Discussion on building open space?

This paper compares open space with natural objects, analyzes the deep meaning of open space from the philosophical level, and explains the potential of open space in overall value and ecological design. Then, the characteristics of open space are analyzed, and the design techniques in different types of buildings are analyzed. Finally, advocate multi-field research and optimize the design of open space.

The objective fact that "running water does not rot, and family members do not chew on the walls" in nature shows that everything in nature obtains vitality through dynamic evolution. The change of architectural form is always in the process of continuous breakthrough. With the help of ever-changing architectural technology, architectural space is showing its charm in an increasingly mobile and open form. On the one hand, on the whole, the open layout of architectural space makes each local space stimulate each other and gain higher value than the independent distribution space. On the other hand, as far as the "single" form of space is concerned, it has changed from a space clearly defined by four walls to a "virtual space", making the space itself more flexible. Just like the flow and interest of natural objects, open architectural space also has significance beyond visual perception.

1 The Deep Meaning of Open Space

1. 1 poetic dwelling

By reflecting on the heroic modernist architectural thought, people realize that simplifying people's "spiritual strength" into an idea that transcends everything makes architecture separate from people's diverse life forms and colorful living environment. Therefore, modern architectural philosophy emphasizes people-oriented, which contains extensive reflection on people's life form, living environment and social organization form. Heidegger said that the value of human existence lies in the freedom to create for the future. He advocated "poetic dwelling" of human beings. That is, the intentional person and the objective material world develop harmoniously, and the objective world cannot be manipulated by a mechanical and purely rational method. The open space form provides various possibilities for the non-one-to-one irrational space form, and it is realized by building materials, structures, physics and other technologies. The pioneering work of modern architecture, the Crystal Palace (paxton, 185 1), boldly applied the greenhouse structure to the World Expo building, with wide space and strange shape. The whole building * * * adopts 83500m flat building as glass curtain wall, with good lighting. It is not only used in public buildings, but also designed an open space in Wright's classic Kaufman villa (flowing water villa). It is located in the dense Milun forest, the main floor is almost a complete space, and various subordinate spaces are formed through some semi-partition treatment, and a small ladder is connected with the water below. Vertical corner windows and glass embedded in stone crevices are used indoors to obtain a sense of transparency inside and outside, and most of the paving materials are natural materials. "In the extension of the cliff next to the mountain stream, the living space hovers over the stream by several platforms-a person who cherishes this place is on this platform. He is immersed in the sound of this waterfall and enjoys the fun of life. " The core strength of can-building space is reflected in mutual reflection with natural things.

1.2 total value

The advantages of open space are not only limited to philosophy and visual perception, but also extremely beneficial to the use of buildings. As we all know, all the elements that make up a building entity change with the environment, but the period of change is different. For example, it takes a long period to change the overall structure and equipment of a building. For example, in recent years, the renovation project of the old factory buildings along the Suzhou River in Shanghai, after decades or even hundreds of years, human beings have changed some elements such as the structure and equipment of these buildings. However, some building layouts and unit combinations can be changed in a short time. Like exhibition halls, libraries, department stores, etc. Their layout always changes with the change of streamline and capacity. Obviously, the traditional architecture can't meet this demand by defining the space clearly by entities. Therefore, in order to make the short-term change elements truly flexible, we must rely on high-capacity and high-efficiency structures and equipment forms. The modern structure with large span and high strength provides many possibilities for opening space, and the efficient and intensive equipment greatly reduces the cost of opening space. Finally, the overall value will be enhanced in the process of construction and use.

1.3 ecological environment

The focus of open space is the flow of space, and space is not empty, which inevitably means the circulation of air heat energy and light energy carried by space in space. Energy regulation and conversion control are more integrated, which can reduce the impact of buildings on the environment. For example, in recent years, many ecological buildings take the atrium as the "energy center" and use large-area energy-saving glass in the south to adjust the thermal insulation coefficient and light transmittance. Due to the negative pressure caused by the height difference of the large space inside the building and the stack effect of the energy center itself, there is no need to use air conditioning for about14 of the year. In addition, the indoor space can also be opened to the outdoor space, and the arcade and inner courtyard buildings in the south are such a design adapted to local conditions, so that the space can humbly face the natural light and ventilation. It can be seen that no matter where you are, you can use the open space form design to realize the energy exchange with nature and reduce the use of air conditioners and other equipment. In recent years, with the development of various structural forms and ecological technologies, open space can adapt to various changing terrain, and mountains, slopes and natural water bodies can be accommodated in buildings, thus reducing the damage of buildings to nature.

2. Morphological characteristics of open space

The concept of open space comes from UrbanOpenSpace, which originally refers to open spaces such as squares, green belts and water bodies between urban buildings. In architecture, open space is between urban space and architectural space, and has the characteristics of both. Its main features are as follows:

2. 1 fuzzy edge

The existence of edge provides people with a sense of security in the field. It is often expressed by changing the spatial scale or by the color, texture and light of materials. In order to make people feel relaxed psychologically, fuzzy edges are often used to form a unique flow pattern in open space.

2.2 Gas Gathering Center

In open space, space is not uniform. The center is still the climax, because the open space has the characteristics of scale, and its center is mostly a huge crowd gathering place, which has become a symbolic transportation hub. Through the transition and connection with the sub-center, the sequence space is formed.

2.3 Flexible space

That is, functional spaces do not exist independently, but are interrelated and accommodated as much as possible. Not only that, but also there is a certain margin, which provides flexibility and applicability for the space.

2.4 Support system

Secondary traffic and auxiliary facilities are centrally arranged, forming a huge columnar support inserted in the open space. The support system is like the vein of human body, which provides guarantee for the effective operation of open space.

3 the application of open space

3. 1 Open functional space

In cultural buildings, commercial buildings and exhibitions, due to the similarity of functional requirements, the main functional spaces can be integrated into one and open design can be carried out. For example, the requirements of library building, reading, book collection and query space are similar, so there are "modular" libraries and "modular libraries". Modular design of commercial buildings has become a necessary condition for large department stores and supermarkets. The supermarket giant Wal-Mart's dozens of branches in China all require to design a neat and unified modular space, with transportation and auxiliary space arranged around this space to maximize the use of sales space and adapt to the changes in commodity layout. The interior design of Gride Store is based on standard modules, and the floor is paved with unified granite and black-edged slate. In the multi-functional courtyard, the perfect system composed of track, channel steel and support makes it possible to change the exhibition area and sales area. The commercial space separated by columns and nets, traffic and leisure space are connected and infiltrated with each other, which can create a lively commercial atmosphere.

3.2 Open traffic space

In places with high pedestrian density, especially traffic buildings, people are often designed in an open form for people to gather and disperse at will, forming a space with high utilization rate. The quasi-space scale is generally large, forming an atrium or courtyard, and small courtyards or galleries are distributed around it, which enriches the spatial level. The design of Hong Kong's new airport makes full use of natural lighting. The lighting belt embedded in the grid and the three-dimensional translucent mesh plate below sprinkle soft natural light on the waiting hall. Not only that, the general terminal does not pay attention to the design of arrival space, but at the new airport in Hong Kong, you can also feel the kindness and warmth of natural light in the linear arrival streamline at the bottom. In such an open space, the auxiliary space is like an island, and the design of large-span open space realizes the energy exchange with nature by means of structures, equipment and other technologies.

3.3 Open marginal space

To live poetically, man and nature must live in harmony. When possible, architecture opens the marginal space and realizes the dialogue between man and nature. The bird pavilion in Hong Kong Park has changed the layout of the birdcage pavilion, and enclosed a completely natural space in the valley with a cable net structure. People are walking on the plank road, singing and dancing all the way. This is Wu's home, the residence of human mind, and the original ecological land at his feet. Xinao subway station, located under the gentle slope of Lantau Island, has relatively concentrated auxiliary space. The central area is a subway track, and the surrounding waiting area is covered with membrane net structure, forming an open space, making full use of natural light and ventilation. Whenever night falls, the station is like a pearl docked on the hillside by the sea, emitting bright light.

4 conclusion

The open design of architectural space makes the space break through the traditional closed form. However, there are still many limitations in the openness of architectural space in practice, such as the contradiction between openness and privacy of residential space, the difficulty of opening and management of public space, the openness of using space and the limitations of technology. Due to various difficulties, the design and research of open space is still limited to the level of single and specific module grid, and it is difficult to extend to the level of group and comprehensive technology. To realize the real open space, we must combine urban science, structural technology, material technology, physical technology and humanities to further explore. Imagine that one day, architecture will live in harmony with the environment and breathe with nature. Then, the open space will be endless and eternal in the flow.

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