During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the idea of "heresy" broke through the shackles of traditional Confucianism, and its social reasons included

The large-scale spread of western learning to the east began with Yan Fu's Theory of Evolution and was completed in 1896, more than 200 years after the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

We do not rule out the introduction of western ideas of democracy and freedom in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, but first of all, they are very few in number. During this period, science and technology were mainly introduced, such as Principles of Geometry translated by Matteo Ricci and Xu, and scientific works on physics and mathematics translated by ferdinand verbiest. Secondly, it is necessary to examine whether the emergence of this "heresy" thought is related to the introduction of western thought. For example, Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi felt something when they saw the corruption in the Ming Dynasty and faced the fierce ethnic contradictions in the Qing court.