What folk arts and crafts are there?

Paper-cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk decorative arts in China with a long history. Because of its easily available materials, low cost, obvious effect and wide adaptability, it is widely welcomed. Because it is most suitable for rural women's leisure production, it can be used as a practical object and beautify their lives. Paper-cutting can be seen all over the country, and even formed different local styles. Paper-cutting not only shows the aesthetic taste of the public, but also contains the deep social psychology of the nation. It is also one of the most distinctive folk arts in China, and its modeling features are particularly worth studying. As the embodiment of China's original philosophy, folk paper-cutting has the characteristics of comprehensiveness, beautification and auspiciousness. At the same time, folk paper-cutting conveys the connotation and essence of traditional culture with its own specific expression language. Pottery is the earliest handicraft industry in Yunnan with a history of 4000 years. Pots, cups, ding and other pottery were unearthed at the Neolithic site in Baiyang Village, Binchuan. In the Neolithic site of Dadunzi, Yuanmou, a chicken-shaped clay pot was unearthed, which was lifelike and lovely as a squatting hen. It is the earliest original handicraft with exquisite shape in Yunnan. Since then, tomb bricks in the Han Dynasty, tiles and kisses in the Tang Dynasty, blue and white porcelain in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and purple pottery in the Qing Dynasty have all become household names in China. In particular, Jianshui Zitao, which was founded in the Qing Dynasty, is known as "a show in pottery" and is one of the four famous pottery in China. Huaning blue-and-white glazed pottery, Lijiang Jinsha pottery, Yongsheng porcelain, Xiangyun pottery and Dai pottery all have their own characteristics.

Yunnan is rich in metal resources, with exquisite metal processing skills, a long history and many famous products. The bronze age in Yunnan began in the late Shang Dynasty and flourished in the Han Dynasty. Yunnan bronzes are famous for their unique shapes and styles. Yunnan has been producing copper handicrafts for more than 2000 years. In the Western Han Dynasty, Tang Lang (now Huize and Dongchuan) was famous for producing copper all over the country. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production of copper and tin and the processing of handicrafts in Yunnan occupied a very important position in the whole country. Gejiu Tin Craft began in Ming Dynasty, flourished in Qing Dynasty and flourished for a long time. Founded in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, spot copper has a history of more than 300 years, and its skills are becoming more and more sophisticated. Yunnan white copper products have long enjoyed a good reputation in history. Black copper and silver are unique handicrafts in Yunnan. It is unique by melting silver and forming patterns with its peers in black copper. Yunnan ethnic swords have their own names, including bronze swords and halberds in ancient times, and famous Nanzhao "Zescabbard", "Jade Knife", "Wave Knife" and Dali Knife in Tang and Song Dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, the famous Achang Husa Dao was made, which has been well known so far, and has achieved the technological level of "waist is like a belt, cutting iron and beating stone steadily". Lufeng scissors, which began in the Qing Dynasty, are made of horseshoes: sophisticated technology, sharp scissors, beautiful and durable.

Most ethnic groups in Yunnan are good at woodcarving, among which Jianchuan Bai woodcarving is the most famous. Its history can be traced back to 1500 years ago, and it reached a high level of technology in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Forbidden City in Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the mountain villa in Chengde, and many famous buildings and houses in modern times have lattice doors and windows decorated with Jianchuan wood carvings and carved beams and painted columns. Especially in modern times, Jianchuan wood carving technology combined with the natural beauty of marble to make marble furniture inlaid with marble, which is well-known both inside and outside the province and has become a traditional export product of Yunnan. Woodcarving display crafts are also constantly innovating, playing a leading role in tourist souvenirs. There are also Shao Qi of Yi nationality, painted woodcarving of Dai nationality, sacrificial woodcarving of Jingpo nationality, De 'ang nationality and Wa nationality, which not only have traditional crafts, but also retain the characteristics of rough and simple modeling.

Marble is named after this place because its products in Dali, Yunnan have the best quality. As early as l000 years ago, the Bai people had already mined and processed marble handicrafts in the Tang Dynasty. Now the processing and production of marble handicrafts are all over Dali urban and rural areas, and marble handicrafts are dazzling.

Yunnan's stone carving skills are the first to promote the stone carving statue of Shi Baoshan Grottoes in Jianchuan and the carving skills of ancient buildings in Kunming Dizang Temple. More than 200 deities and buddhas have been carved in the ancient buildings in Kunming, with beautiful shapes, rich knife marks and exquisite production. They are known as "the best art in central Yunnan".

Tengchong has been the distribution center of jadeite since ancient times. Jade processing: superb skills, reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, known as the "emerald city".

Yunnan Go was born in Baoshan in Ming Dynasty, and was called Yongzi in ancient times. It is characterized by being firm but not brittle, heavy and flat, Bai Zi as white as jade, bright and blue spots, warm in winter and cool in summer, which makes people feel very good. It is one of the unique national handicrafts in Yunnan.

Yunnan textile printing and dyeing technology has a long history. Archaeological evidence shows that handmade textiles appeared in Yunnan more than 4000 years ago. At first, hemp was used as raw material, and then cotton, silk and wool came into being. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, orchids were woven from kapok. Tie-dyeing and batik (called twisted valerian and wax valerian) were initiated in the Tang and Song Dynasties, resulting in "colorful patchwork", "peacock cloth" and "colorful brocade". So far, the tie-dyeing batik process is more refined, the patterns are more beautiful and the varieties are more abundant.

Yunnan ethnic brocade craft is unique in China, especially Dai brocade, Jingpo brocade and Zhuang brocade.

Making wool by weaving wool carpets and rolling wool carpets is a popular handicraft of many ethnic minorities. National carpets can be used as clothes and cushions to protect against rain and moisture.

Embroidery with embroidered flowers is the most popular among people of all ethnic groups. Women of ethnic minorities have been practicing arts since childhood, and they are ingenious and have the characteristics of changeable stitches and rich patterns.

Since ancient times, ethnic minorities have woven and made their own clothes and ornaments, and the traditional costumes of various ethnic groups are the concentrated display of the handicraft level of various ethnic groups.

Many ethnic groups have been good at making clothes from animal skins since ancient times, and their skills have been continuously improved. Deerskin collars and sheepskin shawls are still regarded as treasures by many ethnic groups.

People of all ethnic groups are good at weaving various household appliances with local bamboo, rattan and brown grass. Dali straw hat and Tengchong rattan weaving both started from the Tang Dynasty. Tengchong rattan was very popular in the Tang Dynasty, and many poets praised it with poems. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tengchong was called Tengyue State because it was rich in rattan.

People of all ethnic groups in Yunnan are good at singing and dancing. All ethnic groups have their own national musical instruments and handicrafts, and they can also make various folk toys to entertain children.

To sum up, Yunnan folk handicrafts have the following distinctive features:

It pays attention to practicality, function and beauty, and perfectly combines function with aesthetic requirements. For example, pottery, wood, bamboo and rattan weaving are all daily necessities of ethnic minorities, and they have all undergone artistic processing, achieving the unity of practicality and aesthetics.

Most handicrafts are made from local materials, so we should make full use of Yunnan's rich copper and tin resources, bamboo and rattan resources, cotton and linen resources and marble resources for artistic processing, so that natural resources can serve people's lives.

National folk handicraft owners are mainly manual labor and family sideline. The inheritance of its skills is mainly passed down from generation to generation by the family, which makes all kinds of handicrafts and their products have distinct personalities and unique styles that vary from person to person.

National folk arts and crafts contain profound cultural connotations. The shapes, styles and patterns of handicrafts often express the desire of working people of all ethnic groups for a better and happier life. It reflects the unique aesthetic concepts, religious beliefs and customs of the people of all ethnic groups, and its patterns, ornamentation and color configuration have national and cultural backgrounds. For example, the Yi people, who are still black, regard black as noble; Bai people are still white, white is pure and noble. Dai people love to use elephant and peacock patterns to symbolize good luck; The three horizontal lines on Miao women's costumes represent the historical migration route of this nation; The embroidery of Yi people is mostly tiger, fire and horse cherry. Most Bai people choose flowers, birds, insects and fish, which reflects the personality, aesthetic orientation and belief pursuit of all ethnic groups.

Generally speaking, the folk handicraft styles of all ethnic groups are characterized by simplicity, roughness, simplicity and naturalness, strong decorative patterns, bright colors and strong contrast, rich national and local characteristics, folk and civilian styles, and no palace and aristocratic atmosphere.

Yunnan folk handicrafts have their own unique skills, especially some traditional famous brand handicrafts, which are unique and can be called stunts. Generally speaking, Yunnan folk handicrafts have three technical characteristics:

First, the formula of raw materials is unique and scientific. For example, the copper-tin ratio of ancient bronzes, the raw material formula of spotted copper, the formula of tie-dyed plant dyes, the formula of tortoise shell mineral raw materials, and the fiber raw material ratio of Tengchong Xuan paper and Heqing white cotton paper. The raw material formula of these handicrafts has become a must after long-term practice and optimization. If the ratio is not appropriate, the product quality will be difficult to guarantee. Take Go in Yunnan as an example. "Yongchang County Records" records: "Forever chess: the chess of Yongchang is the best in the world. The production method is to mix agate with amethyst powder, add lead nitrate, add medicinal materials, mix and forge, dip its juice with long iron and drop it into chess. " But the ancient special effects formula has been lost. Some producers did not master the true classics in the formula and played Go, or the color was impure and the spots were messy; Or the texture is not good, cracking and fragile; Or feel bad, cool in winter and wet in summer; Or it is moldy and sticky, polluting the fingers, boring the players and losing interest in playing chess. In the trial production process, Yunnan Weiqi Factory made a scientific analysis of the chemical composition of Laoyongzi, obtained the data, and determined the scientific formula after repeated experiments. More than 20 kinds of elements are used, combined with the real operation, to ensure that the cloud seeds have excellent internal quality and good impression, and will not crack or break when falling freely on the cement floor from a height of 2 meters, and will not be moldy for a long time.

Second, the shape is strange, and the idea is wonderful and unique. For example, among the bronzes in the ancient city, there are wonderful copper cases of Niu Hu and various unique copper buckles. Among modern handicrafts, such as antique spotted steel handicrafts, luxurious and elegant tin handicrafts, Gu Zhuo and various fine arts pottery in Jianshui and Huaning, red clay pottery in Kunming, wood carving handicrafts with changeable shapes, exquisite bamboo woven bamboo baskets, etc., all show extremely high plastic arts.

Third, the production process has its own unique skills. For example, the casting technology of spot copper crafts, the carving and filling technology of Jianshui purple pottery, the firing temperature of Zhenyuan black pottery and white pottery, the tie-dyeing needle method of Bai nationality, the brocade technology of Dai nationality, the technology of Tengchong jade carving craftsmen to distinguish the texture of jade, and the kung fu of applying arts according to their materials, etc. Moreover, many handicrafts are passed down from generation to generation, which makes handicrafts have a unique personality. The decorative patterns of many handicrafts are not drawn, but drawn by experience and inspiration, with both hands and heart.