Zheng Banqiao put forward the artistic transformation theory of "having bamboo in the eye, bamboo in the chest and bamboo in the hand".

Thanks to Zheng Banqiao, Zheng Banqiao once wrote his own experience on bamboo painting: "The gazebo in autumn is clear, the bamboo is seen in the morning, and the shadows of smoke are exposed, all floating between sparse branches and dense leaves. In fact, the bamboo in the chest is not the bamboo in the eye. Therefore, the bamboo in the hand is not the bamboo in the chest. In short, it means first. If you are interested in staying out of the law, so is this machine. You can draw clouds by yourself! " Therefore, we can get inspiration from all kinds of natural scenery of bamboo, stimulate emotions, and transform it into a bamboo in the chest through the bamboo in the eye, and with the help of pen and ink, it becomes a bamboo in the hand, that is, a bamboo in the painting.

Bamboo in nature exists objectively. Bamboo in the eyes of painters is different from bamboo in nature, and then it needs to be processed and subjectively treated to form a bamboo in mind. This is what the painter said. When it falls on paper, it will become a bamboo in his hand. "Bamboo in the hand" refers to a kind of "second nature" created by the painter. Whether it is bamboo in the chest or bamboo in the hand, it is the sublimation of bamboo in his eyes. In a word, it is what the painter sees.

Zheng Banqiao (1693 ——1765)

Officials, painters and writers in the Qing Dynasty.

The name is Xie, and the word is soft.

Han nationality, Xinghua, Jiangsu.

He lived in Yangzhou all his life and made a living by selling paintings. One of the eight eccentrics in Yangzhou. His poems, books and paintings are outstanding and unique, and he is known as the "three musts" in the world. He is good at painting orchids, bamboos, stones, pines, chrysanthemums and other plants, among which bamboo painting has been more than 50 years, with the most outstanding achievements. Author of Complete Works of Banqiao. Kangxi scholar, Yongzheng juren, the first year of Qianlong Jinshi. After learning, he worked as an official in Fanxian County, Henan Province and wei county City, Shandong Province. In order to ask the hungry people to be big officials and beg for illness.

1, anecdote and allusion

Be famous for being strange

Zheng Banqiao's "strangeness" is rather like a living Buddha. There are always sincere, humorous and sour things in Strange. Whenever he sees corrupt officials and traitors parading in the street, he draws a piece of Meilan bamboo stone and hangs it on the prisoner as a screen to attract the audience and awaken the people.

Have a bad reputation.

Zheng Banqiao returned to Yangzhou to sell calligraphy and painting, and his social status was very different from before. He has a large number of people asking for help, and his income is considerable. But he hates those upstarts who are attached to elegance, just like some fat salt merchants in Yangzhou, who don't care about high prices. Write immediately if you are happy, and curse if you are unhappy. His eccentric temper is difficult for ordinary people to understand. Once when painting for a friend, he wrote an inscription frankly: "If you write and draw all day, you will call names. I haven't written for three days, and it's also my shame to think of a piece of paper to relieve boredom. If you ask me to draw, if you don't draw, if you don't ask me to draw, it is painting, which is extremely inseparable. I understand the people here, but listen with a smile. "

Personal example

Zheng Banqiao sells paintings. Unlike traditional literati painters, she still hides half her face behind the guitar from us. Now that we have entered the market, we should be generous. He formulated Banqiao Runge, becoming the first painter in China to sell his paintings at a clear price. "Big 6 Liang, medium 4 Liang, small 2 Liang, banner couplet 1 Liang, fans fight 5 yuan. It is better to send gifts and food than to send money; It's not necessarily what my brother likes from the government. Bring inner joy to cash, calligraphy and painting are good. Gifts are tangled and credit is particularly bad. Old and tired, I can't accompany you to do useless things. " At the end, there is a poem: "painting bamboo is not just about buying bamboo money." Paper is six feet high and three thousand yuan. Ren Qu talks about the handover of the old theory, only when the autumn wind has passed. " Obviously it is vulgar, but out of Banqiao, it turns out that its vulgarity is particularly lovely, precisely because of his sincerity.

Haochi dog meat

Banqiao decided to embellish it, stipulating that anyone who wants him to paint and write must pay a deposit first, which is quite interesting. At that time, many rich and powerful gentry decorated halls and were often proud of getting Banqiao paintings and calligraphy. However, Banqiao did not crave fame and wealth, and was not afraid of power. He was the last person in his life to paint for those bureaucratic evil gentry, so it was inconvenient to declare in his old man's favor. Once, a group of gentry used tricks and set a trap to get their paintings and calligraphy. They learned that Banqiao loved dog meat, and on the way he and his friends went out to make friends, they borrowed the villagers' hut and cooked a pot of delicious dog meat until Banqiao passed by. The host "smiled and treated each other with dog meat and wine." Banqiao had no doubts, drank heartily, and even praised wine and food. After dinner, the host set out Four Treasures of the Study and asked the adults to leave a couplet as a souvenir. Banqiao deeply felt that he had a delicious meal today, and immediately agreed, got up and wrote, and asked the owner's name to pay the money in return for his kindness. Read this book and enjoy it. Later, at a banquet, he accidentally found his calligraphy and painting hanging there, only to know that he had been cheated, and he regretted it very much and was insatiable.

Study hard.

It is said that Zheng Banqiao studied very hard in his early years and could write all kinds of fonts, but he felt that it was not enough. Once, he scratched his wife's back to find out the strokes and structure of the words. The wife said impatiently, "You have your body and I have mine. What do you always draw on others? " This unintentional pun made Banqiao suddenly realize that you can't always "follow the rules" in other people's constitutions. Only on the basis of personal feelings can you find another way. So he scored eight points with Huang Tingjian's long shot and exaggerated his swing. "Shake the waves and stay in the festival", the word is slightly flat, the left is low and the right is high, and the posture is picturesque. He also entered the book with the pen that painted Zhu Lan, seeking the painting significance of calligraphy. Jiang Shiquan, a Qing Dynasty man, said that he was "elegant in writing and elegant in waves", which vividly expressed the characteristics of "Banqiao style".

Banqiao marriage

Zheng Banqiao's literary talent is unparalleled. It's a pity that he was poor in his early years. One day, he walked to the door of a family and realized that the couplet in front of the door was his own poem. Zheng Sheng asked Mrs Rao, the head of the household, what had happened. Ms Rao said that her daughter likes Zheng Banqiao's works very much. Zheng Sheng said he was Zheng Banqiao, and Mrs Rao immediately called her daughter Wuniang out and betrothed her to Zheng Banqiao. Zheng Banqiao later entered high school as a scholar, and the couple loved each other all their lives.

Yu Tao has a glib tongue

Zheng Banqiao once wrote in the autobiography of Banqiao: "Cool loves mountains and rivers. And lewd, especially the extra peach tongue, playing with Chili wind. But knowing that you are old and ugly, this generation will be good for my gold coins. I am not confused about foreign affairs, but I don't agree. " Yu Tao's glib tongue and chili flavor are all insinuations of masculinity. I especially like men's colors, but because of ugliness, I often get close to him because of money. But he doesn't allow male prostitutes to interfere in his foreign affairs, or he will be fired. There is no delay in county governance because of male color. He once advocated changing the buttocks in criminal law to the back. When I was a county magistrate, I once tried to whip a handsome gambler and almost cried in class.

Scold the gentry skillfully

On one occasion, a gentleman asked Zheng Xie to write a plaque. The gentry fawned on the government and did many bad things. Zheng Xie decided to play a trick on him, so he wrote four words: "Elegant and respectful". When painting the door plaque, Zheng Xie asked the painter to draw only the left half of the words "elegance, strangeness and quietness" and only the word "Wen". After a while, the unpainted part of the plaque on the front door of Shen Hao Building became blurred, while the painted part became clear. From a distance, the original "elegance and respect" has become the homonym of "yamen lackeys".

2、

versatile

Zhu Hua

It is said that painting bamboo is better than seeing sunshine and moon shadow on the paper window powder wall. I once wrote: "My bamboo is refined and elegant, with lines in calligraphy, lines in bamboo, shades in calligraphy, shades in bamboo, density in calligraphy and density in bamboo." He is good at writing bamboo, and even wrote the poem "Between Bamboo and Stone", expressing his aloof feelings with the "between nothing and many knots" of bamboo.

Gongkaili

He combined Cao Li's four styles of seal script with Zhu Lan's brushwork, calling himself "six and a half books", with different sizes and uneven strokes. He used Huang Gu's brushwork to enhance the momentum of painting, and described the changes of his calligraphy and the basis of his argument with "littering all over the street and throwing waves into poles".

Good at drawing blue bamboo stones

He is handsome in appearance and pungent in style, claiming to be "a orchid that never gives thanks in four seasons, a bamboo that never stops in a hundred knots, a stone that never falls down, and a person who will never change." Jiang Shiquan's Poems on Painting Orchids said: "Banqiao is painted like a orchid, elegant and graceful, Banqiao is written like a orchid, and beautiful leaves are numerous and graceful." In this passage, the relationship between "book" and "painting" in his works is really incisive.

Characteristics of painting and calligraphy

Original freehand brushwork, interesting. He claimed that he should have "true spirit, true interest and true meaning"

Poetic features

(1) Get rid of old cliches.

(2) Vernacular instead of classical Chinese.

(3) metaphor ethnology festival.

Zheng Xie (Banqiao) has two poems about bamboo, one of which is called Bamboo Stone:

"I insist that the green hills are not relaxed, and the roots are breaking the rocks. They have gone through a lot of hardships and are still strong, and they are willing to flaunt in the east, west, north and south. " This poem not only points out the "situation" of bamboo, but also directly tells the truth of bamboo. It can stand all kinds of hardships and tests, and looks like an indomitable martyr, which makes people expect "respect".

The other is "Painting Bamboo":

"Painting bamboo is overwhelming and ups and downs; Today, I refuse to write a long-bearded phoenix tail from the human law. " The first two sentences are about the momentum of painting bamboo, and the last two sentences are about the "stubborn choice of goodness" and the unconventional personality of people and bamboo.

Zheng Xie's 60th birthday;

"Often come to visit, why ask corning. But there is money in the bag, wine in the urn and food in the pot. Take some old pages and let the waves sing. Rich and broad, stubborn in appearance, and smarter in facial features than thousands of officials. There are still very few people in their sixties. "

If you want to live forever, it is difficult in the air. Only make the ears have no vulgar sounds, eyes have no vulgar things, and the chest has no vulgar things. A few random new flowers crisscrossed. Going to bed late and getting up early, like two days a day, is over 100 years old.

antithetical couplet

Why is the room elegant? Not many flowers.

◎ Bring fresh tea from the river and buy all the green hills for painting screens. (Title Jiao Shan Natural Temple)

Celebrities never judge water. Since ancient times, there have been too many monks. (Teahouse)

◎ Simplify the Sanqiu tree and make a new February flower.

Ignorance is a kind of happiness

It's hard to be confused: a plain and tasteful famous saying.

He is a brilliant and knowledgeable writer, but he just wrote something like "it's a blessing to suffer" and "it's difficult to be confused", and solemnly added a note: "It's harder to be smart, but it's even harder to be confused."

Ordinary officials will understand that it is difficult to have a good end if they offend the giant room for political reasons. Banqiao, on the other hand, went its own way, knowing that it was impossible to do it. Finally, he would rather go fishing in cold Qiu Jiang than throw away the hot black veil. It is because of his frankness that he can appear so free and easy.

His title "Rare Puzzlement" may have two meanings. On the one hand, it seems that in view of the chaos in officialdom, he rarely has that kind of confusion and can only get out as soon as possible. On the other hand, when we see through the world, in order to avoid causing more trouble, we might as well be confused. It's lovely that he can save this confusion.

Banqiao San Jue

"Three unique poems and paintings, one official returns." Is the most accurate tribute to his life. Traditional couplets of scholarly family often have such a title: "Family heirlooms are honest, but they are frank and sincere in dealing with people." Is the best portrayal of Zheng Banqiao.

Take the three poems with pictures in his poetry collection as an example, Zheng Banqiao's poems, books and paintings are sublime.

"Painting bamboo in wei county, painting poetry clouds in the new year, Bobo Dazhong City"

Listening to the rustling bamboo, Yazhai suspected that it was the voice of the people's sufferings. Some officials in Caozhou County are always worried about their feelings.

Gao Yu Gui Li Zhu Hua Biewei County Gentleman and People Cloud

Throw away the black veil, not the official, the sleeves are cold. Write a thin bamboo and use it as a fishing rod on the autumn wind river.

The first bamboo I drew when I first returned to Yangzhou.

Twenty years ago, the wine cake was lifted and the spring breeze intoxicated the bamboo pavilion. Now Yangzhou bamboo is replanted and Huainan is still green.

From these three poems, we can feel the picturesque beauty of the poems, and we can also smell his concern for the people's feelings and his lofty ambition to resign because of the case; In the wild and uninhibited, we can see his true nature, so an old friend has a cloud. Banqiao's three wonders are full of three truths: true spirit, true meaning and true interest, which are indeed described very aptly.

Painter's style

In feudal society, scholar-officials thought they were lofty, loyal and open-minded, and often expressed their intentions with paintings and poems. However, due to various historical and social factors, these scholars often take the attitude of staying away from life, escaping from reality and living in seclusion in the mountains, pinning their feelings on the natural hills and valleys. Most of their works are based on leisure and self-entertainment, even if they feel it.

However, among the Eight Eccentric Poets in Yangzhou in Qing Dynasty, Zheng Banqiao's poems on paintings are different. He got rid of the traditional mode of painting with poetry or painting with poetry. Every painting he draws must take poetry as the theme, and the theme must be good, so as to achieve "picturesque image" and "the meaning of poetry attacking painting" Poetry and painting infinitely embody and expand the breadth of the picture. Zheng Banqiao's poems on paintings pay attention to real life and have profound ideological content. He thinks so.