What are the methods of exegesis?

Through the analysis of glyphs, we can understand the original meaning of words recorded by words. There are two writing systems in the world: phonography (whose meaning is known by its shape and sound, which are closely related) and ideographic characters (whose meaning is known by its shape, which are closely related). Chinese characters are ideographic characters, and the form directly reflects the meaning of records. The unity of form and meaning in the structure of Chinese characters makes it possible for us to explore the original meaning of Chinese characters from the glyph. Xu Shen's Shuowen in the Eastern Han Dynasty analyzed the font structure of 9353 Chinese characters and got their meanings. When using the method of explanation by form, we mainly rely on Shuowen Jiezi, followed by Duan Yucai's Shuowen Jiezi Annotation. There are some problems in both of them, so we have to refer to Oracle Bone Inscriptions Collection, Jinwen Collection and other books to get the original meaning of words.

Second, how to use the exegetical method of expressing meaning by form

Traditional exegetics has long interpreted the meaning of words according to the shape. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people knew how to decipher words and express their meanings. For example: Zuo Zhuan? Twelve years in Gong Xuan:? Stop fighting for power and profit? . You should have a scientific mind when analyzing glyphs, and you can't make wild guesses. To sort out glyphs, we must trace back to the source and accurately find out the original meaning represented by glyphs. You can't make subjective judgments based on modern fonts. Modern people have a two-part allegorical saying: Do you want to start over with two mountain characters? Please come out? . It is also a misunderstanding of modern people according to the shape of modern Chinese characters. Come out, not from the second mountain, but from the end, written by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, like a foot coming out of a cave, is a combination of hieroglyphics.

Another example? Stay? Words. "Said the article? Seven times? Ministry:? Stop. From, voice. Ancient prose. ? "Shuowen" explained? Stay? What is the original intention of? Stop? , is right. But there is something wrong with the font analysis of this word. There is no basis for thinking that it is ancient prose. Sue, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's words, just like a person resting under a patterned mat, reflect? Accommodation? Meaning of. Xu Shen analyzed the glyphs according to Xiao Zhuan, and the glyphs have changed, so mistakes are inevitable.

Another example is: Min, tell the story? Twelve times? Ministry of Civil Affairs:? People, people are lovely, too. From the image of ancient prose. ? But there is nothing in the book. The image of ancient prose? What kind of image is it? It only introduces an ancient form of China:. What does Duan Yucai think of this form? Gaixiang grows into a complex shape. ? Mr. Wang Ning thinks: The middle is like a female character, and the up, down, left and right oblique portraits are tied with ropes, so what does the whole glyph mean? Slave? The meaning of. ? Mr. Wang's point of view has some truth. However, the font quoted by Xu Shen comes from Confucius' Book on the Wall, which is not the earliest ancient Chinese character. ? People? It already exists in bronze inscriptions, writing a pot; Wang looks like an eye was stabbed by a sharp object. Tang Lan said? The word "people" comes from the eye and was first seen in this inscription. ? Obviously, there is no doubt that Chinese characters are like harsh words. Severe eyes are a kind of torture to slaves by ancient slave owners. ? Minko? What is the original intention of? Slave? . "Jiazi? Liu Zheng said:? What people say is cute, but what they say is stupid. ? People = cute = blind, eyes were stabbed blind, this is Xu Shen? Meng? Release? People? Original intention. Duan Yu is because? Meng? what's up Grass bud? Righteousness, so interpreted as? Countless weeds? , is not correct.

The combination of form and meaning explores the original meaning of a single word. After the analysis, it is often necessary to cite the use cases in ancient literature to prove the correctness of the analysis.

Third, seek justice through voice.

Words are the unity of sound and meaning, and sound is the material shell of words. To accurately explain the meaning of a word, sometimes it depends on its pronunciation. Since the Han Dynasty, exegetists have noticed the pronunciation of Chinese words. For example, Shuowen uses a lot of phonetic training (using homophones as exegesis). Yang Xiong dialect pays attention to the phonetic changes reflected in different languages. The book Ming Shi, written by Liu Xi at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is to find out the reason why people named their daily appliances through sound clues. In Chinese characters, pictophonetic characters account for the majority, which is the main word-formation method, and the trend of phonetic representation of Chinese characters is strengthening day by day. The development and change of Chinese phonology is the coordinated development of sound, rhyme and tone. The change of one aspect will inevitably affect the change of the other two aspects, especially the change of rhyme, which often leads to the evolution of initials and tones.

The method of seeking meaning by sound is to infer etymology, explain conjunctions and distinguish loanwords according to the characteristics of Chinese pronunciation and the law of historical evolution. The derivation of etymology includes three aspects: 1, related cognates; 2. Infer the name of things; 3. Find out the phonetic semantic relations between ancient dialects and dialects, and between dialects and homonyms, and then find out their roots. Seeking meaning by sound should follow two principles: (1) based on ancient sound. (2) Based on literary language.

Fourth,? Seeking justice by sound? Method specific application

1. Lend

For example, if you do something harmful, you will go back to your parents.

? Hurt? The word Shuo Wen? It hurts too. ? Hurt? What are the meanings of? Injury, killing, evil, jealousy? It doesn't make any sense. Pass? Borrow? The way, understand? Hurt? Borrow? What? The problem can be solved. What does this mean? Which one to wash and which not to wash, go home and ask your parents. ?

2. Ming dialect

Such as: whether people participate in Ang. (The Book of Songs) Biography of Mao Shi:? Yeah, me too. ? Zheng Xuan Notes:? Everyone crosses like this, I'm alone. ? Some scholars explain it as:? Ang, the northern dialect has become an I today. Angu communicated with me. Now it's me? Angzhi turned to me, and the trace of its voice change was clear. ? Another scholar explained:? Angwei's excuse. Say:? The woman claimed to be. ? Because the sound is close and universal, it has become my general name. ?

Find the etymology

Millet, belonging to Gramineae, is sticky and planted in hot summer, so it is called millet.

Leek, the name of the dish, is enduring, so it is called leek. Marriage, in-laws also. Ceremony, marry a woman to faint, and the woman is also yin, so it is called marriage.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) is based on the reason of the text.

Explain the meaning of words according to the specific language environment. The first two methods? Formal meaning? Seeking justice by sound? Both are subjective, and this method is more objective. Three points should be paid attention to when using this method: (1) Try to find evidence from this article, this book and other works by the same author. (2) The conclusion can't be separated from the meaning system of the trained words. (3) There are obvious exegetical materials in ancient books, which are mostly based on situations and interpreted by texts.

Poor (lovely) body, please, mother. Peacock flies southeast/poor (worthy of pity) wearing a light coat, worrying about charcoal, wishing it were cold. Sell charcoal urns/see Chang 'an in the northwest, but there are countless mountains.