Purple sand pot from what dynasty began to popular

Yixing handmade purple sand pottery technology refers to the distribution of Yixing City, Jiangsu Province, Dingshu Town, a traditional folk pottery technology, this craft has a long history and high artistic achievements, renowned in the world art forest. And with its unique raw materials, exquisite handcraft skills, simple natural color and a hundred shapes and forms of art, unique in the arts and crafts in the forest, different colorful, enduring.　　Because Yixing unique kind of clay pottery, color reddish purple, its products are commonly known as "purple sand ware", usually also referred to as "purple sand", purple sand through the process of production, development, to the end of the Ming Dynasty to reach maturity, and since then has endured. Yixing Zisha has been well known since the Ming and Qing dynasties. Its products were sold well both at home and abroad, and Japan came to China to learn about the technology of making pots with Yixing Zisha as its treasures. In addition, Yixing Zisha teapots are sold with Chinese tea in Europe, becoming the blueprint for European pots, which shows the preciousness of Yixing Zisha. Traceability Yixing ceramics have a history of more than 5,000 years. More than five thousand years ago, the ancestors here began to make pottery on this land. The characteristic of our Yixing ceramics is that it has not been interrupted for many years in history. For more than five thousand years, no matter what dynasty, Yixing ceramics have always been made and have always been there. There is an ancient legend in Yixing. Said to be more than two thousand four hundred years ago in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, the Yue state of Fan Li helped the Yue king Goujian after the destruction of the state of Wu, it abandoned the official retired, with a beautiful woman Xishi took a light boat to the Taihu Lake Yixing settlement, and to the production of ceramics as a business. Later, the local people honored him as the ancestor of the pottery industry and called him "Tao Zhu Gong". Of course, this is only a legend. Thousands of years have passed, as the pottery capital of Yixing, the most famous is its purple sand pottery. It can be said that Yixing's purple sand pottery is unique in the world.　　Yixing alabaster pottery is a set of ceramic craft and vessel modeling, sculpture, painting, calligraphy, literature, jinshi art in one of the comprehensive art, it began in the Northern Song Dynasty, flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties, roughly went through the following stages of development: 1, from the Song Dynasty until the Ming Zhende (about the tenth century to the sixteenth century), for the alabaster ceramic in the early years In 1976, Yixing Yangjiao mountain kiln site unearthed a large number of alabaster pottery residual ware. The Nanjing University Department of History and the Nanjing Museum identification, the age of the ancient alabaster kiln site for the Northern Song Dynasty. 1966 Nanjing unearthed Wu Jing tomb (Ming Jiajing 12 years tomb) alabaster beam pot, its alabaster modeling, production techniques and Yangjiaoshan Song kiln remnants of the collocation of pieces of the comparison, completely the same. Song Dynasty poets Ouyang Xiu, Mei Yaochen and other poems, there are also poems about alabaster tea sets, Ming Zhengde years, see the documented records of outstanding potters have Jinsha Temple monks and for spring.　2, Ming Jiajing to Wanli years, is the maturity of the Yixing alabaster First, there is Dong Han, Zhao Liang, Yuan Chang, Shipeng "four great", followed by Shi Dabin, Li Zhongfang, Xu Youquan "three great". Among them, Shi Dabin was the most famous. Its pot-making techniques changed from the early production method, completely changed to use the mallet piece, circle, hit the body tube molding method and clay piece of inlay molding method, is a leap in alabaster technology. 3, the late Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, for the prosperity of alabaster craftsmanship The late Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty Yongqian years (the late 17th century to the early 18th century), the alabaster craftsmanship to the decorative pattern, pattern pattern styling development. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xiang Sheng Si made the "Peach Cup" (now in the Nanjing Museum), with fine production skills, perfect image, and delicate structure, which can be regarded as a treasure of sand. The most prominent representative of this stage for the late Kangxi Chen Mingyuan, works known for their skills and creativity. In the early nineteenth century, there was a great change in the style of zisha, and the key figure was the scholar Chen Hongshou (Mansheng), whose contribution to the art of zisha ceramics was the first time that seal carving was applied to pots as a means of decoration. During the Daoguang and Xianfeng years of the Qing Dynasty, Shao Daheng, an outstanding Zisha master, was well known for his exquisite selection of clay, profound modeling, and excellent skills, which opened up a new generation of delicate and complicated style and won him a great reputation.4. In modern times, Yixing Zisha reached its heyday, and there were new developments from the texture of the clay material to the craftsmanship, and from the scientific research of the Zisha to the innovation of the genre, and there were famous masters, such as Huang Yulin, Pei Shimin, Zhu Kexin, Gu Jingzhou, Jiang Rong, and Wang Yinxian, among them Gu Jingzhou's flowing lines, and Wang Yinxian's works were the first to use seal carving as a means of decoration. Among them, Gu Jingzhou's works are smooth and gentle lines, the momentum of the majestic, known as the "pot art Titan". Throughout the ages, the famous people of alabaster, using Yixing's unique alabaster clay, with dexterous hands and ingenuity, endowed with art and inspiration, created alabaster pottery treasures rich in national and cultural characteristics and artistic life. In recent years, famous painting and calligraphy artists, such as Liu Haisu, Li Keran, Tang Yun, Cheng Shifa, Han Meilin, etc., have all written their own inscriptions, inscribed poems and paintings on their alabaster works, and created their own new models, so that alabaster's artistic realm and cultural level have been sublimated in a new way. Artistic characteristics 1, the type of characteristics Zisha pottery production technology is unparalleled in the world, which is produced in Yixing, a special granular structure and double pore structure of the Zisha clay (specifically purple clay, vermilion clay, green clay, such as Benshan, etc.) as raw materials, the use of more than a hundred kinds of homemade tools, through the playing mud piece, patting the body tube (round), set to join the body tube (square) or set to join the combination of sculpture and flower (flower), the surface of the repair light, ceramic engraved decoration and other steps to complete the final pottery products. Decoration and other steps to finalize the pottery products.　　Yixing Zisha pottery has many categories, including pots, cups, saucers, bottles, pots, stationery, sculptures and so on. Among them, the tea set is the representative work. Yixing zisha pots, not only has a very high artistic value, but also has an incomparable unique advantages: because the surface is not glazed with good air permeability, the tea cooked, mellow and timeless, bubble tea does not go away, storage of tea does not change color, not easy to rancid over the night; tea steeped in boiled water, winter is not easy to be cold, summer is not hot; appreciate the use of a long time, the more comfortable and moist, clean and ancient, "the world of tea known as the first," the praise. Artistic and practical both, cultural connotation and artistic expression of the improvement of the form, so that Yixing Zisha out of the country, reputation in the world. As early as 1962 and 1930, Yixing Zisha won gold and silver medals at the Philadelphia and Belgium World Expositions respectively, and nowadays, the world of Yixing Zisha is even more talented and famous, with outstanding achievements.　　Purple sand tea set to purple sand teapot is the most famous. Its biggest feature is to use purple sand pots to make tea, without losing the original flavor of tea. Because the purple sand pots have large pores, high water absorption, good permeability, can keep the color and flavor of tea for a longer period of time, so as to postpone the tea deterioration of rancid time.　　Yixing Zisha clay varieties, so we see the color of the Zisha tea set is also colorful. Natural purple sand clay red clay, or called Zhu Sha clay, purple clay, green clay (beige), green clay (known as gold in the mud, green color when the mine, very rare) and the adjustment of the sand clay. The material characteristics of zisha clay are summarized in the following aspects: good plasticity; small drying shrinkage; zisha clay itself does not need to be added with other raw materials can be made into a separate pottery; the finished pottery has a double pore structure; zisha clay does not need to be glazed after molding.　　The finished product of Yixing Zisha pottery production technology is represented by the Ming pot, and its production pieces have different molding genres such as light ware (also divided into round and square ware), ribbed ware and flower ware, etc. The inside and outside of Zisha ware are generally unglazed. Zisha ware inside and outside are generally unglazed, to pure natural texture and texture for the beauty. There are many different shapes of Yixing Zisha tea pots, including simple practical shapes and strange shapes, but in general, they are divided into the following categories: geometric, natural (flower and vegetal), ribbed and horizontal pots and tea utensils, etc. In the development of Yixing Zisha tea pots in different periods of history, the pots of several shapes have been manufactured, but the mainstream of each period favors different shapes, art styles and development trends.2. Firing Characteristics Yixing zisha pottery firing methods with the development of the times has long been a big change. Burning pottery kiln in the early most of the kiln is the dragon kiln. Because it is shaped like a dragon lying on a hillside. In the dragon kiln every distance on the opening of a small hole can be put into the fuel, burning kiln fuel are pine wood.　　Nowadays, inverted flame kilns and tunnel kilns are commonly used. Coal, diesel, gasoline and liquefied gas are used as fuel. The temperature required for firing zisha pottery is above one thousand degrees Celsius, which is called "one thousand degrees into pottery", the temperature is a little higher, the color of the burnt pottery is a little darker, the temperature is a little lower, the color of the pottery is a little lighter. Only by the better technology can be fired out of the top quality of zisha pottery to. In the past, the dragon kiln was based on experience. It had a low rate of finished products. Now science has developed, with electric furnaces, with gas, it has temperature control equipment, its temperature mastery difference of four or five degrees. In addition to the problem of clay, and you do not have a problem burning. So modern science on the burning of the teapot relatively speaking, better than before, the temperature mastered evenly. What temperature you want, what temperature. 3, decorative features Yixing purple sand pottery art value in addition to its own color, but also in its decorative art. Yixing purple sand began in the Northern Song Dynasty, flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties. After the rise of literati painting in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it drove the cultural connotation of Chinese alabaster. At that time, Ren Bonian, Wu Changshuo, and Chen Mansheng, everyone knows the Mansheng pot. Now there is a folk saying, "pot in the word expensive, the word to the pot to pass" means that a good pot, through the carving and decoration, after the value of a hundred times.　　Zisha pottery is decorated in various ways. In addition to the most commonly used pottery carving, there are pinch molding, painting, inlay, applique, sand, clay painting, printing plate and so on. For example, inlay on colored clay inlay, porcelain beads, glaze beads inlay, inlays, jade inlay, gold and silver wire inlay and so on. Clay painting is to use zisha mud pile painted on the pot blank, there are cranes, fish and figures and other shapes. Printing plate is to carve the required decorative patterns on a flat plate made of wood, stone, pottery, etc., and put the clay sheet on it and beat it, so that the required decorative patterns will be printed on the clay sheet, and then the clay sheet will be used to make the pot blanks. No matter which method is used in the decoration of Zisha pottery, it should play the role of icing on the cake.　　Decoration is to make our original shape, the original vessel more beautiful, so that the decoration should be in the art, art to put a little effort, you do not do a good job, it is not beautification but ugliness. There is a level of people to draw the dragon's eye, a little which, the flavor will come out. Like this pot, you make a lot of bamboo leaves. It's a mess. The three words and two strokes look very delicate. Heritage significance As the top quality tea utensils, zisha pottery with its good permeability can make people enjoy the color and flavor of tea, by is the zisha ware and the traditional Chinese tea culture fit, become an important part of tea culture.　　Accompanied by the development of Chinese tea culture, after the late Ming Dynasty, zisha pottery production artists after a long period of exploration, created a series of decorative techniques such as pottery carving, inlay (inlaid gold, silver, jade, color clay, inlaid, mahogany, porcelain flowers, etc.), wrapped in tin, wrapped in lacquer, clay painting, pastel, colored glaze, enameling, depicting the Yu, relief, openwork sculpture, stranded clay, molded prints, stickers, etc. The most representative of which is the pottery carving, the most representative of which is the pottery carving, the pottery carving. Among them, the most representative one is pottery carving, which is a perfect combination of poetry, jinshi, calligraphy, painting, seal-carving art and zisha production technology, which is y in line with the traditional aesthetic standards of the Chinese nation, especially with the aesthetic interests of the literati class. Therefore, the Zisha technique has always been characterized by both practicality and artistic appreciation.　　After thousands of years of inheritance, the survival space, technical characteristics, derivation genealogy, traditional cultural connotations of purple sand pottery, etc., are still in good condition. However, as the raw material for zisha pottery is a scarce mineral resource, it has been over-exploited and abused at present. Coupled with the impact of industrialization, alabaster pottery masterpieces are becoming fewer and fewer, the outstanding alabaster pottery production skills have been seriously impacted, how to inherit this excellent folk craftsmanship has become an urgent issue.