Guizhou traditional folk music art

Guizhou Opera is developed from the dulcimer art in Guizhou. Since 1953, Guizhou opera has been popular in Guizhou, and its singing mainly inherits the tradition of folk rap in Qin literature. Guizhou opera has formed its own unique opera style after learning from other traditional opera performances and local folk art performances. This article will take you to understand the characteristics of Guizhou opera and look at the Complete Works of Opera.

Historical evolution:

The predecessor of Guizhou Opera is Guizhou dulcimer. Guizhou dulcimer, also known as Guizhou Tanci and Qin Wen, is a rap art with dulcimer as the main accompaniment instrument and singing in different roles.

During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, Yan Cihui of Zhu Gui County and Zhang Guohua of Xingyi in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825) mentioned in their poems that there were dulcimer activities in Guiyang. After years of singing research, modern Yu Baiwei thinks that dulcimer "began to be popular in Guizhou during the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, and has a history of more than 200 years" (about Guizhou Tanci and Qinwen Opera). During Guangxu period, Yunnan dulcimer, Sichuan dulcimer, Sichuan Yin Qing and Hunan Changde Sixian were introduced to Guizhou one after another, which promoted the development of Guizhou dulcimer.

In the 9th year of Guangxu (1833), Jiang Fasan and Ding established the dulcimer "Three Friends Club" in Guiyang and sang in the "Tea Club". Later, Qian Xi established Wenyin Music Club in the 11th year of Guangxu, Zhijin established Courtyard Yuefu in the 15th year of Guangxu, Anshun established Meet Tea Club in the 16th year of Guangxu, and Bijie established Fellowship Entertainment Club in the 3rd year of Xuantong (191kloc-0/).

192 1 years ago, dulcimer clubs appeared in Zunyi, Anshun, Panxian, Tongren, Duyun, Xingyi, Anlong, Dushan, Dafang and Zhenfeng. After years of singing practice, Guizhou dulcimer gradually matured and finalized. According to the Collection of Guizhou Performing Vocabulary, the earliest dulcimer in Guizhou was Mei, which was compiled in the 16th year of Guangxu.

Guizhou Opera was born at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

1950, dulcimer artists in Dading (now Dafang) County, in order to cooperate with the movement of "clearing bandits and opposing tyrants", used the tune of Guizhou dulcimer to compose the music for the Shaanxi opera "Poor Hate" and performed in the local dialect, which created the first sound of Guizhou opera. This play is accompanied by dulcimer, Sanxian and Huqin, conveying a mixed story of sadness and joy. The lines of this song are easy to understand and welcomed by the masses.

1952 autumn, qianxi county dulcimer artists Xu Yousan, Feng Bingkun, Li Shaozhi, Wei, etc. The script "Hundred Days" of Wu Opera was matched with the singing of Guizhou dulcimer, and the story was told in local dialect, imitating the performances and gongs of Beijing Opera and Sichuan Opera, and it was named as a drama. Later, Xu Yousan adapted the traditional repertoire of Guizhou dulcimer "Moving Kiln" into a rehearsal of a piano play, and performed it for the first conference of district and township cadres at Wushen Temple in this county. The familiar local dialect aroused the audience's voice, and this performance was considered as the birth of Guizhou opera by Guizhou drama circle.

1954 In the spring, qianxi county established an amateur Qin Wen Troupe. In order to establish the audience base of Qin drama, the troupe will perform in 70% or 80% of the towns and villages in the county in the next two years, which is widely welcomed. Subsequently, the troupe went to the neighboring counties of Jinsha and Zhijin to perform, which was loved by the audience and caused dulcimer artists in the two counties to follow suit.

The appearance of Qin Wenge Theatre and Qianxi Amateur Qin Wenge Troupe has attracted great attention of Guizhou Provincial Party Committee and provincial cultural authorities. 1956 in may, qianxi county people's government approved the establishment of qianxi county qinwen troupe, and the first professional qinwen troupe appeared in Guizhou.

After 1957, under the influence of qianxi county Qinwen Opera Troupe, professional or semi-professional Qinwen Opera Troupe was established in various places, and two performances of Qinwen Opera were held from 1959 to 1960. As a local opera in Guizhou, qianxi county Qinwen Opera Troupe has performed in Sichuan and Chengdu-Chongqing.

1960 In February, the Guizhou Provincial Party Committee officially named the Qin Opera as Guizhou Opera, and established Guizhou Guizhou Guizhou Guizhou Opera Performance Group. In the fifth year of the same year, Zhou * * watched The Selected Songs of Zhuo Wenjun and The West Chamber performed by the troupe during his inspection tour in Guizhou. In June of the same year, the troupe went to Beijing to perform Qin Niang Mei, Zhang Xiumei, Red Flag Canteen, Female Miners Row, Moving Kiln, Copying Red with Ritual and Burying Flowers.

During the period of 1960, Guizhou Guizhou Opera Troupe, Zunyi Guizhou Opera Troupe and Bijie Guizhou Opera Troupe jointly rehearsed excellent repertoires of other operas, such as Half Scissors, After Reunion, Pearl Tower and Double Jade Cicada, and created and performed modern plays such as Mountains are high and water is long, and People handle cases. In September, 1965, The Mountain is High by Guizhou Guizhou Guizhou Opera Troupe, Kao Yao Nv by Zunyi Guizhou Opera Troupe, Checking the Gate and Unlocking by Bijie Guizhou Opera Troupe all went to Chengdu to participate in the southwest local drama performances.

From its birth to the end of 1980, for more than 20 years, Guizhou opera has been created, adapted, transplanted and staged a large number of plays. Among them, Qin Niang Mei, an excellent traditional repertoire of Dong people's big songs, was adapted and made into a stage art film on 1960. The Yi historical drama Lady She Township has reached a new level in terms of choreography, performance, music and dance beauty.

Drama 1979 went to Beijing to participate in the 30th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and won the first prize of creation and performance awarded by the Ministry of Culture. He was awarded the first prize of China traditional drama creation and performance by the Central Ministry of Culture. There is also the Miao historical drama Zhang Xiumei, and other modern dramas, such as The Mountain is High and the Water is Long, Blood on the Felt, Examining Women, and Passing the Customs. Traditional plays such as Moving Kiln, Pearl Tower and Three Difficult Grooms are deeply loved by the audience.

Artistic features:

Guizhou opera music is gradually developed on the basis of Guizhou dulcimer rap music by constantly reforming and learning from other local operas and folk music in Guizhou.

Guizhou Opera is sung in Guizhou dialect, represented by Guiyang Mandarin and Qianxi Mandarin, belonging to the northern language family and southwest Mandarin, and each has its own distinct personality.

The basic vocals of Guizhou Opera all belong to the four-sentence-board variant, and the lyrics are mainly in seven words and ten words, and strict upper and lower sentences are formed according to the rule of occasional endings.

The aria of Guizhou Opera is composed of basic aria and other aria, forming a comprehensive system with plate-type changes as the main part and single melody as the supplement.

On the basis of seven commonly used vocals of Guizhou dulcimer, the basic vocals are classified and developed according to plate variants, forming a multi-system basic vocal pattern, including three types: Diao Yang, Erban and Erhuang.

Diao Yang Opera is developed and formed on the basis of Diao Yang, which is composed of three kinds of vocals: Diao Yang, Bitter and Anti-tune.

The two-plate cavity is developed on the basis of two plates and consists of two plates and a male plate.

Er Quan dialect includes three traditional plate-type vocals of Guizhou Opera: Er Quan, Er Quan Kuai and second-rate. On this basis, double-spring laminated plate, double-spring rocking plate, double-spring scattered plate, double-spring dry plate, double-spring inverted plate and double-spring grab plate have been developed.

Other vocals include: some minor parts of Guizhou dulcimer, new vocals created and developed in folk music and Guizhou opera vocal materials, chorus and backup vocals, and * * * three parts.

The connection of aria in Guizhou Opera is flexible and free, and its connection types are: the connection of basic aria, two-plate cavity and two-spring cavity; The connection between a basic aria and another basic aria, such as the connection between tuning cavity and double-reed cavity, and the connection between double-plate cavity and tuning cavity; The relationship between basic vocals and other vocals includes minor, new vocals and traditional vocals that are not classified as basic vocals; Basic singing and chorus, accompaniment and cohesion.

There are three sources of instrumental music in Guizhou Opera: First, it inherits the traditional music brand of Guizhou dulcimer [Eight Points], which can be divided into [Big Eight Points] and [Small Eight Points]; The second is to absorb the commonly used Guizhou Bangzi opera cards, such as "Xiao Men", "Wan Nianhuan" and "Liu Qinglian". Third, new music cards are written or created for the needs of specific situations.

Instrumental music can be divided into strings and suona. Strings, such as Liu Qinglian, Langtaosha and Wedding Music, are often used for welcoming guests, banquets and weddings. Suona songs, such as A gust of wind, Urgent Three Chambers, etc., are often used in fighting scenes.

Gaohu and dulcimer are the main accompaniment instruments of Guizhou Opera, and they form Wenyang with other orchestral music. According to the needs of this kind of drama, percussion instruments are composed of drums, boards (high-pitched), gongs, bowls, horses or small gongs, including hinges, bells, bass gongs, drums and timpani drums. The gongs and drums classics mainly absorbed the gongs and drums classics of Guizhou Bangzi Opera, and borrowed and adapted the gongs and drums classics of other operas, including chanting white gongs and drums, singing gongs and drums, and playing gongs and drums.

The costumes of Guizhou Opera are designed according to the plot and characters, combining the characteristics of local nationalities.