What is the official definition of speculative philosophy? It is better to have examples.

Cultivation of Dialectical Thinking Dialectical thinking can not only become a sharp ideological weapon to achieve creative breakthrough like horizontal thinking and vertical thinking, but also play an important guiding role in the whole process of creative thinking. As mentioned above, dialectical thinking (that is, dialectical logical thinking) is to consciously use materialist dialectics to observe and analyze things. In order to cultivate and develop students' dialectical thinking ability, we should pay attention to guiding and helping students solve the following two problems: 1. To cultivate dialectical thinking, we should establish three basic viewpoints. 1. Dialectics emphasized by dialectical thinking of materialist viewpoint is materialist dialectics (instead of Hegel's "idealist dialectics"), which is highly unified and inseparable from materialism. This is one of the remarkable features of Marxist philosophy [12]. To establish a materialistic view means to respect objective facts, proceed from reality, pay attention to investigation and study, and collect as full facts and materials as possible in view of the problems faced. Draw conclusions from facts, and avoid preconceptions and subjective bias. 2. The viewpoint of unity of opposites should be divided into two parts to see the problem, not only the opposition between things, but also the unity between things and different things. We should not only see the unfavorable factors from the favorable factors, but also see the favorable factors from the unfavorable factors. In short, it is a two-point theory, not a one-point theory. Lenin once clearly pointed out [77]: "The unity of things is divided into two parts and the understanding of its contradictory parts ... is the essence of dialectics." And said that "dialectical method can be simply defined as the theory of unity of opposites." This captures the core of dialectics. " It can be seen that, as Li Xiulin and other scholars have said [12], this is because materialist dialectics is a theory about universal connection and eternal development, while the law of unity of opposites reveals the most universal and essential connection of things, that is, the connection between different contradictory parties, and reveals that the internal contradictions of things are the source and motive force of things' development. This fundamentally clarifies the essence of universal connection and eternal development of the objective world. This is the focus of the struggle between materialist dialectics and metaphysics and the fundamental difference between them. Since the law of unity of opposites reveals the deepest essence of connection and development, it should of course run through other laws and categories of dialectics. In fact, other laws and categories of materialist dialectics only reveal the unity of opposites from different aspects. For example, the law of mutual change of quality reveals the unity of opposites between quality and quantity, qualitative change and quantitative change. The law of negation of negation reveals the unity of opposites between affirmation and negation, inheritance and development, recovery and progress. All categories of dialectics are essentially unity of opposites. Therefore, the law of unity of opposites inherently links other laws and categories of materialist dialectics into an organic unified system. In the process of cultivating students' dialectical thinking, we must firmly grasp the core viewpoint of "unity of opposites". 3. The viewpoint of connection and development. Everything in the universe is universally connected and develops forever. (1) The viewpoint of "connection" should grasp the following points [12]: ① It should be noted that the overall relationship between "whole" and "part" is composed of parts, and it cannot be done without understanding the parts. It is absolutely necessary to extract individual things from universal connections and conduct separate and separate research. However, when materialist dialectics emphasizes the study of individual things or parts, it requires to see the relationship between it and the whole and other parts of the whole. If you cut off the connection, you can't see the simplest thing clearly. Aside from the whole, we can't figure out the parts that make it up. ② Pay attention to "conditions". Everything is in universal connection, but any specific connection depends on certain conditions. With the change of conditions, the nature and way of the connection between things and their internal factors will also change, which is the condition of connection. The conditions are specific. There are various conditions: necessary and unnecessary conditions, decisive and undecided conditions, favorable and unfavorable conditions, subjective and objective conditions and so on. A concrete and comprehensive analysis of various situations is the premise for us to understand the nature of the relationship between things and solve various contradictions, which is of decisive significance for doing all the work well. Everything depends on time, place and conditions. Without conditions, nothing can exist or be understood. In this sense, the universal connection theory of materialist dialectics is also a conditional theory. ③ Pay attention to "intermediary". To understand how everything is related to other things, we must understand the concept of "intermediary". Intermediary refers to the intermediate connection between two things, no matter how different things are, they can communicate through the intermediate connection. As Lenin said [77]: "Everything ... is connected into a whole through an intermediary. Through a transitional connection. " Everything is a link in the cosmic connection, so everything can be the intermediary of other things, and everything and other things are integrated through the intermediary. The only difference is that there may be more intermediary connections between two things (called "multiple intermediaries") or less. When two things are not connected through an intermediary, it is called "direct connection". When two things are related to each other through an intermediary or multiple intermediaries, it is called "indirect contact". Establishing the concept of "connection" is of great guiding significance for how to carry out scientific exploration. The so-called scientific discovery is actually to reveal the internal relations between things that have not yet been recognized by people. The periodic law of elements reveals the relationship between chemical properties of elements and atomic number, and the law of electromagnetic induction reveals the relationship between electricity and magnetism. The law of universal gravitation reveals the connection between two moving objects ... The "conditionality" of the connection points out the direction for us to analyze contradictions and explore the internal connection law between things. The "intermediary" of connection shows the complexity of the interconnection between things, which just provides the philosophical basis for the "complexity theory" mentioned in the fifth section of chapter 4. The "multiple mediations" mentioned here are equivalent to the "multiple composite functions" mentioned earlier, and the "multiplicity" of function composition is the "multiplicity" of mediations (that is, the "vertical complexity representation value m" mentioned earlier). This shows that the theory of "horizontal and vertical thinking", which is specially used to solve horizontal and vertical complexity problems, has not only psychological basis, but also philosophical basis. (2) The viewpoint of "development" should be grasped from three aspects [12]: ① The development and changes of things are multi-directional rather than one-way, that is, they are manifested in three directions: first, horizontal movement, that is, they are at the same level. The second is downward movement, that is, from advanced form to low form, from order to disorder, such as the decomposition of compounds and organisms, the death of life, and the transformation from mechanical, optical, electromagnetic, chemical and life movement to thermal movement form; The third is upward movement, that is, from low to high, from disorder to order. (2) the general trend of things. Because metabolism is a universal and eternal law in the universe, we must admit that the basic direction of things (that is, the general trend) is moving forward and upward, but this does not mean that there is no retrogression, decline and twists and turns. Generally speaking, the trend of forward or upward movement is greater than that of backward and downward movement. However, any forward and upward movement is bound to be accompanied by a backward and downward process. Just as any evolution involves degeneration, local movement backward and downward is a necessary condition for overall movement forward and upward. The development of new things can't be defeated by any new things, and it always goes through a process from small to large, from imperfect to perfect. New things are always weak when they first appear, and it is inevitable that they will have such defects. Old things are often more powerful. Because of the conflict of interests between old and new things, the growth of new things will inevitably go through a tortuous process. However, the new things are invincible, and the new things that appear weak for a while, no matter how many difficulties and setbacks they experience, will eventually overcome the old things that seem powerful. To establish a "development view" is to correctly treat the difficulties, setbacks and even failures in scientific exploration. Always strengthen confidence and strive for victory as a powerful spiritual pillar. Any scientific exploration is a new thing, and its growth process will inevitably encounter the rejection and suppression of old forces and old ideas, and will inevitably be accompanied by the movement of retreat and decline. But new things are invincible after all. To establish a "development view" is to establish confidence in new things, that is, to love, support and cultivate all new things. The difference between old and new things can not only be based on the time of appearance, nor can it only be based on whether the form is unconventional or not, but on who can truly conform to the inevitable trend of historical development. Second, dialectical thinking should run through the whole process of creative thinking. Because dialectical thinking provides ideas and strategies for creative thinking activities from a philosophical perspective, it is not only of vital significance in the key breakthrough of creative thinking activities. But also plays a guiding role in the whole creative thinking process. For example, in the primary stage of creative thinking, as mentioned above, divergent thinking should play a goal-oriented role in order to solve the directional problem of thinking. Divergent thinking can lead the basic thinking process in the right direction, which depends on three guiding principles: seeking differences from the same, seeking differences in the middle and radiating in many directions. It is not difficult to see that each of these three guiding principles shines with the brilliance of the thought of unity of opposites (it is also two sides of contradiction, and the relationship between "multi-directional radiation" and "one-way convergence" of concentrated thinking forms the unity of opposites), which is the concrete embodiment of dialectical thinking. Therefore, divergent thinking can actually be regarded as another manifestation of dialectical thinking in the primary stage of creative thinking. Essentially equivalent to dialectical thinking. However, since the purpose of thinking is to generally reflect the essential attributes of things or the internal relations between things (that is, the spatial structure relationship between things), there is a problem of how to reflect this more effectively. As we all know, materialist dialectics, as the cosmology and methodology of Marxist philosophy, is the fundamental guarantee to make human thinking comprehensive, profound and insightful. Therefore, in the whole process of thinking, only with the guidance of materialist dialectical view, the basic thinking form of human beings (no matter which form) can most effectively meet the requirements of the above thinking purposes. In short, we should put dialectical thinking in the whole creative thinking process, so as to make our thinking content and results more comprehensive, deeper and more insightful, and it is also possible to truly achieve creative breakthroughs.