Four classics of traditional medicine

The recognized ones are Huangdi Neijing, Bian Que Difficult Classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Shennong Herbal Classic.

Huangdi Neijing is one of the four classic works of China's traditional medicine, the first masterpiece named by the ancestor of the Chinese nation, and the earliest extant classic of Chinese medicine. It is a medical masterpiece that studies human physiology, pathology, diagnostics, therapeutic principles and pharmacology. Theoretically, the theories of yin and yang, five elements, pulse condition, Tibetan image, meridians, etiology and pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, health preservation and luck are established. His medical theory is based on China's ancient philosophical theory, which embodies the dialectical thought of China and ancient naive materialism.

Difficult Classics is the abbreviation of 81 Difficult Classics of Huangdi, an ancient medical work in China, which consists of three volumes (there are also five volumes). Qin Yueren wrote it. There are two interpretations of the meaning of difficult titles: treating difficult words as problems and interpreting them as difficulties. Difficult, pronounced "?ㄢˋ (nà n)". Difficult Classics is the first book to explain the difficulties and gist of Huangdi Neijing. Later generations listed it as one of the four classics of traditional Chinese medicine. The book focuses on basic theories and analyzes some diseases and syndromes. Among them, 1-22 are difficulties in pulse science, 23-29 in meridians, 30-47 in viscera, 48-61 in diseases, 62-68 in acupoints and 69-81 in acupuncture. The contents include pulse diagnosis, meridians, viscera, yin and yang, etiology, pathology, camp and health, acupoints, acupuncture and other basic theories, and some diseases and syndromes are also listed. The book is based on basic theory, combined with some clinical medicine. The basic theory is based on pulse diagnosis, viscera, meridians and Shu points. Where 1 ~ 22 is difficult to pulse; It is difficult to discuss meridians from 23 to 29; 30 ~ 47 Difficult to discuss viscera; 48 ~ 6 1 difficult to talk about diseases; 62 ~ 68 is difficult to discuss the comfort score; 69 ~ 8 1 Difficult to talk about acupuncture. The academic views on Mingmen and Sanjiao in the book, as well as the names of Qichongmen and Bahui, enrich and develop the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. It is also clearly stated in the book that "there are five types of typhoid fever" (including apoplexy, typhoid fever, damp heat, fever, and fever), and diseases such as stagnation of five internal organs and diarrhea are expounded, which are valued by later physicians. The content of this book is concise and subtle, and it is often mentioned together with Neijing in China medical classics, which is considered as one of the most important classic medical books. There are many kinds of periodicals and annotated editions.

Zhang Zhongjing extensively collected medical prescriptions and wrote the masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases handed down from ancient times.

In this book, Zhang Zhongjing created three firsts in the world: artificial respiration, drug enema and biliary ascaris treatment were recorded for the first time.

Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was called a medical sage. According to legend, it is filial piety and Changsha magistrate, so it is called Zhang Changsha.

Zhang Zhongjing extensively collected medical prescriptions and wrote the masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases handed down from ancient times. The established principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment is the basic principle of TCM clinic and the soul of TCM. In the aspect of prescription science, Treatise on Febrile Diseases has also made great contributions, creating many dosage forms and recording a large number of effective prescriptions. The therapeutic principle of differentiation of six meridians established by him has been highly praised by doctors in past dynasties. This is the first medical monograph in China to establish the law of syndrome differentiation and treatment from theory to practice. It is one of the most influential works in the history of Chinese medicine, and it is a necessary classic work for later scholars to study Chinese medicine, which has been widely valued by medical students and clinicians.

When time came to the Jin Dynasty, the first key figure in the fate of Treatise on Febrile Diseases appeared. A doctor named Wang Shuhe came across the book. The book was broken, and Wang Shuhe read this wonderful book intermittently with excitement. As an imperial doctor, he tried to collect all kinds of manuscripts of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and finally found all the parts about typhoid fever and sorted them out, named Treatise on Febrile Diseases. There are 22 treatises on febrile diseases, and 397 treatments are recorded. There are 1 13 papers with a total of more than 50,000 words, but there are no traces of miscellaneous diseases in Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Wang Shuhe's contribution, in the words of Xu Dachun, a famous doctor in Qing Dynasty, is that "if there is no uncle, there is no book".

Wang Shuhe has a deep relationship with Zhang Zhongjing, not only sorting out medical books for him, but also leaving us the earliest written records about Zhang Zhongjing. Wang Shuhe said in the preface to pulse meridian: "The use of medicine depends on life. And magpie, Jude or garth; Zhong Jingming's trial is also waiting for the certificate. If in doubt, he will go to the exam. "

After that, the book gradually spread among the people and was highly praised by doctors. Tao Hongjing, a famous doctor in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, once said: "Zhang Zhongjing is the only one and the ancestor of all parties." It is conceivable that this groundbreaking and pinnacle work has made people know its author and pushed the author to the lofty position of medical sage.

The Song Dynasty, 800 years after Zhang Zhongjing's death, was a dynasty in which Treatise on Febrile Diseases was revived. In Song Renzong, an academician named Wang Zhu found a "bamboo slip eaten by insects" in the stacks of imperial academy, with the title "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber". Part of this book is similar to Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and the other part is about miscellaneous diseases. Later, when the famous doctors Lin Bu and Sun Qi were ordered by the imperial court to revise Treatise on Febrile Diseases, they compared it with Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, knowing that it was written by Zhongjing, but renamed it Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and published it in the world. There are 25 articles and 262 articles in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. At this point, several key figures in the fate of Treatise on Febrile Diseases all appeared.

Shennong's Herbal Classic, also known as Herbal Classic or Herbal Classic, is one of the four classic works of Han Chinese medicine in China. As the earliest extant TCM works, it originated from Shennong family and was handed down from generation to generation. It was compiled into a book in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but it couldn't be written for a while, and the author was different. Many medical scientists in Qin and Han Dynasties collected, summarized and compiled the monographs on pharmaceutical experience at that time, which was the first book in China to systematically summarize traditional Chinese medicine. Most theories and compatibility laws of TCM and the principle of "seven emotions in harmony" have played a great role in the practice of medication for thousands of years and are the source of the development of TCM theory.

Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica is divided into three volumes, containing 365 kinds of drugs. It is divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower, and its conciseness has become the essence of Chinese medicine theory.

Prescribe the dosage form of the medicine.

"Jing Xu" thinks: "The medicinal properties include pills, powder, boiled water, wine stains, ointment and decoction. Those who can't eat soup or wine must follow the medicinal properties and can't violate the rules." Here, on the one hand, it reflects the achievements of traditional Chinese medicine dosage forms before 2000, on the other hand, it also reflects the research experience of drug dosage forms and which dosage forms should be used, such as Xiaoshi "refining into paste", Shuzuo as bait, Leonurus heterophylla "making bath soup" (external lotion), grape "making wine", Angelica dahurica "making face fat", and ox horn. This paper not only talks about the processing methods of drugs, but also shows that different drugs should adopt different dosage forms in specific applications in order to play their therapeutic role more effectively. It has great critical value to the phenomenon that Chinese medicine only uses soup as medicine.

Objectively evaluate the therapeutic effect of drugs.

The preface to Shen Nong's Materia Medica holds that "if you want to treat the disease, you should first examine its source, wait for its pathogenesis, the five internal organs are not deficient, the six hospitals are inexhaustible, the blood vessels are not chaotic, and the spirit is not scattered, so you must take medicine to treat it." If the disease has become, you can get half of the cure. The illness is over and life will be hard. "Here, first of all, warn people that illness must be treated early; Secondly, it is emphasized that whether the disease can be cured or not can not depend entirely on the role of drugs, mainly the body's defense function, the body's inherent ability to exorcise evil spirits, and the ability to recover from the disease under the intervention of drugs.

Attach importance to dialectical application of drugs

The preface to Shen Nong's Materia Medica puts forward that "treating cold with hot medicine, treating heat with cold medicine, eating without eating, spitting medicine, ghost poison, sore poison, rheumatism with rheumatism medicine, each according to its needs." This language not only highlights the main idea of syndrome differentiation and medication, but also suggests that under the premise of syndrome differentiation and medication, it is necessary to distinguish the nature (cold and heat) of the disease, the cause, the treatment for the disease (such as "diet is unnecessary" and "rheumatism"), the severity of the disease, and the medication according to the severity of the disease (such as "ghost-borne disease" and "poison-caused disease" are all serious and dangerous diseases). The former uses "sore medicine" and "rheumatism medicine", while the latter uses "poison". If we look at the efficacy and indications of 365 drugs in the book, we can also find that different drugs are given according to different diseases, such as internal medicine diseases, gynecological diseases, surgical diseases, facial diseases, skin diseases and so on. These contents fully reflect the idea of dialectical treatment.

Pay attention to the relationship between medication time and curative effect

The preface to Shennong's materia medica holds that: "those above the chest diaphragm should take medicine first;" If the disease is below the abdomen, take medicine before eating; If the veins of the limbs are sick, it is advisable to eat on an empty stomach; Those with bone marrow diseases should be full at night. " This shows that the author of this book has realized the close relationship between medication time and drug efficacy on the basis of summarizing the previous medication experience.

The Value of Practicing the Theory that Medicine has Yin and Yang

Neijing first put forward the theory that "medicine has yin and yang", and this classic put this theory into practice. The so-called "medicine has yin and yang" has a wide meaning. If yin and yang are only divided from plant medicine and mineral medicine, mineral medicine is heavy and dominant, and its attribute is yin, while plant medicine is light and clear, belonging to yang. As far as plant medicine is concerned, those who use its flowers, leaves and branches as medicine are mostly yang, while those who use its roots and stems are mostly yin. If the deep connotation of drugs is divided into yin and yang, then "Yang means qi, Yin means taste ... Yin means lower orifices and Yang means upper orifices. Thick taste is yin, thin taste is yin and yang. Thick gas is yang, and thin gas is yin of yang. Strong flavor is catharsis, while light flavor is catharsis. If the gas is thin, it will be vented, and if it is thick, it will be hot. " The smell is sweet, but the bitterness overflows into yin. For details, please refer to Su Wen's theory of Yin and Yang.

Drugs are sour, salty, sweet, bitter and pungent.

The original meaning of the so-called "medicine has five flavors: sour, salty, sweet, bitter and pungent" in the classic preface refers to the real taste of medicine that people can taste and its effect on human qi, blood, yin and yang. There are more than five real flavors of drugs. Influenced by the five-element classification theory of things, all the tastes of drugs have been classified into five flavors since ancient times, with astringency attached to acid and sweetness attached to sweetness, and classified according to the five elements of drugs.

The drug "has four qi of cold, heat and cold"

The drugs mentioned in this classic are "cold, hot, warm and cool". Four qi, that is, four natures, are cold, hot and cold of medicine or food. Compared with the five flavors that people can perceive in taste, four flavors belong to yang and five flavors belong to yin, which means that "Yang is qi and yin is taste" in Su Wen's theory of yin and yang should be like a big picture. The yin and yang properties of things can be divided, "there is yin in yang and yang in yin", so the cold, hot and cool properties of drugs can be further divided into yin and yang. Warm is yang, cool is yin. The heat is more than the temperature, and the cold is very Liang Yu, which is only the difference in degree. Warm drugs have different orders of magnitude such as temperature, temperature, heat and heat; Cold medicine has different orders of magnitude, such as cold, slight cold, cold and severe cold. If there is no obvious difference between cold, hot and cold in nature, then the nature is calibrated by "flat".