History of ancient education in China

What you want is the history of ancient education in China, so please read it from the beginning (a lot, so I'll cut it out and reprint it for you):

Literature records can be traced back to the Yu period, when Shun established Yao as a teacher and divided it into Shang Yao and He Yao. At the age of seven, he became a teacher in Xia Yao, and at the age of fifteen, he became a teacher in medicine.

Since ancient times, we have attached great importance to education.

The pre-Qin Dynasty established the theory of "Xu Xun" to teach it: cultivate those who are embarrassed; Learn and teach; Order, shoot also. School, Xu, Zhou Yueyao. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius began private school education.

The situation in Xia and Shang Dynasties was like this: the Xia Dynasty established official schools in the form of "preface", and by Shang Dynasty, Chinese civilization had accumulated a certain culture and formed a mature writing system. On this basis, a new school form "Zhejiang Comprehensive" began to appear. From the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, it is found that the schools at that time were also called: University, Right School, etc. The main target of education is aristocratic children. The content of study is mainly civil and military, etiquette, music and dance, and astronomical calendar is also involved. Teachers are wizards, musicians or government officials.

Further development of the Zhou Dynasty: In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the government set up two categories: Chinese studies and rural studies. Chinese studies are divided into two levels: university and primary school, while rural studies are often called "township", "Xu", "learning" and "technique". "Book of Rites" records that "the primary school is in the south and left of Gonggong, the university is in the suburbs, the emperor is called Biyong, and the princes are called Pangong". In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, due to frequent wars, school education was mainly military. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the political power was stable, and people began to pay attention to cultural education. At that time, the university mainly studied etiquette, music, shooting and books, while the primary school studied more basic knowledge of six arts. At this time, education is still dominated by aristocratic education, and it is difficult for civilians to enter government-run schools.

Da, unearthed in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, recorded that "Chen Yi, a female younger sister, is the only one in my primary school", which means that Da Meng's father died when he was very young, and he inherited his father's official position. Kang Wang said to him, "You became an official at such a young age. I want you to enter my primary school. " .

Educational content

One is books and numbers. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, people began to teach basic calculation methods in schools, similar to today's "99 multiplication table". The second is shooting and defense, which mainly teaches students to drive vehicles and war horses, learn to shoot and so on. The third is ceremony and happiness. This part mainly studies the etiquette norms such as auspiciousness, fierceness, hospitality, military service and courtesy recorded in Preface to Li Zhouchun.

Education direction

First of all, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty required students to be able to dabble in a wide range, both civil and military. Zhou Chengwang said to Boqin: "A husband has words but no weapons, and there is no way in the world;" Without martial arts, the people are afraid of not approaching; That's what both civil and military means. Secondly, the rulers require students to skillfully use what they have learned in practice. Third, the educational emphasis of the Zhou Dynasty was different, and there was a phenomenon of attaching importance to martial arts before.

Educational characteristics

The biggest feature of education in the Western Zhou Dynasty is that "learning is in the official", and it also has its own educational instruments and teaching materials. The picture of the emperor's official said: "The ritual vessel of Lu * * * *, the watch vessel of brigade * * *, the archer of the party * * *, the object of the country * * *, the instrument of good or bad luck".

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, wars were frequent and music collapsed. The king of Zhou lost control of the whole country, and the princes began to govern without control. The governors began to establish their own official schools, which were called "itch palace". But at this time, education began to extend from the official to the private sector. "The emperor lost his official position and learned from four foreigners", and the so-called "a hundred schools of thought contend" was a typical portrayal of education at that time. Confucius became famous precisely because he started a private school. After that, a hundred schools of thought contend, mostly to establish their own theories and recruit students, which is both education and publicity. Due to frequent wars, all countries need a large number of talents to serve themselves. The prevalence of private schools just met the needs of rulers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which brought about the prosperity of education. At this time, education broke away from the shackles of official learning forms and began to become diversified. It can be said that everything is discussed, from birth to death, from peace to war, from law to litigation. Rulers began to break away from the role of government-run education and mainly attracted talents by "cultivating scholars". The characteristics of education are: first, the content is all-encompassing; Secondly, there are hundreds of schools; Thirdly, it emphasizes the combination of practice and practice, and the place of education is not fixed, whether it is at home, official or in the field. The fourth is the popularization of education.

Qin Dynasty: Later, a doctoral officer was established to be responsible for national education. Because of his passion for criticizing current politics, Prime Minister Lisi proposed: "Learn from the past instead of the present, and confuse the public with the present", criticizing the existence of private schools. "Private schools illegally teach classes. When people hear about it, they will talk about things by learning." After Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's opinion, he practiced harsh autocratic rule, abolished and banned private schools, burned books to bury Confucianism, and slaughtered doctors and alchemists. People who want to learn are required to "take officials as teachers and use law as teaching". Ancient education suffered a heavy blow.

Han Dynasty: In the fifth year of Jianyuan (BC 136), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty upgraded Confucian classics, such as Poetry, Book of Changes, Book of Rites and Spring and Autumn Annals, to the status of classics, appointed five doctors of Confucianism, abolished other biographers, and changed the educational policy of the imperial court to "independence of Confucianism". In the fifth year of Yuanshuo (BC 124), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the imperial academy, with 50 disciples and a doctor who taught the classics. At that time, I was called Xue in the county seat, School in the county seat, Yao and Xu in the villages and towns. In Yao and Xu, there are teachers who are good at learning and filial piety, responsible for local Confucian education. New forms of government-run schools began to take shape. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ousted a hundred schools of thought, China began to take Confucian classics as the main teaching and learning direction. Take Confucian classics as a compulsory teaching material in class. People learn Confucian classics in official schools, and then enter the government through "filial piety", "talent" and "sage". After the founding of imperial academy, there was no strict requirement for students' origins. Excellent talents were recruited and financial aid was given to those from poor families.

During the Han Dynasty, the national educational administration was gradually improved, and the central government set up a general office to be responsible for education. After the Shu army guarded the Shishi School in Chengdu, Wen Weng, local institutions of higher learning mushroomed and were managed by the chief executive. Imperial academy or other central schools and local schools mainly teach students classics, and also insert six arts, including ci, fu, painting and books.

Although private schools have not been further developed, they are close to official schools in education mode. Literacy education is given priority to in childhood, Confucian classics education is given priority to for teenagers, and research and application are given priority to for teenagers, which are basically the same as those taught in government-run schools.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Due to "numerous funerals", the political situation declined and official studies declined, and the gentry turned to Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi for ideological support, forming a "metaphysical talk". Ji Kang is one of the representatives. In addition to official learning, the content of education is no longer dominated by Confucian classics, and the opposite laissez-faire thought is taught. Some people put forward the view of "super-teaching goes with the flow", no longer studying from teachers, not advocating learning from the times, and paying attention to purity and inaction.

Local private schools have flourished, but they have made great progress with the help of "Guangzhang Simple Administration Network". At that time, the situation was that "the companions of karma abound in the countryside; It's not far from being a servant. " The educational model also developed in two directions: family education became the mainstream model in this period, and then there were a large number of aristocratic families, gradually forming clan power. Family education of clan is not based on Confucianism, but also on metaphysics and game calculation. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism blend with each other, and the knowledge of professors is gradually broadened. At this time, people studied Confucian classics more, while aristocratic families were more inclined to poetry, books and courtiers. Some families only know one subject from generation to generation, or history, or etiquette, or piano, chess, calligraphy and painting. Wang Xianzhi is the representative of this period.

Systematization of education in Sui and Tang Dynasties: Due to the rapid development of politics, culture, science and economy in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the national education model also got rid of the view that Confucianism was the only obedience in Han Dynasty, and at the same time, it took into account Buddhism and Taoism, and gradually formed a development policy of giving priority to Confucianism, supplemented by Buddhism and Taoism, and mastering six arts.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty set up Guo Zi Temple in the central government, offering wine to the temple and managing education. He also set up doctors and students as teachers. Guo Zi College, imperial academy, Four Subjects, Arithmetic, Calligraphy, etc. At the same time, Dali Temple also set up laws to teach law. At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, due to the developed academic system, there were many students and few talents. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wrote a letter to abolish the study of the world and only kept a comprehensive school in Guo Zi Temple. The school was renamed Taixue, later, the temple was changed to imperial academy, and schools such as Yao and Xu were established in the local area, and the educational scale was gradually expanded. However, due to Yang Di's keen interest in border affairs and constant wars, school education eventually became superficial and lost the significance of selecting talents for the country. In the second year of Yang Di's great cause (AD 606), the imperial examination system was established, which provided a new way for national education and talent selection. The original rules were not complete, and the contents and methods of the examination were not fixed, so it did not have an important impact on national education.

The Tang Dynasty was an important stage for the improvement and development of education in China. After the establishment of Tang Gaozu, it inherited the education system of Sui Dynasty and set up two aristocratic schools, Hong Wen Pavilion and Chongwen Pavilion, outside imperial academy. Local governments set up state schools and county schools. In addition to a wide range of educational subjects, Tang Gaozong also ordered officials who were accomplished in various subjects at that time to compile textbooks on various subjects, which were designated as "practical books on Chinese studies". The length of education varies from three to seven years, and is completed by subject. Students also abandoned the bad habit of being born only in Wei and Jin dynasties, regardless of grades. The imperial examination system was also improved during this period. In 702 AD, Wu Zetian also created martial arts to select martial arts talents. In the late Tang Dynasty, Han Yu proposed to teach students in accordance with their aptitude according to different human nature. Emphasize the influence of education on a person's character. With the strengthening of national strength, education in the Tang Dynasty developed into international education. Korea, Silla, Baekje, Japan, Annan and other countries have sent overseas students or monks to imperial academy to study various courses. According to statistics, at that time, the number of students in central and local schools reached more than 60 thousand, and talents in all subjects were prepared. Excellent specialties can also be the main embodiment of that period. The main educational institution is imperial academy. Chief Executive Officer Imperial College provided a drink. Set up two general managers to help drink offerings and take charge of the laws and regulations of Confucian discipline throughout the country. Set up one person to supervise students' study. Set up a master book, be responsible for the document book and be in charge of the seal supervisor. Prefectural students are in charge of Changshi. There are doctors, teaching assistants and lecturers in imperial academy. They are professors in charge of Confucian classics. Teachers are mostly celebrities and government officials.

Hong Wen Pavilion is the main source of students. Chongwen Pavilion requires students to be descendants of officials at or above the first level. Above grade three in imperial academy, above grade five in imperial academy, above grade seven in four subjects, and excellent students in Shu Ren can participate. Law, calligraphy and arithmetic need more than eight products, and accept social professionals. On the level, Hong Wen Pavilion and Chongwen Pavilion are the highest, followed by imperial academy. The selection of students in central schools mainly comes from aristocratic children and outstanding talents in local examinations. Excellent talents in local official schools can also enter imperial academy after recommendation and assessment, and civilian students are called "handsome talents". Students' study time is different, and the admission time is also different. Graduation years are divided into six years and nine years according to the subjects of study.

There are three official credits: ten-day exam, year-old exam and graduation exam. Ten-day exam 10 days, the content of the exam is to recite and explain Confucian classics. The year-end exam is the year-end exam. The examination content is divided into three grades: first-class, middle-class and lower-class. Fail the next grade and need to study again. If you fail three times, you need to extend your school time. After nine years of fatigue and still failing, he was ordered to drop out of school. The graduation exam is given by the doctor and invigilated by imperial academy. Students in all disciplines can pass two courses, while civilians can pass three courses to qualify for the exam. Those who passed the local official examinations rose to a higher level from the bottom up until they were promoted to imperial academy and imperial academy.

Song dynasty: the policy of valuing literature over martial arts

In the early Song Dynasty, the emperor adopted the policy of "emphasizing literature over martial arts" to relieve the pressure of military commanders to seek the country and improve the political treatment of literati, which was also reflected in national education. In order to strengthen centralized rule, we should attach great importance to Confucian officials, implement the policy of ruling by Confucian officials and replacing martial arts with literature while relieving military commanders. After Song Taizong, he advocated "rule by virtue with courtesy" and "imitate Kong Zhou's courtesy", advocated Confucianism as the way of self-cultivation, and emphasized the role of Buddhism and Taoism. While in Song Renzong, he sent letters to all counties to run schools and further improve the imperial examination system.

Learning movement

The first movement to promote learning took place in the fourth year of Li Qing, Song Renzong (A.D. 1044), that is, "Celebrating the calendar to promote learning". It aims at reforming educational institutions and the imperial examination system. The contents include setting up schools in counties, expanding the scale of imperial academy and imperial academy, increasing the number of lecturers, stipulating that only educated people can take the imperial examination, and the contents of the examination are changed to policy, theory and poetry. However, because the organizer Fan Zhongyan was deposed, the movement ended in a short time.

The second campaign to promote learning began in the fourth year of Xining, Song Shenzong (107 1) and continued in the first year of Yuanfeng (1078). It was advocated by Wang Anshi, a fellow traveler. The content of the reform divided the business into three levels, namely, the method of doing three rooms, and the excellent performance of the lower room was promoted to the middle room, and the excellent performance of the middle room was promoted to the upper room. In May 2004, Xining established a local official school, allocated school fields and set up primary school professors. 10, promulgated the "Three She Law" to reform imperial academy. In the second year of Yuanfeng (AD 1079), the imperial academy Order was issued. Reform the method of selecting scholars in imperial examinations. Wang Anshi believed that the country should be "school-oriented" in selecting talents, and proposed to stop examining Ming Classics, increase the number of scholars, and cancel the contents of poetry, classics and ink in the imperial examination, and change them into classics and strategies. At the same time, various junior colleges will be restored. Wang Anshi also proposed that school education should be "both civil and military", and a martial arts school should be set up in Tokyo to teach military knowledge. In the sixth year of Xining (A.D. 1073), the imperial court set up the Confucian Classics Bureau, which made new comments and explanations on the poems, books and rituals of Zhou, and compiled Three Classics and New Meanings as a unified textbook of Confucian Classics in the national education system. This movement took a long time and achieved remarkable results, but with the failure of Wang Anshi's political reform, it gave up halfway.

* The third school movement began in the first year of Chongning, Song Huizong (A.D. 1 102). In August of this year, he sent a letter to the world to promote learning, and became famous in the world with the "three-she method". There are two professors in the state and a primary school in the county. County students were promoted to state school, and state students were promoted to Imperial College in three years. In the third year of Chongning (A.D. 1 104), he wrote to the school to take scholars and stopped abolishing the imperial examination. The purpose of worshipping Ning and promoting learning is to restore the reform content in the second movement of promoting learning, and the educational system has not changed much.

The scale of official schools in Song Dynasty was unprecedented. The government has set up four schools in the central government: imperial academy, imperial academy, National Arts and Law, and He Wenguang Museum. The central departments also set up calligraphy, arithmetic, painting and medicine. County schools are set up in local areas, and scholars are set up in the roads. Teachers are first selected by local authorities, and then hired by Jinshi or graduates from imperial academy and imperial academy. The textbooks are uniformly promulgated by the state, and most of them are based on the Five Classics.

In the Song Dynasty, private schools with academy style prevailed everywhere, mainly because from the Tang Dynasty, the printing industry was developed, the number of books increased, and the educational materials available to the public began to increase. Also, because of the Five Dynasties War, education was interrupted, and people who wanted to learn were generally concentrated around knowledgeable scholars, so the academy was formed. In order to manage private schools in Song Dynasty, the government recognized private schools by giving them "plaques", "books" and "fields", so the academy formed various ways such as private schools, semi-official schools and official schools. In addition, scholars with knowledge and prestige at that time, such as Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan, liked to give lectures in the academy, which enhanced the prestige of private schools in the academy to some extent. Famous academies include Shigu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Songyang Academy, Yuelu Academy, Yingtianfu Academy and Maoshan Academy. ? During the Southern Song Dynasty, the scale of academies expanded and the number of students increased, which gradually formed another ethos of running schools and studying in society. The college has also changed from an initial teaching place to an academic institution that takes care of research.

In the Song Dynasty, due to the country's emphasis on literati and the developed economy, the education level of Chinese people became higher and higher. There is no unified view on the purpose of education and how to educate people in different periods. Wang Anshi advocates applying what he has learned and serving national politics. Fan Zhongyan advocates that learning should serve the national system reform through learning. Chen Liang and others advocate that education is for fame and achievement. School representatives in this period all advocated that all countries in the world can use the knowledge to learn. Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng in the Southern Song Dynasty advocated that education should be "sensible, excluding human desires", and the purpose of education was to cultivate people's moral character, emphasizing the continuity of education, and advocated that "University", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" should be the basic teaching books.

Education in Liao and Jin Dynasties

In order to consolidate their national rule in the Central Plains, Liao and Jin Dynasties recruited scholars, modeled on the education system in the Central Plains, set up imperial academy in the central government, set up state schools and county schools in local areas, held imperial examinations, and praised Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which promoted the education in China. For this nation, Liao and Jin also established special schools. In the 13th year of Dading in Jin Shizong (1 158), Jurchen Chinese Studies was established, and only those with outstanding children of Jin people were recruited. Outside Beijing, local jurchen universities and medical schools have also been established. There is also a court school in the court, which specializes in teaching ladies-in-waiting.

The Decline of Education in Yuan Dynasty

The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty established three types of schools in the central government: Guo Zi School, Mongolian School and Returned School. In addition to ordinary official schools, local administrative regions at all levels have also set up medicine, Mongolian studies and Yin and Yang studies to train specialized personnel. Social studies are also set up in rural areas, which is an elementary school. Although the imperial examination system was resumed in Yuan Dynasty in 13 13, the study and examination of Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius were the main topics, and Zhu's Notes on Four Books were the main explanations. Taking the annotation "Four Books" as the examination content also started from the Yuan Dynasty. Although the Yuan Dynasty had a perfect education system, the rulers put too much emphasis on racial superiority and divided the nationalities under the jurisdiction of the state into different grades. Mongolia has Mongolian law, while Han people have Chinese law, resulting in racial antagonism. The educational system of Yuan Dynasty did not alleviate this opposition, and then it evolved into a large-scale peasant uprising, which led to national subjugation.

The Prosperity of Education in Ming Dynasty

Educational institutions have been gradually expanded and improved.

After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to education, and with the participation of ministers such as Liu Ji and Song Lian, he formulated a series of policies to improve national education. In the Ming Dynasty, imperial academy, imperial academy, Religious Studies, Martial Arts, Medicine, Yin and Yang Studies and other schools were established in the central government. Locally, inland provinces set up official schools, state schools and county schools, and frontier provinces set up health schools. The unified name is "Confucianism", which is called Dusi Confucianism, Hangdu Confucianism, Xuanwei Confucianism, Fusi Confucianism and Tusi Confucianism according to different local administrative levels. Hongwu eight years, but also set up a social school in the countryside. In the seventeenth year of Hongzhi in Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty, it was stipulated that every thirty-five rural households should set up a social school. The central government regards the Ministry of Rites as the national education management institution, while local governments set up academic officials in various ways to be responsible for education.

In order to take care of the meritorious veterans, the Ming Dynasty gave special preferential treatment to their descendants, and they could go to school directly in some way. Students are generally divided into four parts: promotion, tribute, shadow and case supervision. The former two are mostly outstanding students selected by local governments, while the latter two are mostly children of officials or descendants of people who have made material contributions to the court. People who study in imperial academy are called Guo Jianzi. In addition, students from North Korea and Ryukyu also study in imperial academy.

Baguoren

Because the imperial examination has been implemented for hundreds of years, it has been gradually improved, the procedures have become more and more complicated, and the examination content has become more and more narrow. The imperial examinations in Ming Dynasty advocated Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, focusing on the Four Books and Five Classics. The Four Books and Five Classics are the only textbooks for selecting candidates in the imperial examination. And as a unified teaching material of the national education system. In the examination mode, it is also stipulated that eight-part essay writing must be used, the number of words is also limited, and the content cannot be freely played, which seriously affects the diversity of students' thoughts.

College politics

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the mode of academy education was explicitly banned, and then it was gradually restored in a small scale. However, academies in this period have played down the role of private schools and become another form of official schools. When Zhang was in power, a large number of academies were destroyed because college students gathered together to vent their dissatisfaction with the court. In the late Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng, a native of Wuxi, was dismissed from office and returned to his hometown. Dissatisfied with government politics, he gathered his disciples to give lectures, and relying on Donglin Academy, he talked about state affairs from time to time, echoing the Qing faction in the imperial court, forming the "Lindong Party" in history, and gradually getting involved in the political whirlpool. Academy education gradually lost its education-oriented function and became a tool for political struggle between the ruling and opposition parties.

Wang Shouren's Theory of Moral Education and Enlightenment Education in the Late Ming Dynasty

In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Wang Shouren criticized the long-standing Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. He believes that the moral cultivation emphasized by Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism is seriously divorced from reality, and the purpose of education should be "to conscience", that is, loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, faithfulness and others should master the ability to distinguish right from wrong, so as to "exist but not exist" and always distinguish right from wrong between themselves and the outside world. Wang Shouren also advocated that budding education should conform to children's mood of "playing while being arrested". At the end of the Ming Dynasty, with the intensification of social contradictions, frequent border wars and internal riots, and the germination of capitalism in economically developed areas, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi and others advocated that human nature was born without distinction between good and evil. They criticized the golden mean advocated by Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, opposed the "self-cultivation" unrelated to the outside world, proposed that education should be "practical", learn all aspects of knowledge, opposed stereotyped thinking, stressed the combination of learning and application, applied what they have learned, sought advantages and avoided disadvantages, and emphasized the role of "doing things, learning things and practicing" in the teaching process.

The Decline of Traditional Education in Qing Dynasty

In the early Qing Dynasty, the national education system followed the Ming system. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing ancestors moved their capital to Beijing, resumed the imperial examination and imperial academy, renamed it Guo Xue, and set up official posts such as offering wine, attending school, supervising school, doctor, teaching assistant, correcting students, studying classics and books, and set up county schools, social studies, self-study and books in rural areas. Set up religious studies, eight banners studies and Mongolian studies for Manchu and Mongolian. Later, Manchu studies was set up in Chinese studies to let the children of the Eight Banners enter Chinese studies. The educational system in the early Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty changed little. In addition to further improving the educational infrastructure, we should also increase the number of teachers, improve the teaching level of teachers, and pay attention to the ability and knowledge of selecting teachers. The Qing Dynasty also accepted foreign students to study in imperial academy. For example, Russia and Ryukyu both sent overseas students at different times.

Education in the Qing Dynasty made stricter regulations on the imperial examination system, and made more detailed regulations on the seriousness of the system, the prudence of subject names and the prevention of cheating cases, and correspondingly improved the treatment of imperial examination personnel. Ding Youke's cheating case in Shunzhi and Xin Maoke's cheating case in Kangxi became the most famous cheating events in the examination room in the early Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing government attached great importance to the Han intellectuals, it was stipulated in the imperial examination that imperial clan would not take the township examination and the general examination, and the flag bearer and the Mongolian ancients would not remember the top three. In addition, in the early stage of education, the government paid attention to balancing the unfair examination phenomenon caused by the educational gap in different places, and allocated examination admission places according to the scale of education and the number of students enrolled in different places. However, in the Qing Dynasty, textbooks were mainly based on "Four Books", and the examination contents were also extracted from the four books, so that candidates could analyze them according to the official notes, which made students take the exam for the sake of the exam, and the learning area was too narrow, reaching the level of ignorance. After the Opium War, the Westernization Movement was in full swing, and young students began to be sent abroad to study, bringing back advanced technology and many advanced ideas. In the collision between traditional education and foreign education, traditional education is increasingly despised by overseas students because of its lack of scientific and technological content. Zhang Jian proposed "saving the country through education", hoping to save the decline of China by learning advanced foreign cultures. However, he did not advocate completely grafting foreign educational models, and put forward the theory of strict education. "The method of teaching is to be strict. The way to learn is to be quiet, and the black sheep will be tolerant. " Hong Rong suggested that education in China should learn from the western model, cancel the imperial examination and let students learn all kinds of knowledge. After the Westernization Movement and the Boxer Movement, the country criticized the traditional education more and more, so that in the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the court abolished the traditional imperial examination and set up a new school. First, recruit talents according to the traditional examination. After the establishment of primary and secondary schools, diplomas will be awarded according to their achievements.

Since then, China has started new studies and new education has mushroomed. The history of education in China is no longer the history of ancient education. You can do it yourself. W-i-k-i Baidu won't let me post their website. Google it. I transferred from there. Look at that. It's really a long experience.