What are the three main elements of Chinese gardens

China's ancient gardens, characterized by the reproduction of natural landscape, is the second nature created by the artificial model mountains and water. It consists of four important parts: mountains, water, flowers and trees, and buildings. In addition, there are plaques, couplets, carved stones that play a role in eye-catching. The analysis and understanding of these basic elements is the core of gardening and garden appreciation.

(a) mountain

China's classical gardens in the "mountain" although there is a real mountain, but mostly for the fake mountain. Including soil mountain, stone mountain and soil and stone mountain, can be unique in the world gardening history of false mountain, mainly refers to the stone mountain, is a prominent symbol of ancient Chinese gardens. In order to express nature, stacking mountains is one of the most important elements of gardening. Mountain scenery should have a combination of peaks, valleys, caves, stones and other forms, garden design can choose different shapes, colors, textures of blocks of stone, to create small-scale natural peaks, mountains, ridges, caves, valleys, cliffs, crags and other landscapes. In the stacking chapter and composition, to reflect the composition of natural mountain laws and style, minimize the traces of artificial stacking. Therefore, the success of the wigwam is the abstraction of the real mountain, typical of the abbreviation, is in a small lot within the show at hand mountains and thousands of rocky valleys.

Stacked stones are the basic elements of ancient garden landscaping in China. Stacked stones generally use three kinds of rocks, they are Taihu Lake stone, yellow stone and Xuan stone. Taihu Lake stone delicate and clear, yellow stone thick and rough, Xuan stone texture such as snow, so called snow stone. The famous Taihu Lake stone stacked stone in Suzhou, Suzhou's three peaks, yellow stone stacked stone in Wuxi, Wuxi, send the eight sound cave, Xuan stone stacked stone in Yangzhou, a garden of winter stone snow lions.

China has "Yangzhou to the famous garden wins, the famous garden to stacked stone wins" said. Yangzhou Garden's rockery is divided into three major areas, respectively, with Taihu Lake stone, yellow stone and Xuan stone stacked into a garden of three colors rockery, different techniques, different styles, the overall design but a breath of fresh air, the intention of the exquisite, the momentum of the deep and male, fully reflecting our country's gardens stacked mountains stacked stones of superb skills, so there is a "Yangzhou Garden to win the mountain" reputation.

(B) water

Various water bodies in the garden, is the natural world of rivers and lakes, streams, springs, waterfalls, abyssal pools of the art of generalization. The water is according to the law of water movement, by human abstraction, reproduce the natural water features. Water is the blood in the garden, the basis for the growth of all things. The water body gives a person the feeling of clean and clear, play a role in regulating the spirit; at the same time can improve the soil and air humidity, so that the flowers and trees flourish; can also be coordinated with other elements of the garden contrast, resulting in lakes and mountains, wave reflection, so that the scenery is more rich and vivid.

The organization of water features to follow nature, static and dynamic sequence layout, depending on the terrain, and artistic treatment, large depressions into lakes, narrow and thin valleys for the streams, long and narrow body of water for the river, waterfalls for the abyssal pool. The shape of the water surface should be natural, the water is expensive in the curve, even if the small water surface, but also to the twists and turns, there are gathered and divided, there is a slow and urgent, there are waterfalls and streams, and with the stone embellishment of the bank iso Hongkong Han, to create the mouth of the water in order to show that the water has a source. The water surface treatment should be divided and gathered properly, the water surface should be gathered, increase the sense of vastness; the water surface should be divided into large, so that the water scenery is rich; slightly large water surface, then build a dike island or set up a variety of bridges. The water body should circulate and be flexible, the mountain is valuable to have veins, water is valuable to have sources, veins and sources through, then the whole garden is vivid. Water features should be coordinated with other elements, and set off each other. Ancient water management method has covered, separated, broken, with buildings and vegetation will be curved pool bank to cover, bridge, embankment, floating corridor, set the stone split the water surface to isolate, the water surface is very small with strange stones, trees, vines to be broken.

(C) Architecture

China's ancient garden architecture set view, line, residence, travel and other functions in one, the building series are mainly halls, pavilions, pavilions, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, bridges, houses and lounges, etc., the theme of the garden architecture in the clear, diverse forms, creating a harmony of the building into the nature and the performance of nature.

Architecture is an important part of garden art, its aesthetic and ornamental value is far more than its own value, so garden architecture planning and design and innovative ideas unique style: one is the arrangement of garden architecture "point of view" is often the focus of the painting, within a certain range to form the center of the composition, but also the main landscape of the garden! The first is the garden architecture "spot view" arrangement is often the focus of the painting, within a certain range to form the center of the composition, but also the main landscape of the garden, more arranged in the ornamental area of the water; second is the garden architecture "view" arrangement is also the theme of the painting, its location, size, orientation, height, virtual reality, open, determining the viewer whether to achieve the best ornamental effect, such as the Xuan more than built in the high spacious place to facilitate the viewers to appreciate the surrounding scenery; the third is the garden architecture "Ornamental route" of the interspersed arrangement is also very important, with a guide, viewing and connecting the role of the organization of the building, such as corridors and bridges are connected to two attractions or scenic spots of the landscape line, but also an important ornamental attractions, and play a role in dividing the space, increase the depth of the scene.

Although the building is an important symbol on the attractions, but not the more the better, the taller the better, but less than more, smaller than large. Garden architecture in the spatial layout, should not be scattered, should not be gathered, should not be hidden, not the pursuit of strict, symmetrical, uniform, but according to the mountain on the situation, due to the mountain on the water, the height of the staggered, free with the appropriate. Garden buildings in the plan layout, and palaces and temples are different, in addition to the courtyard, there is no obvious axis, the layout of the natural twists and turns, flexible and changeable. Garden halls, halls, pavilions, pavilions, platforms, buildings, pavilions, halls, Xuan, pavilions, workshops, lentils, bridges, corridors, rockeries, pools, garden doors, garden walls, garden roads, etc., in the landscape should be carefully designed, and adapt to the natural environment, so that the construction of the landscape gardens in the integration.

(D) Plants

Vegetation to trees for its main theme, do not pay attention to rows and rows of arrangements, not to win more, often three plants and five plants, or clusters, or isolated, or piece, or band. Species selection should have local characteristics, both unique personality, but also to adapt to the ecological conditions of the region. Emphasize the diversity of flowers and trees, mainly trees, shrubs, grasses, climbing, aquatic, flowers, etc., and pay attention to the natural coordination of species and communities, and advocate the variety of species and asymmetrical balance. The natural growth of living creatures has ecological changes such as light and dark, sparse and dense, branches and leaves, flower shape, fruit shape, color and fragrance, height and so on, and should build out the landscape characteristics of trees, shrubs and grasses in different seasons. In short, the design should comply with the laws of nature, suitable for the local climate, take the natural reasoning, get the natural interest, through the transformation and refinement, so that people in their own environment, associated with the nature of the luxuriant ecological environment.

The functional configuration of garden flowers and trees: flowers and trees can constitute a separate picture of the scenery, such as single begonias, magnolias, lotuses, etc., to further illustrate the theme, such as orchids to symbolize the secluded hermit, bamboo to symbolize the noble character of the Qingyi; flowers and trees can be enclosing the space, courtyards and courtyards, the area with the district, can be used to divide the dense bush, or with the bushes to hide the shielding; flowers and trees is a contrasting reference, such as the highlighting of the landscape of the towering; different varieties of flowers and trees, can organize the environment, and can be used to create a new environment, such as a new environment. Different varieties of flowers and trees, can be organized in different environments of the road; flowers and trees are accompanied by a variety of garden elements of the universal material, such as accompanied by landscape, architecture, etc., so that the scene composition vivid, rich level; flowers and trees to choose the requirements of the shape of the U.S., the color of the U.S., the smell of the U.S., and also easy to attract insects and birds; flowers and trees are not only landscaping the environment, but also more importantly, reflect the garden masters in the pursuit of the mood.

The characteristics of garden flowers and trees configuration: flowers and trees mainly with the main scenery, lined scenery, local characteristics and seasonal features. The main scene is dominated by trees planted alone, if you choose the shrubs as the main scene, more clusters and group planting; flowers and trees for the lining scene, it is sparse and dense, staggered heights, color tones; garden flowers and trees should be dominated by local characteristics, native flowers and trees with a high survival rate, fast-growing, adaptable, garden is not the Botanical Gardens, the garden to the scene wins, the scene is different to the garden; flowers and trees to configure the seasonal new plantings to be taken into account the changes in seasonal changes to make the garden landscape in four seasons Different.

(E) plaques, couplets, carved stone

Plaques, commonly known as "plaque", refers to hanging in the lintel, halls, etc. Above the inscription plate. Plaque in the garden is mainly used to inscribe the name of the garden, the name of the scene, celebrate people, write things, etc., more hanging in the hall, pavilion, pavilion, pavilion and so on. Couplet is the door on both sides of the column on the vertical plate, more in the hall, pavilion and other pillars. Its role is not only to help people enjoy the scenery, but also itself is a work of art, has a high aesthetic value.

Plaques and couplets are the perfect combination of the art of calligraphy, carving art products, is China's ancient gardens unique elements of gardening, which permeates the language of ideology and literature, contains the creator's ideological feelings, moral and artistic pursuits, pithily summarizes the meaning of the garden scenery, play a role in painting a dragon to punctuate the role of a very strong practical and social value.

Stone carvings, including cliff carvings, rock paintings, monuments, buildings and so on. China's ancient gardens carved stone for the garden history of the record, the inscription of the scenery, anecdotes of the origin of celebrities, poems, paintings and drawings of the expression of the history of a garden and aesthetic history, but also a guide to guide the viewers to enjoy the scenery of the guide book, but also an important part of the garden landscape.