How was the world colonial system established?

Mainly refers to the capitalist countries in the process of formation, development and maturity, taking the whole world as the activity stage, through colonial expansion, commodity dumping, raw material plunder, capital export and world division of labor, forming a world market and establishing an all-inclusive capitalist world as a whole.

Second, the main content:

1. Political system: the establishment of the world capitalist system

2. Economic system: the formation of the capitalist world market

3. Colonial system: the formation of capitalist colonial system.

Third, the formation process:

1. Take shape: (16—1early 9th century)

14- 16 years after the opening of the new air route, 17- 18 century, the colonial expansion of Spain and Portugal and the colonial expansion and competition of Britain, France and the Netherlands began to form the world market and colonial system. 17-1At the beginning of the 9th century, the capitalist system was established in Britain, France and the United States.

2. Initial formation: (1middle and late 9th century)

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, due to the expansion of the industrial revolution, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy and other countries embarked on the road of developing capitalism, and the capitalist system was established worldwide. Driven by the industrial revolution, the capitalist productive forces developed rapidly and the external expansion intensified. More countries and regions have become colonies or semi-colonies of the great powers, and the capitalist world market and colonial system have initially taken shape. 1857 The first worldwide capitalist economic crisis broke out, marking the formation of the capitalist world market. )

3. The final formation: (65438+end of 2009-beginning of 20th century)

/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, driven by the second industrial revolution, the capitalist system was generally established in Europe and America, the major capitalist countries made the transition to imperialism, the capitalist system was further consolidated, and the capitalist political and economic model was finalized. The great powers set off a frenzy to carve up the world. The imperialist countries controlled and enslaved most of the land and population in the world, and the capitalist world colonial system and world market finally formed. The final formation of the capitalist colonial system marks the final formation of the capitalist world system.

Specifically:

1, the process of establishing the capitalist system:

(1) Through the early bourgeois revolution, some principles of capitalist society were established.

Time:17 ~18th century

Location: Western Europe, America

Representative figures: British bourgeois revolution, French bourgeois revolution, North American independence war, Latin American independence movement, etc.

Results: The bourgeoisie mastered the state power, promulgated a series of bourgeois documents, especially the French Napoleonic Code, and established the legislative norms of capitalist society. Although a complete capitalist system has not been established, some principles of capitalist society have been established. The political system of capitalist society began to take shape.

(2) 19 The bourgeois revolution and reform movement in the 1960s and 1970s established the rule of the bourgeoisie in the world.

Time:1mid-9th century

Location: Europe, Asia, America

Representative: Revolution-1848 Revolution, the second bourgeois revolution in America.

Reform-Russia 186 1 year reform, Meiji Restoration in Japan.

Unification-German unification, revival

Results: Bourgeois rule was established in the world. The bourgeois struggle against feudalism won a complete victory.

(3) the capitalist system has been further consolidated, and the capitalist political and economic model in the modern sense has been finalized:

Time: 65438+the end of 2009 and the beginning of 20th century (the second industrial revolution).

Political model: parliamentary democracy, party politics, free elections and civil liberties.

Economic model: taking science and technology as the guide, improving labor productivity as the means and monopoly as the organizational form.

2, the formation of the capitalist world market:

(1) has begun to take shape: (16-18th century) After the opening of the new air route, it strengthened the links around the world and also caused colonial expansion. 15-18th century, the early colonial expansion made the world market begin to form and expand. What plays a decisive role here is the opening of new routes.

(2) Initial formation: (1early 9th century-11960s and 1970s)

With the expansion of overseas markets, the handicraft production of workshops can no longer meet the market demand. 18 in the 1960s, the industrial revolution first occurred in central China, and spread to the United States, France, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries. The industrial revolution led to the improvement of social productive forces, which prompted capitalist industrial countries to seize commodity markets and raw material producing areas all over the world, and involved many colonial and semi-colonial countries and regions into the capitalist world market system, becoming their economic vassals, and the world market was initially formed. The first world capitalist economic crisis from 65438 to 0857 proved the existence of the world market.

(3) The final formation: (19-early 20th century)

/kloc-70 years later, with the capitalist system firmly taking the leading position in the world, the capitalist world market expanded rapidly again, forcing the production field to further change with capital, and the industrial revolution entered a new era, further improving social productivity. Countries compete for colonies, divide spheres of influence, and strive for more markets for their own economic development. The world is almost carved up and eventually formed.

Evaluation:

(1) The formation of the world market, on the one hand, is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges and development worldwide, making advanced production methods spread to all parts of the world, impacting and disintegrating the traditional old social and economic structures of various countries, and promoting the process of human modernization; It has also strengthened the social and economic ties among countries in the world, accelerated the process of economic globalization and made the world an inseparable whole.

(2) On the other hand, the formation of the capitalist world system is full of cruel colonial plunder and slavery to backward countries, which has brought profound disasters to colonial and semi-colonial countries.

3. The capitalist colonial system

Cause: Because capitalism is open and expansive, it requires taking the whole world as the activity stage. If it does not plunder the other side of the world, it cannot develop. Capitalism colonizes overseas, dumps goods all over the world and plunders cheap raw materials all over the world, which will inevitably lead to the strengthening of contacts all over the world; After the transition from capitalism to monopoly, it is required not only to further expand the commodity market and supply of raw materials, but also to export excess capital overseas, thus promoting the frenzy of dividing up the world. Expand these areas and get involved in the whirlpool of the world economy. Because capitalism has unquestionable advantages over feudal agricultural society in economy, politics and culture, its inherent attributes can be constantly displayed.

Form:

(1) Early colonial aggression

Reason: the emergence and development of capitalism.

The opening of a new airline.

Country: mainly Spain and Portugal.

Situation: Spain is mainly in America and the Philippines is in Asia.

Portugal is mainly in Africa and Asia.

Results: The plundering of the colonies by the two countries plunged the colonial people into disaster and brought great wealth to the colonists. However, in Portugal and Spain, this wealth did not turn into capital for developing capitalist industries, but was spent on the luxury enjoyment of the feudal ruling class. Thus, Portugal and Spain gradually weakened. Thanks to the overseas expansion and plunder of Portugal and Spain, the Netherlands, Britain, France and other countries have developed and competed with Portugal and Spain for commercial and colonial hegemony.

The bloody plunder of the colonies by the European colonial empire is one of the most powerful means of primitive accumulation of capital in Europe.

(2)17-1the colonial expansion of western European countries in the 8th century.

Colonial expansion:

Britain:/kloc-The characteristics of colonial expansion in the 6th century-Pirate robbery and sale of black slaves combined with general commercial activities.

/kloc-At the end of 0/6, Britain defeated Spain's "Armada" and began to establish maritime hegemony and actively colonize and expand overseas. /kloc-in 0/600, British businessmen formed the East India Company, and soon formed the London Company, and began to colonize India and North America. In 100 years, Britain controlled many colonial strongholds in India and gained a firm foothold. At the same time, Britain constantly established colonies in North America.

France: North America-New France, Louisiana. East coast of India.

Netherlands: Asia-Indonesia Java, Malacca, Ceylon, Taiwan Province Province of China.

Africa-Cape of Good Hope Colony

America-New Holland Colony

The struggle for colonial hegemony: between Britain and the Netherlands, between Britain and France.

Its essence is to compete for the international market, raw material producing areas and commodity exporting places.

Results: Colonialism caused two completely different consequences. For colonial countries, they plundered a lot of wealth from the colonies and transported it to Europe to become capital, which made Europe develop. For the vast number of colonial people, colonialism is a disaster and scourge, resulting in the backwardness of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Until today, its sequelae have not been completely eliminated.

(3) The capitalist colonial system was finally formed at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, the world was divided up. More than half of the land in Asia has been colonized, except Japan, the rest are semi-colonies. Except Liberia and Ethiopia, Africa was carved up in the last quarter of the19th century. In addition to the original colonies, other Latin American countries that declared independence have actually become semi-colonies dependent on countries such as Britain and the United States. In this way, the imperialist countries enslaved and controlled most of the land and population in the world, and the colonial system of the capitalist world was finally formed.

Evaluation: The final formation of the colonial system in the capitalist world marks the final establishment of the capitalist world system and the world becomes an inseparable whole. As a result, colonial and semi-colonial countries and regions have become raw material producing areas, commodity markets and capital exporting places of capitalist countries, which control the economic lifeline of these countries and regions and brutally exploit and plunder them.

Four, the main way to form the capitalist world system:

1. Colonial expansion

2. Commodity trade

3. Bourgeois Revolution and Reform

Verb (short for verb) evaluation:

(1) The formation of the world system has ended the insularity of the old economic system, political life and spiritual life in many countries and regions. The world economy based on socialized large-scale industry has expanded the exchanges between countries and regions, which is a great progress in human history.

(2) However, the capitalist world system is based on the exploitation and oppression of a few capitalist countries on the vast number of backward countries, which makes the East subordinate to the East, so it is a very unfair and abnormal phenomenon.