What is the traditional folk custom of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau?

Tibetans, each ethnic group has its own unique culture and living habits. Tibetans are an ancient and enthusiastic people. In the long history, they also formed their own living habits and taboos. 1. When two friends meet after a long separation, greet each other or chat, you can't put your hand on each other's shoulder. 2. You can't step on or step on other people's clothes, and you can't put your own clothes on other people's clothes, let alone cross people. 3. Women should not hang up their clothes, especially the pants and underwear that people pass by. Don't whistle or cry loudly in the house. 5. The family is not at home, the guests have just left, noon and sunset, and on the first day of the Tibetan New Year, you can't sweep the floor or take out the garbage. 6, outsiders can't mention the name of the deceased in front of the relatives of the deceased. 7. What should be done this year can't be done next year, such as knitting wool, sweaters and carpets. 8. At dusk, you can't just go to other people's homes, especially pregnant women who have given birth and women who have just given birth or seriously ill patients. Strangers can't go. 9. After noon, you can't take out any belongings at home. 10, a stranger who has never been to mountains and cliffs and canyons, can't talk loudly. 1 1, tableware, pots, plates, etc. Can not be crossed or trampled. 12. Two people at home go out at the same time and go in the opposite direction. They can't go out at the same time. They must go out before and after, and the time to go out should be separated. 13, women can't comb their hair and wash their hair at night and can't go out with their hair covered. 14. When using brooms and dustpans, you can't pass them directly by hand. You must put them on the ground first, and then another person will pick them up from the ground. 15. Whenever relatives and friends visit your home or visit you, they will send you some butter tea or highland barley wine as a gift. Guests can't leave everything empty when they leave. Be sure to leave some in it or change something for themselves. 16, chipped or cracked bowls can't be used for eating or pouring tea for guests. There are also Tibetan customs and habits: Tibetans should not only soak their hands in wine three times when welcoming guests, but also catch some highland barley in the grain barrel and throw it into the air three times. At the banquet, the host took a sip of his glass and then gulped it down. After the host finishes the first glass of wine, everyone can enjoy it. When drinking tea, guests must wait for the host to bring the tea to them before reaching for it, otherwise it will be considered impolite. Pay attention to eating when you are full, don't chew aloud, don't drink aloud, and don't be picky about food. When entertaining guests with mutton, a piece of meat with a tail at the lower part of the sheep's spine is the most expensive, so it should be given to the most respected guests. When making, leave a lock of white hair on the tail meat to show good luck.

Offering Hada is the highest etiquette for Tibetan guests, expressing warm welcome and sincere respect to the guests. Hada is Tibetan, that is, scarf or silk scarf. Mainly white, but also light blue or light yellow, generally about 1.5 meters to 2 meters long and about 20 centimeters wide. The best is the colorful Hada in blue, yellow, white, green and red. Multicolored hada is used for the highest and most solemn ceremonies, such as Buddhism.

2. Clothing: Tibetan clothes are mainly traditional Tibetan clothes, characterized by long sleeves, wide waist and big breasts. Women wear long-sleeved robes in winter and sleeveless robes in summer, with shirts of various colors and patterns inside and an apron with colorful patterns in front of their waist. Tibetan compatriots especially like Hada and regard it as the most precious gift. Hada is a snow-white fabric, generally about 20 to 30 centimeters wide and about 1 to 2 meters long. It is made of yarn or silk. Whenever there are festive events, or guests coming from afar, or visiting elders, or traveling far away, Hada should be presented as a sign of respect.

3. Eating habits: Most Tibetans eat three meals a day, but when they are busy with agriculture or have a strong labor intensity, they have the habit of eating four, five or six meals a day. Most Tibetans take Ciba as their staple food, that is, stir-frying highland barley and grinding it into fine powder. Especially in pastoral areas, other foods are rarely eaten except Ciba. When eating Ciba, mix it with strong tea or milk tea, ghee, milk residue and sugar. Ciba is easy to store, carry and eat. In Tibetan areas, people with sheepskin Ciba pockets can be seen at any time, and they can eat when they are hungry. In the past, Tibetans seldom ate vegetables, and the non-staple food was mainly beef and mutton, followed by pork. Tibetans pay attention to freshness when eating beef and mutton. People don't use chopsticks when eating meat, but put large pieces of meat on a plate and cut them with a knife. The blood of cattle and sheep is added with chopped beef and mutton, and poured into the small intestine of cattle and sheep to make blood sausage. Meat is usually stored by air drying. Generally, beef and mutton slaughtered after winter can't be eaten for a while, so it is cut into pieces and hung in a ventilated place to dry. Making air-dried meat in winter can not only prevent corrosion, but also freeze the blood in the meat and keep the fresh color and taste of air-dried meat. The most common is butter extracted from cattle and goat milk. In addition to butter used in diet, it is also widely used to make butter tea. Yogurt, cheese, milk bumps and milk residue are also commonly used dairy products, and Tibetans generally like to drink highland barley wine. Especially on festivals or festive days. Tibetan cooking stoves are self-contained. In Tibetan areas, every family has butter tea cones and milk tea pots. Tibetans in most areas use dried cow dung as fuel and iron pans as stoves.

Yunnan Tibetan tea sets, wine sets and tableware are all made of copper. Tibetans in other areas like to use wooden bowls and paint them with red, yellow and orange pigments. The more exquisite thing is to wrap silver in a bowl. Tibetans in pastoral areas should carry a refined Tibetan knife with them, which is mainly used for cutting food, slaughtering sheep, peeling and cutting curtains. Tibetan Dao has a long history and exquisite craftsmanship. Typical food: In addition to Ciba, highland barley wine and butter tea, there are many typical Tibetan foods, such as Zuma rice and traditional Tibetan banquet food, which are all cooked with Zuma, rice and butter. Blood sausage is a traditional Tibetan dish, which is made of cow (sheep) blood as the main raw material. Cheese is a traditional Tibetan dish, made of fermented milk and goat's milk.

4. Festival: Tibetans generally believe in Tibetan Buddhism, that is, Lamaism. Many traditional festivals in the past were related to religious activities. The Tibetan calendar is a combination of yin and yang, and the "five elements" (referring to wood, fire, earth, gold and water) cooperate with yin and yang. Every 60 years, the year of Yin Huo Rabbit (Ding Mao) is the first year, and there are buildings of different sizes in each month, which is generally three years. Tibetan New Year is the most important festival. On the 15th day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar, local people have the custom of watching butter sculpture lanterns. On April 15, people held celebrations to commemorate the birthday of the Buddha and the auspicious day for Princess Tang Wencheng to enter Tibet. Tibetan festivals include Sagadawa Festival, Xuedun Festival, Lantern Festival and Fruit Festival. The first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar every year. In the Tibetan calendar year, the preparation and purchase of new year's goods generally began in December of the Tibetan calendar, and every household had to fry fruit with shortcakes. Clean up on New Year's Eve, and draw a symbol of eternity on the gate with lime powder to express congratulations and good luck. Every Tibetan in Yunnan eats dough (similar to jiaozi) for dinner on New Year's Eve. There are stones, peppers, charcoal and wool in the dough. There are different versions of everything. For example, eating dough wrapped in stones shows that he is hard-hearted in the new year. People who eat dough wrapped in wool show that they are soft-hearted. On the fifteenth day of the first month, most Tibetan areas will hold religious activities. "Snow Festival" is July 1 day of the Tibetan calendar every year, and its original meaning is "yogurt feast". At that time, every household would make a lot of yogurt to eat, and later they would add Tibetan opera. Many people take butter containers, teapots, thermos bottles and food to beautiful places to drink tea and drink at the Snow Festival. Before the autumn harvest every year, the "Fruit Watching Festival" invites banquets and picnics to welcome the autumn harvest. There are also traditional festivals such as "Bathing Festival" and "Winter Festival".

These are Tibetans.

Barrow people have lived in plateaus and canyons for a long time, and their costumes also show their bold and unrestrained character. Making full use of wild plant fibers and animal skins as raw materials is a prominent feature of Barrow's clothing. In the past, a grass skirt called "chicken stick" was popular in Barrow ethnic areas, which was made of straw in chicken claw ditch. Nowadays, women wear homespun skirts and are used to wearing a grass skirt outside to protect the cloth skirt. Barrow women like to wear linen double-breasted collarless narrow-sleeved tops, covered with calf leather, wrapped in a knee-length tight skirt, wrapped in leg wraps and tied at both ends with straps. They attach great importance to wearing decorations, besides silver and copper bracelets and rings, there are dozens of circles of blue and white pearl necklaces, and many shells are strung on their waist clothes. The ornaments on Barrow women weigh several kilograms, which can fill a small bamboo basket. These decorations are the exchange income of each family for many years and the symbol of family wealth. During festivals, women dress up and look beautiful to each other. Men's wear fully shows the characteristics of hunting life in mountainous areas. Most of them wear black shawls made of wool, which reach their bellies. Stick a piece of wild cowhide on your back and tie it to your shoulder with a thong. Wearing a Tibetan robe inside. The hats of Bogar men are even more unique. They are pressed into a circle with bearskin, similar to a helmet with edges. There is a fur bear skin ring above the brim, and bear hair is hung around it. There is also a square bearskin on the back of the hat. This bear fur hat is very tough and can confuse prey when hunting. Men usually go out with a bow and arrow on their backs, a big knife on their shoulders, and other shiny decorations on their tall bodies, which makes them look particularly mighty and handsome. Barrow men and women like to wear an elegant belt, made of rattan, leather and wool, and woven with various color patterns. The belt is not only used to tie dresses, but also used to hang knives, knives and other bronze shells. Wearing a long knife is a hobby of Barrow men. It is not only used as an ornament to show masculinity, but also driven by natural conditions and becomes a basic tool and an important weapon in daily life. It is not only used to prevent the attack of wild animals and poisonous insects, but also used to cut bamboo and wood, build rattan bridges, build houses, and even cut hair and hides ... Besides long knives, bows and arrows are the main tools for hunting. Barrow people have a high skill in making bows and arrows, and they are also skilled in using bows and arrows. Barrow people have practiced archery since childhood. I am very particular about bending bamboo bows and cutting arrow shafts. To make bows, we should not only choose bamboo species and bamboo age, but also have fixed specifications for the length and thickness of bows. The material selection and manufacturing process of shaft, arrow and arrow feather are also very fine. It takes about 20 days to make a good bow and arrow. Barrow is a hospitable people, and its guests are warm and polite. When guests enter the door, they are always allowed to sit on the table by the fireplace, and then take out their favorite dried meat, milk residue, wheat cake and butter tea to entertain the guests. Barrow people have an ancient custom of entertaining guests, that is, when the host provides food to the guests, the guests must finish it and the host will be happy. Before the guests eat, the host should take a sip of wine and a bite of rice to show that the wine and rice are non-toxic and sincere to the guests. When guests come to the village, if there is a wedding, they will go to the host's house with the villagers to congratulate, drink and sing. Lopa people regard it as an honor to keep their guests and please them. If you are not enthusiastic about the guests, or make them leave angrily, you will be condemned by public opinion and looked down upon. Father-son joint system: that is, the names of the male members of the clan are connected with the names of their fathers, and the names of their fathers are connected with the names of their grandfathers. Everyone's name consists of two parts, the first letter is the father's name, and the suffix is the child's name, which is strictly distinguished and connected from generation to generation to form a pedigree. This father-son naming system can remember or name the ancestral names of five to ten generations of men in the Yi 'er tribe. Know who is closest to the family. In the arrangement of father and son's joint name, it is just that the daughter is married outside the clan, so it does not occupy a major position in the genealogy, and the family inheritance is completely continued by the paternal line and becomes the basic cell of society. Some tribes drink blood wine when they curse. Baurgard people celebrate the slaughter after the autumn harvest every year, and pour the cow blood in butter to drink. They think that the bone marrow of bison is the most delicious when it is sucked from raw food. Some Barrow people often chop roe deer meat into meat paste, and mix with pepper and Jiang Mo as ingredients. Barbecue is the most common way for Barrow people to process food. Whether it is plant food or animal food, you can barbecue. Put the whole fish in a fire pit, bury it with hot ash, and stew it in a short time to eat. Catch large animals on the mountain, not only roast them, but also cut them into pieces and keep them for a long time after roasting. Except for a few Barrow people scattered in Medog and Milin who spend the Tibetan New Year with Tibetans, Barrow people everywhere have their own festivals. Loba's Lunar New Year is based on the national calendar. Although the festival time is different, it is after a year's work. The Barrow people who call themselves "Patani" have a festival called "Morang". The festival date is chosen by wizards in December or the first month of the lunar calendar, and the popular area is Xiba Summer Opera in Luo Yu, Tibet. At that time, the boys and girls in the village lined up in a row, dressed in costumes, and cruised to the neighboring village under the guidance of the wizard. When passing through the fields, wizards scatter rice grains, teenagers beat copper plates with long knives, and an old man at the end of the team scatters rice noodles along the way. When passing through the land to be sown, young people with bamboo male genitals dance in the field. Every time I go to the village square, I sing and dance, and the people in the village prepare wine and entertain me warmly. The parade will travel all the tribes. This festival is intended to wish a bumper harvest. Because people think that the reproduction of crops is the same as human fertility, they dance reproductive dance in the field.

The above is Barrow nationality.

Menba is one of the ethnic groups with a long history and culture in China, mainly distributed in Xizang Autonomous Region's Menjiao, Medog, Shangluo, Chongqing and its adjacent northeast marginal areas. Menba people have their own language-Menba, but they don't have their own characters, and they often use Tibetan. Menba people mainly believe in Bonism (a primitive witchcraft) and Lamaism. The Menba nationality has rich folk literature, beautiful folk songs and a long history, among which "Sama" wine songs and "Xialu" love songs are the most unrestrained and moving. Menba people are mainly engaged in agriculture, rice farming, animal husbandry and hunting, and are good at weaving bamboo and rattan and making various wooden bowls. Menba and Tibetans have lived together for a long time and intermarried with each other, which is closely related in politics, economy, cultural life, customs and habits.

marry

The marriage and love of Menba people are free, mostly monogamous, and the wedding ceremony is quite dramatic and interesting. On the wedding day, the bride dressed up in the morning and was escorted to her husband's house by her parents, brothers and sisters, uncles and aunts. Before the trip, the bride confessed to her parents, who raised me but left me. I'm really sorry. Brides usually give their daughters bracelets, rings, headdresses, belts and so on. As a dowry, I sometimes bring one or two tools for labor. On the other hand, the groom has asked the matchmaker to take some smart and eloquent people to wait for the wedding reception on the road. They took bamboo wine and invited the bride to drink it three times on the way. When I arrived at the groom's house, I went into the house and sat down, and served the guests with wine, meat and oil cakes. The bride's uncle is the most respected. He speaks for his father. At this time, he began to make trouble. Wine is difficult to brew, and the meat is uneven in thickness. He asked: Is my daughter ugly? ..... Every time he spoke, he banged his fist on the table and pretended to be flustered. So the groom's family accompanied the ceremony again and again, and quickly offered Hada, adding wine and vegetables until the bride's uncle nodded with satisfaction. In fact, this dramatic criticism is aimed at testing the sincerity of the man. Halfway through the wine, everyone sang and danced impromptu and had a good time, staying up all night. Weddings of wealthy families usually last for three or four days. This is also a good opportunity for boys and girls to communicate with each other and fall in love.

festival

There are two main kinds of Menba Festival, one is a religious festival and the other is New Year's Day. Religious festivals are mainly held in Quke Festival, Sagadawa Festival, Daba Dafa Association and Tawang Dafa Association, and the Menba New Year Festival is mainly held in the New Year.

Patrick's Day: held every June when the crops are ripe. During the festival, people gather together to hold a grand sacrificial ceremony. Then, under the leadership of Lama and Zaba, they read scriptures, held prayer flags, and wandered between villages and crops, praying for the blessing of the gods, the prosperity of the people and the bumper harvest of crops. People bring their own wine and rice and sing and dance in the fields. The whole activity lasts for 2-3 days.

Sagadawa Festival: According to legend, the year of birth and death of Tibetan Buddhism Sakyamuni is April 15 in the Tibetan calendar. In order to commemorate this day, all temples in Menba ethnic areas chanted prayers and held various religious activities. At that time, every household will give a certain amount of Ciba, ghee and highland barley wine to the temple. The Lama in the temple will make a "measure" of Ciba and share it with everyone. Everyone will toast each other and have dinner together. In the evening, every household will light butter lamps in front of and behind the house to celebrate, and take this day as a sign of entering the busy farming season. Starting today, people will

Daba Dafa Research Association: It is a patriarchal society of Medog Sect. The harvest year is held from 1 1 month to1February and lasts for 3- 18 days. It is not held in a poor harvest year. The main activities are chanting, jumping and performing religious dramas. People bring their own wine, meat and food, get together, drink and watch dance performances during the day, light bonfires in the wild at night, sing and dance, and celebrate festivals.

Tawang Dafa Society: It is held every year on 29th of Tibetan calendar 1 1 month for three days. During the festival, people not only watch the dance performance, the traditional drama "Zhuowasam" and yak dance, but also hold some self-entertainment activities, such as horse racing, tug-of-war and archery.

New Year: Tibetan New Year's Day is the most important festival of the Menba people, and the Menba language is called "Losa". The New Year of Cuonamenba people starts from 1 month 1 day in Tibetan calendar and ends on 1 month 15, which is basically no different from that of Tibetans, but the New Year of Memba people in Medog area is different. They have two New Years a year, one is January New Year, which starts from the Tibetan calendar 1 month 1 day and lasts for 2-3 years. The other is December New Year. December New Year is the most distinctive festival of Medog Menba. It starts from Tibetan calendar 1 February1day and lasts for 10- 15 days. Before the festival, every household should clean the house, slaughter cattle and sheep, set up rich dining tables and entertain guests. During the festival, people dressed in costumes, visited each other to celebrate, sang and danced, and drank and reveled. In addition, various recreational activities will be held, such as tug-of-war, wrestling, bouldering and archery.

funeral

The funeral of Menba nationality presents the characteristics of diversity and complexity. As far as funeral methods are concerned, there are burial, water burial, cremation, sky burial and cliff burial, as well as roof burial and house bottom burial. There is one burial, and there is also a compound burial of two or three burials. The funeral process is complicated and there are many activities. The complexity of Menba's funeral is also manifested in the fact that Menba people in different regions have different ideas on how to treat and choose funeral methods.

The choice of burial methods is different, but the treatment and ceremony of the remains before the funeral are basically the same: after death, the remains are tied with a rope or the belt of the deceased, the legs are bent or crouched, and the hands are crossed on the chest. The male deceased put his left hand on his chest, and the female deceased's right hand was his chest, which looked like a fetus. Set up coffins and offerings for the dead, and died for several days. During the mortuary, please ask the Lama to recite the scriptures, choose the burial method, burial time and burial place, and determine the direction for the corpse carrier and the corpse to leave the house.

Among all kinds of funerals, earth burial and water burial are the most common and adopted by the general public. Cremation, celestial burial and cliff burial are mostly used by rich people, chiefs and lamas. Roof burial and house burial are only applicable to minor children who died young.

taboo

The Medog Monba people believe that the 5th, 10, 15, 25th and 30th of each month are "mourning days". In these days, marriage can't be introduced, people are forbidden to work in the fields, firewood and fish are forbidden to go up mountains and rivers, and animals are not allowed to be killed. They can only do housework at home.

Hunters are not allowed to make wine at home for three days before going out hunting, and outsiders are not allowed to enter.

Family members can't sweep the floor on the same day when they travel or communicate, which violates the belief that people and animals can't live in peace and communicate poorly.

If someone at home is sick, stick a thorny branch at the door to show that outsiders can't enter, so as not to bring ghosts in to aggravate the condition. It is forbidden to listen to the cock crow in the middle of the night, which is unlucky and things are not smooth; It is a bad omen for a snake to enter the house or see a dead snake.

Some places have taboos about marriage between men and women, such as rats and horses, cows and sheep, dogs and dragons, pigs and snakes, monkeys and tigers. People think that people may encounter disasters when they are twelve, twenty-five, thirty-seven, forty-nine, sixty-one, seventy-three and eighty-five. Menba people call these ages "ga".

When the bride gets married, the groom adopts it according to law, and it is forbidden to see people carrying empty baskets or empty water tanks. If we can't avoid them, there will be ominous signs after marriage. ?

The above is the Menba nationality.

You can learn more in Baidu Encyclopedia and read folk books.