory of Yin and Yang even called the phenomenon that chickens, dogs, sheep, tapirs and cows died in large numbers or five animals were abnormal due to the plague, which was explained by the theory of "five elements". Conquering the plague of six animals with the god of chicken's mouth and pig's mouth is a continuation of expelling the god beast in Han Dynasty.

There are all kinds of schools.

Nuo dance in Le 'an has strong local characteristics, which can be roughly divided into three schools: the "rolling god" in Donghu Village, Zengtian Town, evolved from a ritual ceremony in which ancient villagers prayed for the gods to protect peace; The "Nuo" of the ancient village flowing pit is usually performed in the first month of each year or on festive days selectively. The main programs are Zhong Kui Sweeping Taiwan, God Blessing the People, Running Lantern, Monks Dressing and Incense, etc. Luoshan Nuo Dance in Aoxi Town, during the performance, eight artists wore masks of ancient famous stars or mythical figures. Accompanied by the rhythm of gongs and drums, combined with the identity of the characters, they either danced with swords and shadows, or met each other late, fought fiercely, danced and were very lively.

East Lake "Rolling Nuo God" begins on the second day of the first month of each year and ends on 16. In the third grade, I began to be active in the village. In seventh grade, I went out to dance. Generally, I go to seven disciples and only jump into the chicken mouth and the pig mouth. The Bantou people first led the people to worship in all directions, praying for the gods to possess themselves and show their great power. At the beginning of the performance, the Chicken-billed God danced solo "pick a carbine" and "hold a ring knife", while the Pig-billed God staged "kopis", "archery" and "playing a stick pestle", and Er Shen showed his martial arts. Then Chicken Mouth and Pig Mouth co-starred in Parthenocissus, as if they were snuggling up to each other to find the plague ghost. The best performance was the last "stepping on firecrackers". In the rapid and noisy sound of gongs and drums, villagers threw strings of firecrackers at the feet of Chicken Mouth and Pig Mouth God (sometimes even poured a laundry list of scattered firecrackers at Er Shen's feet and lit the fuse). At that time, the fire was dazzling, the noise was deafening and the smoke was filled. The performers took off their shoes and socks, stepped barefoot on the exploding firecrackers, recited prayers and rolled their musical instruments. The audience was thrilling, the dancers were poised, the plague was driven away by Er Shen, the firecrackers frightened the villagers, and the villagers were comforted. If Nuo classes are invited from other villages to drive away the epidemic, 12 disciples will all come out of the mountain and perform all the programs: Seven Saints, Harvesting Kid, Niu Wangmo, Hag, Training Champion, Chicken Mouth, Pig Mouth and Stepping on Firecrackers. Finally, the Goose King guarded the door, and the God of Chicken Mouth and the God of Pig Mouth went into the house to search for the ghost plague, just like Fang Shixiang in ancient times.

The mask worn by "Gunnuo God" is different from other Nuo dances. Instead of covering the whole face, it consists of pig mouth, chicken mouth, goose king, Dongyue, judge, white tiger essence and crooked mother-in-law. Accompanied by a drum and a gong, the rhythm is 3/4 beat, and the front is weak and then strong, which is very distinctive.

This kind of Nuo dance includes solo and duet. When performing, I often hold props. The dance moves are simple and rough, with softness and rigidity. There are some action skills such as "kicking and squatting", "rebounding archery", "brushing face and cutting hands" and "gathering steps". In case of plague, 18 Nuo gods all went out to visit the village to exorcise evil spirits. The whole process looks primitive, and there are few traces of manual processing.

Precious heritage

The modeling movements and performance styles of "pig's mouth" and "chicken's mouth" in "Rolling Nuo God" are rare in China Nuo Dance, and they are the only remaining Nuo instruments and Nuo dances, which need careful protection and inheritance.

Youshi Village in Sanxi Township may be the place you mentioned.

Take a train from Hangzhou to Nanchang, and then take a bus to Nanfeng. Or take a train to yingtan, and then take a bus to Nanfeng. The latter is shorter!

You can find a place to live when you get to the county seat! Are there any hotels in that village? I really don't know. I come from Cheng Nan, a county next to Nanfeng!

Route: Take the train from Hangzhou to Shangrao City, take a bus at 20 yuan Station to Daihu Road Bus Station, and take Shangrao-Wuyuan. It takes about 3 hours to get to Wuyuan County. Qiukou Town is very close to the county, near Likeng Scenic Area. . .

Wuyuan County is the most beautiful rural area in China, and it is also a famous tourist scenic spot. The county seat is full of scenery. While enjoying the Nuo dance style of Wuyuan, you can also look around, but the scenic spots such as Rainbow Bridge, Jiangwan, Xiaoqi, Likeng, Jiangkou, Lingyan Cave, Yuanyang Lake and Dazhan Mountain can feel the ecological beauty of Wuyuan. . .