The origin of the name?

The origin of surnames can be traced back to the matriarchal clan system in primitive human society, so many ancient surnames in China are beside or at the bottom of female characters. Surname is a specific symbol to distinguish clans, such as the name of a tribe or the name of a tribal leader. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor lived on the bank of Jishui and took Ji as his surname. Living next door, taking Jiang as his surname. Dayu was in charge of water conservancy, and the emperor made great contributions and gave his surname as the secretary. In addition, the son of a tribal leader can also have a surname. The Yellow Emperor had twenty-five sons, fourteen of whom were given surnames, namely Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Ren, Xun, Wei, Xian and Yi, and four of them belonged to the second surname. After Zhu Rong, he established eight surnames for himself, namely, Dong, Peng, Bald, Yi, Cao, Zhu and Mi, which was called Zhu Rong's eight surnames in history. With the development of social productive forces, the matriarchal clan system has changed into the paternal clan system, and the clan system has been gradually replaced by the class social system, and there have been ways and means to give life to the land to govern the country. The appearance of stone is a step towards class society in human history. Surnames and surnames are two stages of human progress and the product of civilization. In Xia and Shang dynasties, nobles all had surnames. The branch of surname is surname, which means family or clan. Xia royal family took the surname of Yi, and Kunwu, another overlord, took his own surname, including Su, Gu, Wen, Dong and Qilong. Shang royal family is the son's surname, while overlord and Qian Wei are Peng's surnames. There were thirteen surnames in Shang Dynasty, such as Tiao, Xu and Xiao. The Zhou Dynasty was an important period for the great development of surnames in China, and the surname system was widely recorded. The king of Zhou is Ji, and the princes of feudal vassal States share the same surname as Qing Dafu. By the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were 22 surnames that could be tested, including Ji, Yi, Zi, Feng, Ying, Ji, Ren, Qi, Qian, Cao, Dong, Jiang, Yan, Gui, Man, Xiong, Kui, Qi and Yun. Although Zhou nobles had surnames, only women called them surnames. Unmarried women such as Qi Jiangsong, whose name is Qi Song and whose surname is Jiang Zi. Married women, such as Jiang Qian and Luan Qi, Jiang and Luan are husband's family country and surname, while Qian and Qi are women's real surnames. At that time, there was a custom of not marrying with the same surname, so your daughter's surname was called to show that she was different from her husband's family. The Zhou Dynasty practiced patriarchal clan system, which was divided into large and small clans. The establishment of a clan shows that a small clan has split from a large clan and set up another portal. The establishment of the state of Hou needs the approval of the king of Zhou, and the establishment of Dr. Qing's new house needs the permission of the monarch, which is called the "home of the dead land". There are several ways for nobles to obtain surnames:

(1) Take the country name as the surname.

The monarch of a vassal state takes the name of the country as his surname. For example, Jinzhong is, Jin Wengong, with Jin as the surname, which is abbreviated; It's Shen, with Lu as the surname and Shen as the name.

② Take the fief as the surname.

Doctor Qing and his descendants took the fief as their surname. For example, the doctor of Jin took Bi Wancai as Wei, and later generations took Wei as their surname; Ten thousand letters from Han Gongzi, the son of Uncle Qu Wohuan, were written by Bill Han.

③ Take the official name as the surname.

Nobles and their descendants take official names as surnames. The state of Jin was the commander of the third line of the infantry organization, and his son was called Zhongyan, taking Zhongyan as his surname. Song Guoqing (Zi Han) called Sicheng, and his grandson (Liang Zi) called Sicheng, taking Sicheng as his surname. The same is true of Si Tuleideng, Sima, Si Kou.

Take occupation as the surname.

Such as Wu, Bu, Zhu, Shi, Jiang and Tao.

⑤ Take the place of residence as the surname.

Luzhuang Gongzi lives in the east gate of Shandong Province, and is called Dongmen Sui (name) and Dongmen Xiangzhong (word), taking Dongmen as his surname; Song Guo Le was a right teacher of Tongmen in Song Dynasty. Known as the right teacher of the same door, taking the same door as the surname. Such as Dongguo, Ximen and Chizi.

⑥ It is called "surname" because it is related to Zhou Wang or Hou Zhijun.

The king's son is called Wang, and his grandson is called Sun Su. Zheng Mugong's son Xi (Zi Han) is called Gongzi Xi, and his grandson Shezhi (Zi Zhan) is called Gongsun Shezhi.

⑦ Take your name as your surname.

According to the patriarchal clan system, the male clan only includes three generations of close relatives of monarchs, and the son of Gongsun is not a male clan, so a new surname must be established. Most of these aristocratic children take their father's (grandfather's) words as their surnames. The son of Zheng sends a word, and his Sun Guoshen (Zisi) takes the last word as his surname; Another Koneko, whose grandson takes "Zi" as his surname. Grandfather's word is the most common surname, which is the first example of surname classification: the totem worship of ancestors is the surname.

Some experts and scholars believe that some of China's hundreds of surnames are evolved from totems, such as bear, horse, cow, sheep, dragon, phoenix, mountain, water, flower and leaf. But unfortunately, this is just some speculation. Due to the age, there is no evidence to test in prehistoric times, and I don't know which surnames originated from totem worship. Because today's surnames such as "bear", "horse", "cow", "dragon" and "flower" can be found in history books and legends, but they have nothing to do with totems. The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the land of Zhuolu, and once cited "bear, black, raccoon, raccoon and tiger". These "bears, scorpions, raccoons and tigers" may be the names of totem clans. However, it is difficult to find out which of these clan names have been handed down and become the surnames of their descendants.

According to the well-documented book Guoyu Yujin, "In the past, I married a surname and gave birth to Huangdi and Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Cheng is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is the discipline, Yan Emperor is the ginger, and the two emperors help each other with their teachers, so they are different from virtue. "

Emperor Yan (Shennong) is the son of Shaodian. Because he grew up on the bank of Weihe River, he took Jiang as his surname.

The Yellow Emperor (Xuanyuan) is the son of Shaodian, named Ji because he grew up on the bank of Jishui River.

You Jiang (Cheba) and Qiang (Qiang) have different rhymes, but their pronunciation is similar. And both words have the prefix "sheep". A sheep from a woman and a sheep from a man. Judging from the composition of the word "Qiang", Qiang is a "sheep man". In the late ancient times, Qiang people lived in the north of China, and the totem of their tribe or clan might be sheep. Jiang nationality is a branch of Qiang nationality. Probably because of a phonetic error, the Qiang nationality was changed to the Jiang nationality. Perhaps because of the influence of matriarchal clan, the "person" under the sheep became the "woman" under the sheep. It is no accident that Emperor Yan took "Jiang" as his surname. Emperor Yan was the leader of the clan and tribe of the ancient Qiang nationality. Emperor Yan; A branch of the ancient Qiangrong tribe headed by the Yellow Emperor, originally living in Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, merged with Dongyi and other tribes in the process of entering the Central Plains eastward and became the predecessor of the Han nationality-Huaxia.

The second type: take the words in the ancestors' names as surnames.

"Mandarin Today" says: "The Yellow Emperor has twenty-five sons and fourteen sons have surnames, making a total of twelve surnames." Later, many people thought that the descendants of the Yellow Emperor later branched into countless other surnames, which constituted the mainstream of the Chinese nation.

The surnames of the twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor are twelve: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zhen, Ren, Xun, Nuo, Yi and Yi.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Lingwang had a son named "Prince Nianfu" ("Nianfu" should be his name, while "Prince" indicates his identity, such as "Childe" and "Gongsun"). The descendants of Nian Fu took the word "Nian" in his name as their surname.

Bear, one of the five ancient emperors, has Zhuan Xu (Nao Xu, Ji surname). Later, when Li was rewarded by the emperor, he served as a fire official and was given the title of "Zhu Rong's" by the emperor. * * * Gong Shi insurrection, Zhu Rong was ordered to counter-insurgency. Although the rebellion was put down, Zhu Rong did not wipe out all the members of Gong Shi, so he was convicted and put to death by Yu Di. After Zhu Rong's death, his brother Ng Wui served as a fire officer, still known as Zhu Rong's. Wu Hui has a son named Lv Zhong, who married the sister of the head of the haunted house family and gave birth to eight sons. The sixth one is Ji Lian.

Niu: After Zhengzi in the Western Zhou and Song Dynasties, there was a shepherd. Niu Wen. Niu Wen later took the word "Niu" as his surname.

Fish: It comes from the surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Song Xianggong's younger brother was "Sima Yuzi" (Sima was an official position and Yu Zi was a Chinese character). Later generations took their fish as their surname.

Jing: During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a doctor named Jing Bo. Jing Bo takes his word "Jing" as his surname. After the State of Jin destroyed the State of Yu, Jing Xi, the descendant of Jing Bo, fled to the State of Qin. Qin Mugong took Jingxi as a doctor, gave the city "Bailixi" and named Jingxi "Bailixi". I bought it in a hundred miles, and I still take "Jing" as my surname.

Grazing: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor took "Li Mu" as the phase. Li Mu's descendants took the word "animal husbandry" as their surname.

Finally: In ancient times, the son of Zhu Rong's brother Ng Wui (later called Zhu Rong's family) was "Lu Zhong". Some of Lu Zhong's descendants took the word "final" as their surname.

Chang: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor took "Chang Xian" as the phase. The descendants of Chang Xian take the word "Chang" as their surname.

Kong: Last name. Zhou Wuwang sealed the merchant Wei Zi in the Song Dynasty, and Wei Yu inherited the fief from his brother Zhong You after his death. After Zhongyan, there was a great-grandson named Jia, whose name was Confucius. Mu, his son, took the word "Kong" as his surname and settled in Shandong.

Lian: Zhuan Xu's great-grandson was named Lian, and later generations took Lian as their surname.

Le: I gave my son's surname. The son of the Song Dynasty took the word "Le" as his father, and later generations took the word "Le" as their surname.

Pi: There was a doctor named Fan Zhongpi in Zhou, and his descendants took the word "Pi" in their ancestors' names as their surnames.

G: Because of Jiang's surname. Qi Wengong is taller than his son. Later generations took the word "Gao" in Gongzi Gao as their surname.

The third type: take the name of the fief and the country name as the surname.

Song: From the surname of Zi. According to the Book of the Tang Dynasty, the Prime Minister's Lineage Table, after the Duke of Zhou put down the Wukang Rebellion in the 10th century BC, Wei, his flat brother, was sealed in the Song State, and his capital was Shangqiu (in the south of Shangqiu County, Henan Province). In 286 BC, the State of Song was destroyed by the State of Qi. His grandson took the original country name "Song" as his surname.

Zhao: A descendant of Boyi, Zhao Fu trained a horse. Zhou Muwang often travels around in a carriage driven by Zhao Fu. If something happens to the DPRK, Zaofu will drive the horses and chariots back in time with skillful driving skills. Zhao Fu was sealed in Zhao (north of Zhao City, Hongtong County, Shanxi Province) for riding a horse, and later took "Zhao" as his surname.

Wu: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Wuwang sealed Zhong Yong's great-grandson in Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) and established the State of Wu. Their descendants take the country name as their surname.

Zheng: Because of Ji's surname. Three letters in the weekly calendar were written by friends in Zheng (east of hua county, Shaanxi), and the State of Zheng was established. The descendants of friends take "Zheng" as their surname.

Chen: After the destruction of business, Sun Manchen (Huaiyang, Henan) pursued the wind and shunza. According to the rules of Ji Du Ming's family, his name is Chen, hence the name, with little words and little soup. After his death, he was named the ancestor of the Chen family.

Ma: From Ji's surname. Zhao She, a famous soldier of the State of Zhao, was given a fief by the Prince of Zhao to Ma Fu (now Handan, Hebei). Later generations took Ma Fu as their surname and then Ma as their surname to Fu.

W: Because of Ji's surname. Take uncle Mo and uncle Sun as their surname.

Jiang: Because of Ji's surname. The son of Zhou Feng, Gan Boling, was Jiang (now northeast of Gushi County), who founded Jiang Guo and later took the country name as his surname.

Shen: Because of Ji's surname. His son was bribed to build a country in Shen (north of Pingyu County, Henan Province), and later took the country name as his surname.

H: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Wuwang's youngest son was sealed in North Korea (northeast of Hejin County, Shanxi Province) and was destroyed by the State of Jin. Uncle Huan's son Wan was sealed in North Korea. Wan's descendants took the surname.

Qin: I won my last name. After Boyi, there is a winner. Zhou is not good at breeding good horses. Filial piety is a vassal state for its meritorious service in raising horses. Qin Zhong, the grandson of Fei Zi, was promoted to a vassal for his meritorious service. Qin unified the world and established the Qin Dynasty. After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, his grandson changed his surname to Qin Wei.

Xu: Because of Jiang's surname, he is a descendant of Shennong. Zhou Wuwang conferred the title of Uncle Seo Woo and established Guo Xu. Later, he took the country name as his surname.

Lu: Because of Jiang's surname, he is a descendant of Shennong. Being the master and the post-doctrine, he helped Dayu to control the water, and was sealed in Lu for his merits. Later, he took the country name as his surname.

Qi: Qi City (now the site of Qi City in Puyang City, Henan Province) was the fief of Sun Lin, the father of the great patriotic doctor. granddaughter

Father Lin's grandson takes the city name as his surname.

Xie: Xie (south of Tangxian County, Henan Province) was named Shen Hou, and one of Shen Hou's descendants took his fief as his surname. .

Zou: Cao had a fief in Zhu in the Zhou Dynasty and was named Zou in the Warring States Period. One of his descendants took the country name as his surname.

Bai: Yes. Bai Zhao is the master of Emperor Yan, and the other is the master of Di Ku. His son and grandson took Bai (southeast of Wuyang County, Henan Province) as their surname, and later took the name of fief.

Zhang: Jiang's surname. Name the illegitimate child Guo (East of Dongping County, Shandong Province). The descendants of Qi Huangong's illegitimate child were sealed in the state of Yan and went to town as their surname.

Su: Fan, the youngest son of Zhuan Xu's descendants, was sealed in Kunwu, and Fan's illegitimate son was sealed in Su (wen county, Henan). Later, he took the country name as his surname.

Pam: My fifteenth son is named Gao. He was named Bi and Bi Gaogong. Hua was sealed in Pan, and later took the fief as his surname.

G: I can't win. Zhuan Xu was later sealed in Ge (northeast of Ningling County, Henan Province). Later, the fief was taken as the surname.

Fan: There was a doctor named Du Bo. His son Du was demoted to the State of Jin and was named Tai Wei. He takes the official name as his surname.

Peng: Qian keng, the third son of Zhuan Xu descendant Lv Zhong, was given the surname by Peng (a native of Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and later generations took Peng as their surname.

Lu: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Gongdan's Er Gambo bird was sealed in Lu State (Qufu, Shandong Province) and established Lu State. Children who are afraid of eating take the country name as their surname.

W: From Levi's. Xia lived in the southeast of hua county, Henan, and was a vassal all the way, also known as the founding of the People's Republic of China. Wei Jun's descendants take the country as their surname.

Miao: Chu asked Yin Dou to flee to Jin. The blocked Miao Yi (southwest of Jiyuan City, Henan Province). Huang Wenbin, also known as Miao Huang Wenbin,

Later generations took Miao as their surname.

Ren: Out of Xiong's house. The son of the Yellow Emperor was appointed as the surname.

Liu: The son of the public is exhibiting, and the grandson of the son's exhibition is fearless in the name of his grandfather. Zhan Wu's son is an exhibitor. The fief of the exhibition bird is Liu Xia. After his death, he won the honor. Therefore, they were all called Liu Xiahui, and their descendants took the first word "Liu Xia" as their surname.

The fourth type: take occupation or official position as the surname.

Situ: In ancient times, it was said that the official name had been established in the Yao and Shun period and lasted until the Qin and Han Dynasties. Anyone who takes this official position as the surname is the compound surname "Situ".

Sikong: It is said that this is an official position in ancient times, specializing in water conservancy projects all over the world. Dayu's official position was common during the reign of Emperor Yao. Among the descendants of Dayu, some people take this as their surname.

Sima: The official post established in ancient times was a military commander. Once a descendant of the official Sima, some took this official as their surname.

The fifth type: take the name of mountains and rivers as the surname.

Joe: Because of the bear family. After the death of the Yellow Emperor, he was buried in Qiao Shan. Among the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, there are those who guard the mausoleum, so the name of Lingshan: "Bridge" is the surname, and later generations take wood as "Joe".

Jiang: It belongs to Shennong. Emperor Yan Shennong lived in Jiang Shui, a tributary of Weihe River, so he took Weihe River as his surname. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal countries such as Qi, Shen, Lu and Xu all took Jiang as their surname.

Sixth: take the place of residence as the surname.

Dong Guo: Because of Jiang's surname. Guo, the city wall built by ancient people on the outskirts of the city, Dongguo, is near the east wall of the outer city. Some descendants of Qi Huangong lived in the east and west of Linzi, and were called Doctor Dongguo. Later generations took Dong as their surname.

East gate: Chu Ji's surname. Duke Zhuang of Lu was named Gongzi Sui and Xiang Zhong. He lives next to the East Gate of Qufu City, and is called East Gate Xiang Zhong. After that, take Dongmen as the surname.

Simon: During the Spring and Autumn Period, both the State of Qi and the State of Zheng had public doctors who lived near the west gate of the capital, and some descendants took Simon as their surname.

Seventh: take the name of the tribe as the surname.

Huyan: During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Huyan Department of Xiongnu entered the Central Plains; Later, his descendants in China took Huyan, the name of the original tribe, as their surname.

Murong: During the Three Kingdoms period, Mo, the leader of Xianbei nationality, led his troops to move to the west of Liaoning, and then moved to the north of Changli County, Hebei Province. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Mohubao took Murong as his family name. People in the post-Murong tribe take Murong as their surname.

Yuwen: Xianbei people call heaven "Yu", and Yuwen means "Tianzi". Yuwen is a Xianbei tribe. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wen Zi tribes entered the Central Plains and took Yuwen as their surname.

Wei Chi: Wei Chi Department is also a tribe of Xianbei nationality, and people in Wei Chi Department later took the tribe name as their surname.

Wanxian: Wanxian was originally the name of Xianbei tribe. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wan Yi tribes entered the Central Plains and were named after them.

Eighth: Take the eyesight at birth as the surname.

Wu: When Zhou's son was born, his palm print was "Wu". Therefore, the word is named Wu Wei.

Ninth: Take posthumous title as the surname.

The so-called "new moon" is the title given to emperors, nobles and ministers after their death according to their deeds before their death.

Tenth: change the surname because of avoiding disaster, hatred, taboo and suspicion.

G: Out of Yang's house. There were four sons in the Han Dynasty. When the family fortune fell, the four sons fled, and one of them took refuge in Youzhou. Change the surname to Gui.

Tian: My son has a fake surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chen Wan, the son of Chen Li, fled from disaster, unwilling to take the country name as his surname and changed his surname to "Tian". In the Ming Dynasty, Judy, the prince of Yan, rose up and overthrew Wen Jian in the name of pleasing Huang Zicheng and others. Huang Zicheng's descendants changed their surname to Tian in order to avoid disaster.

Tong: Out of Sima's house. In the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Qian was convicted for his words, and his second son fled to avoid disaster. The eldest son takes "horse" plus two points as "feng", and the second son takes "si" plus one vertical as "tong".

Eleventh: the emperor gives the surname.

Jin: Those who are honored as the "Western Emperor" are called "Jin" because the West belongs to Jin in the Five Elements Theory. Later generations took Jin as their surname. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu King Hugh Dun surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave him the surname Jin and named him Jinrishan.

Liu: I left home. After Yao, Liu Lei became Tang Dou's surname of Zhou Dynasty. She Ji was an official in the state of Jin: a scholar, that is, the Shi family, and later changed from the Shang family to the Liu family. Because Liu Bang founded the Han Dynasty, Liu became the most popular name in China. Emperor Gaozu named Xiang Bo Liu because Xiang Bo had helped him in the past.

Zheng: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Liwang's youngest son is named JUNG WOO, and some of his descendants take the country as their surname. Ma, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, was given the surname Zheng by Emperor Yongle, so Ma changed his surname to "Zheng He".

Twelfth: Take quantifiers, ranking order and heavenly stems and earthly branches as surnames.

Wan surnamed Ji. Gao, his son, was later called Bi Wan, and some descendants of Bi Wan took the word "Wan" in their ancestors' names as their surnames.

C: I wrote Tai again. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the doctor of the State of Jin was sent to Yu Tai (east of Chengwu, Henan); Later, he took Tai (c) as his surname.