The impact of tourism on world culture

The relationship between culture and tourism is a hot issue of social concern, and analyzing the relationship between the two inevitably involves the question of the role of tourism on culture. Although the important role of tourism in the development and prosperity of culture has become a common understanding of society, there is a lack of systematic thinking and accurate expression of how tourism can promote the development and prosperity of culture.

Generally speaking, tourism is mainly an activity of urban and rural residents to go out and play based on satisfying their spiritual needs. From the cultural point of view, tourism mainly manifests itself as the aesthetic behavior of tourists towards natural and human resources, and is a cultural exchange between the subject of tourism and the object of tourism. It is worth noting that although tourism has strong cultural attributes, the nature of tourism is an economic industry that produces strong cultural benefits, it is not a cultural endeavor, nor does it belong to the category of cultural industry. The role of tourism in culture cannot be generalized. Since the meaning of culture varies from place to place, analyzing the role of tourism on culture requires clarifying the specific cultural category before proceeding.

I. Tourism has an irreplaceable role as a bridge to promote cultural exchange

The culture referred to by cultural exchange is generally broad culture, which is the sum of material and spiritual wealth created by human beings in social practical activities, that is, civilization. From the international scope, according to Huntington's criteria in The Clash of Civilizations and the Reconstruction of World Order, culture in a broad sense can be divided into Chinese culture, Japanese culture, Indian culture, Islamic culture, Orthodox culture, Western culture, Latin American culture, African culture and so on. In the domestic context, under the Chinese culture, subcultures such as the Central Plains culture, Ba Shu culture, Lingnan culture, and so on, can be subdivided. Both internationally and domestically, the promotion of cultural exchanges is an important way to promote mutual learning, mutual absorption and ****same development of different cultures. As one of the main channels of cultural exchange, tourism plays a unique and important role in this.

(1) This is a cultural exchange accompanied by large-scale tourism economic activities. Cultural exchanges have existed since civilization began to be born, but before the emergence of modern tourism cultural exchanges were relatively sporadic and not too closely linked to the economy. The development of tourism, however, has greatly expanded the scope of cultural exchanges through economic means, and in 2012, the number of global overnight travelers reached 1.035 billion, and the international tourism revenue reached 1.08 trillion U.S. dollars; while domestic tourism reached 2.96 billion and the domestic tourism revenue reached 2.27 trillion U.S. dollars in the same period. Of this, tourism for the purpose of cultural exchange accounted for a large proportion. It can be said that under the conditions of market economy, tourism has become an important channel for cultural exchange.

(2) It is a cultural exchange among the people. From the point of view of the main body of the exchange, it can be divided into cultural exchange at the official level and cultural exchange at the popular level. The official level of exchange occurs between the government, often through public **** financial expenditure to promote their own country or local culture. For example, our country sends cultural and artistic groups to perform abroad, and establishes "Confucius Institutes" in foreign countries, etc., all belong to this category. Folk-level exchanges are more spontaneous, with residents of different countries or regions visiting each other on the basis of cultural differences. Tourism exchanges belong to folk cultural exchanges, which complement official exchanges and promote the development of different cultures.

(3) It is a deeper and more lasting form of cultural exchange. The cultural exchanges promoted by tourism are not cultural exchanges between a few elites, but cultural exchanges in which nationals participate in an all-round way, and such cultural exchanges do not have predetermined themes or preconceived ideas, and they are exchanges between different cultural groups on an equal footing. More importantly, this kind of exchange is a face-to-face exchange, an interactive exchange between the residents of the source and the tourist destination. Therefore, the influence is greater and more permanent.

In short, the development of tourism promotes mutual collision and communication between cross-cultural groups, which is conducive to the promotion of cultural integration and development.

The tourism industry has a very prominent role as a platform for promoting cultural construction

The 18th National Congress of the CPC put forward the goal of "five-in-one" construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and if we look at it from the perspective of culture, the five constructions belong to the category of material and spiritual wealth, which is the content included in culture. The five constructions belong to the category of material and spiritual wealth, i.e. to the content of the greater culture. But when the economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction side by side, cultural construction generally refers to the development of science and technology education, strengthen the ideological and moral construction and other aspects of the content, the fundamental purpose is to form the whole society *** with the same spiritual pillar, for economic construction, political construction, social construction to provide ideological guarantee, spiritual impetus and intellectual support.

Economist Yu Guangyuan once said, "From the point of view of socio-cultural value, tourism has a very obvious educational significance, it can be a socialization factor, because it makes people personally understand the reality, it can cultivate a certain attitude to face the reality, it is also a kind of cultivation of feelings, and in many cases it is conducive to the intellect, science, technology, artistic and literary creativity."

It should be noted that the role of tourism in the construction of culture does not depend mainly on state input to realize, but through the market economy, mainly relying on tourists' own tourism consumption to achieve the goal of promoting cultural construction, the state to support the development of tourism, in fact, it can be used to a smaller cost, produced a greater cultural benefits. In this sense, tourism promotes cultural construction as well as economic construction. Among them, the role of tourism in cultural construction is highlighted in the following two aspects.

(1) Tourism has a unique role in forming and promoting socialist core values. Core values are the values recognized and followed by a society*** together. Promoting the formation of core values is important for the sustained and healthy development of a country. For example, in China's imperial era after the Han Dynasty, the ****tong values dominated by Confucianism had a profound impact on China's development. Because of this, the report of the 18th Party Congress puts forward that "the socialist core value system is the soul of a rising nation and determines the direction of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is necessary to carry out in-depth study and education on the socialist core value system, and use the socialist core value system to lead the social trend of thought and cohesion of social **** knowledge." It is worth noting that the formation of core values, in addition to education, also lies in the national through the reality of working life to sense, to confirm, to practice. Therefore it is necessary to promote the formation of socialist core values through more channels. Formation of core values in the form of tourism is not rigid, filler-type indoctrination, but through the flexible influence, natural penetration, spring breeze and rain type to help people in the tourism process to form **** the same core values. For example, after visiting the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland and places of interest, people will naturally transfer their love for the great mountains and rivers and the love of Chinese history and culture to the love of the country, and the patriotic values formed in this way tend to be more consolidated and long-lasting. Another example is that after participating in red tourism, tourists will naturally have a deeper understanding of the history of the revolution and construction of their forefathers, and the upward spiritual impetus thus formed is hard to be replaced by other educational methods.

(2) Tourism has a prominent role in improving national quality. National quality includes physical quality and cultural quality. Since ancient times in China, there has been the saying that "traveling thousands of miles and reading thousands of books". Tourism can broaden horizons and increase knowledge, and has a very positive effect on the physical and mental development of the nation. Especially for young people, more participation in tourism is conducive to their overall healthy growth. Many countries in the international community support young people to carry out study tours, which emphasize this outstanding function of tourism. In the future, China needs to better utilize the role of tourism in improving the quality of the nation and promoting cultural construction.

Third, tourism has an indispensable role in promoting the development of cultural undertakings

Cultural undertakings emphasize the public welfare of culture, public ****. Public **** culture needs the government to provide, so this culture is basically free, or charges very little, with preferential nature. Although cultural undertakings emphasize government input, the fundamental purpose of cultural undertakings is to enable more people to share in the fruits of cultural construction, and thus to realize the goals of cultural construction. Therefore, any approach that is conducive to the development of cultural undertakings can be adopted. This also means that the development of cultural undertakings does not mean that market content should be completely excluded. If the development of culture can be promoted by means of the market mechanism, it should also be fully utilized.

The "Decision of the Central Government on Deepening the Reform of the Cultural System and Promoting the Great Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture" mentions four major tasks in the development of cultural undertakings: to build a public *** cultural service system, to develop a modern communication system, to build a system for passing on excellent traditional culture, and to speed up the integration of urban and rural culture. And tourism has a different degree of positive effect on the development of these four aspects of cultural undertakings. Specifically manifested in:

(I) tourism expands the coverage of the public **** cultural service system. The construction of the public **** cultural service system belongs to the public **** financial investment. Since it is a public *** financial input, the more people enjoy the public *** cultural service system, the more efficient its cultural input and output will be. The state stipulates that public **** cultural service facilities such as cultural centers, museums, libraries, art museums, science and technology museums, memorial halls, workers' cultural palaces, youth palaces, and demonstration bases for patriotism education shall gradually open their services to the public free of charge. Generally speaking, the main body of public *** cultural facilities and their enjoyment tends to be the residents where the facilities are located. Through tourism, more foreign tourists can be guided to enjoy local museums, art galleries, memorials and other public **** cultural facilities, which is conducive to improving cultural benefits.

(ii) Tourism is a unique modern communication channel. The construction of a modern communication system is of great significance to cultural endeavors. According to the general point of view, the traditional media include the first media newspapers and publications, the second media radio, the third media television, modern media include the fourth media Internet and the fifth media represented by digital magazines, digital newspapers, digital radio, cell phone text messaging, mobile TV, web blogs, desktop windows and so on. From the perspective of communication, media is the platform for information dissemination, in which the coverage of information, the degree of information being accepted, and the speed of information dissemination are all important criteria for measuring the efficiency of media dissemination. Tourism, as an economic activity, also plays the role of information dissemination media to a large extent, in this sense, tourism can be regarded as the "sixth media". The difference between tourism and the other five media lies in the fact that, although the speed of information dissemination is relatively slow, the coverage of information dissemination in tourism destinations is very large, and the dissemination of information in tourism destinations is also a long-lasting process, in which tourists can perceive and digest the information in a more in-depth manner. At the same time, tourism as a new communication media, it is the active choice of tourists on the information of tourism destinations, with very distinctive interactive information dissemination characteristics, unlike other media just by one party passively accepting information. At present, society generally ignores the unique role played by tourism in the modern communication system, and more attention needs to be paid to this issue in the future.

(3) Tourism promotes the protection and inheritance of traditional culture. At present, there is a lot of controversy over the issue of tourism promoting the protection and inheritance of traditional culture. Especially in some areas in the blind development of tourism in the negative impact on traditional culture, triggered widespread concern in society, and even the tourism industry as the destruction of traditional culture "culprit". Analyzing this situation requires answers to several questions.

First, whether the development of tourism will inevitably destroy traditional culture. Although some unscientific tourism development behavior does cause damage to traditional culture, but in fact the biggest impact on traditional culture is industrialization and urbanization. Compared with the mutual opposition between industrialization and urbanization and traditional culture, there is no essential conflict between traditional culture and tourism. More importantly, traditional culture is an important object of tourism development, the destruction of traditional culture is actually the destruction of tourism itself, so the tourism industry from the development itself, the protection of traditional culture as an important element in the development of the inevitable. In addition, the differentiated development is the basic law of tourism development, each place only more to retain the traditional multi-cultural, heterogeneous culture, tourism can better attract tourists, in this sense, the tourism industry has the protection of traditional culture intrinsic motivation.

Secondly, what is the mechanism of developing tourism for cultural protection and inheritance. Different from relying on state investment for protection and inheritance, the protection and inheritance of traditional culture by the tourism industry is realized under the conditions of market economy and based on the mechanism of interests. In this process, the tourism industry transmits the mechanism of interests to the inheritors of traditional culture, prompting them to protect and inherit the culture through economic motivation. The protection of traditional culture by the tourism industry is not a static protection that closes it up, but a dynamic protection realized through cultural exchanges and interactions, which is a protection based on the perspective of development, and in fact is a protection that advances with the times. For example, before the development of tourism, the Pingyao Old Town in Shanxi Province had been regarded as a burden to the local government, which was eager to tear it down. With the rapid rise of tourism, the local government and local residents realized that Pingyao Old Town was an excellent tourist resource, and thus consciously strengthened their motivation to protect it. Another example is Deng Minwen, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, who, in his study of the Dong Da Song, specifically mentioned that "if the Dong Da Song fails to keep up with the times, it will be a dead end. The Song of the Dong must go from Dong villages into schools, into county, state, provincial and even domestic and foreign metropolises. Of course, in the process of urbanization, the great song of the Dong nationality must not abandon its inherent basis for survival - the village of the Dong nationality. Without this foundation, the Great Song of the Dong will also die without a burial place." From the perspective of tourism, to better protect and pass on the Dong songs, in addition to "going out", but also "bring in", that is, through the tourism industry to form a benign feedback mechanism, so that the residents of the Dong villages to stay in the Dong can also be performed to tourists and other ways to show the Dong songs to the public. Tourists perform to show the charm of the Dong songs, and this also to a certain extent to avoid the village "hollowing out", so that the Dong songs "go out" can also realize the cultural development of the original residence.

Third, how to look at the development of tourism in the process of destruction of traditional culture. Tourism in the process of development, there is indeed because of improper planning, development and operation of the traditional culture caused by the destruction of the situation. The reason for this situation is due to the development of tourism in the process of interest transfer mechanism is too strong, but also the lack of balance and constraints on the mechanism, thus appearing excessive commercialization of tourism venues, cultural heritage to cater to tourists will be cultural vulgar superficiality and other behavior. To solve this problem, the key lies in finding a balance between tourism development and traditional culture protection. On the one hand, through the model guide, encourage tourism investors and operators in the protection and utilization of traditional culture to achieve sustainable development of tourism; on the one hand, increase the development of tourism to deal with the destruction of traditional culture, the establishment and improvement of the corrective mechanism, to maximize the protection of traditional culture.

In short, everything has advantages and disadvantages, and the role of tourism on traditional culture should be treated mainly by affirming its positive value, while avoiding the destruction of traditional culture in the development of tourism, in order to better play the positive role of tourism in the protection and utilization of traditional culture.

(4) Tourism can promote the development of rural culture. The key to the construction of urban and rural cultural integration is to make up for the "short board" of rural cultural undertakings. The development of rural cultural undertakings, its landing point is to improve the cultural level of farmers. Over the years, the State has also been strengthening public **** cultural services in rural areas through rural cultural stations and farm houses. But in addition to this, it is also necessary to pay attention to the role of tourism in the development of rural cultural endeavors. This is more clearly reflected in many places where rural tourism is developing more rapidly. For example, some rural tourism operators through the reception of urban tourists, on different degrees to improve their own cultural quality and service consciousness.

Four, tourism has a very important catalytic role in the development of cultural industries

Analysis of the role of tourism on the cultural industries, first of all, we need to make a distinction between tourism and cultural industries. Tourism is a collection of industries that provide goods and services for tourism activities such as eating, living, traveling, purchasing and entertainment, etc. Cultural industry is a collection of production activities that provide cultural products and culture-related products for the public. Although both are a collection of industries, tourism is actually an industry measured from the perspective of consumer demand, while cultural industry is an industry measured from the perspective of consumer supply. There is some crossover between the two as they each measure industries from the demand side and the supply side. However, tourism and cultural industry are independent of each other and are not exactly the same industry.

From the statistical point of view, according to the Classification of Culture and Its Related Industries of the National Bureau of Statistics, there are some intersections between the cultural industry and the tourism industry: Firstly, in the cultural and artistic services category of the cultural industry, some of the cultural and artistic performance services, cultural relics preservation services, cultural heritage preservation services, museums and so on are for tourists, which corresponds to the " tour" and "tourism" in the tourism industry. Tourism" and "Entertainment" in the tourism industry. Secondly, in the cultural, leisure and entertainment services of the cultural industry, most of the park management, scenic spot management, indoor recreational activities, amusement park activities, etc. are oriented to tourists, corresponding to the "tour" and "entertainment" segments of the tourism industry. Thirdly, in the production of arts and crafts, if the manufacture and sale of arts and crafts are oriented to tourists, they correspond to the "shopping" part of the tourism industry, but this part does not account for a high proportion in tourism shopping. On the whole, the cultural industry and tourism industry do not intersect too much. According to the data of the 2010 Urban Residents' Domestic Tourism Sample Survey, the proportion of tourism, shopping and entertainment accounted for about one-third of the total tourism consumption, while only about one-third of it belonged to the cultural industry. Therefore, it is roughly estimated that the overlap and intersection of the tourism industry and the cultural industry is only about 10%. In addition, in 2010, the added value of the cultural industry accounted for 2.75% of GDP; in 2004, the added value of the tourism industry accounted for 4.05% of GDP, and the share of the tourism industry was larger than that of the cultural industry.

Specifically, the role of tourism on the cultural industry is broadly reflected in the following four aspects:

(1) Tourism promotes the use of part of the cultural resources for tourism, so that they are transformed into cultural tourism products. From the perspective of tourism, cultural resources are important resources for tourism development. But from the perspective of the cultural industry, many cultural resources, if not with the help of the tourism market as a channel, can only be "kept in the bosom of the people do not know", can not become available for consumption of products. For example, in the past, many tangible cultural resources, such as ancient villages and towns, were only places where local residents lived before the development of tourism. However, through tourism, such resources were quickly marketed and became an important part of the cultural tourism industry. Similarly, many intangible cultural heritages, too, have realized their economic value in the process of tourism development.

(2) Tourism extends the sales market of existing cultural products, and thus expands the scale of cultural industries. The most typical example is handicrafts. When there was no tourism, many handicrafts were mostly exchanged in small-scale markets within the region. For example, embroidered handicrafts of the Miao people were mainly sold in market towns. With the development of tourism, a large number of tourists have replaced local residents as the main sales target for these handicrafts. Like Xinhua Village in Heqing, Dali, Yunnan Province, sales of silverware products to tourists bring in more than 100 million yuan a year.

(3) The development of tourism has given rise to a number of brand-new, tourist-oriented cultural products and services, enriching the content of the cultural industry. The most prominent phenomenon in this regard is the rise of tourist performing arts. In recent years, many performing arts projects developed directly for the tourism market have been successful. For example, the "Impression of Liu Sanjie", a live-action show launched in the early days based on the landscape of Yangshuo, is still sought after by a large number of tourists. And like Zhangjiajie's "Tianmen Fox Fairy", Chengde's "Kangxi Ceremony" and so on is also from the rich foreign tourists night activities to develop a new type of cultural and artistic performances. These performances increase tourism consumption at the same time, in fact, has become a new hot spot for cultural consumption.

(4) The tourism industry has promoted the transformation of some cultural institutions into business entities in the cultural industry, providing a new path for the transformation of the development mode of cultural institutions. According to the requirements of the central government, deepening the reform of state-owned cultural units is the first task of accelerating the construction of institutional mechanisms conducive to the development of cultural prosperity. In particular, it is proposed to "promote the implementation of entrepreneurial management of cultural and artistic institutions and other institutions representing national characteristics and national standards, and enhance the ability to provide services to the market and the masses." The most important thing is to have enough market space for the conversion of business into industry. The larger the market, the easier its conversion. For many literary and art troupes and other institutions, one way to face the market is to perform locally and another is to go abroad. However, except for a few outstanding programs that have a large market for out-of-town performances, most performances are mainly based on local performances. But local performances are most likely to face the problem of insufficient spending power of local residents, which is more obvious in some small and medium-sized cities, so it is necessary to rely heavily on the consumption of foreign tourists in order to ensure that its sufficient market capacity. In this sense, how the development of tourism and local cultural and artistic theater enterprises to better combine the restructuring of the long-term development of these cultural and artistic troupes is of great significance.