, Zhang Heng, Hua Tuo, Wang Xizhi, Zu Chongzhi, Li Bai, Xuanzang, Su Shi, Xu Xiake and Li Shizhen, what are the main achievements of these historical figures?

(AD 78~ AD 139), Ping Zi, was born in Xi 'e, Nanyang (now Shiqiao, Nanyang County, Henan Province). He left his hometown at the age of seventeen and went to Chang 'an, the old capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and its vicinity to inspect historical sites, investigate folk customs and social and economic conditions. Later, he visited imperial academy, the capital of Luoyang, and invited his teacher to visit friends.

In the 12th year of Han Yongyuan (A.D. 100), Zhang Heng returned to Nanyang from Luoyang, and served as the main book of Baode, the magistrate of Nanyang. During this period, he wrote "Tokyo Fu" and "Xijing Fu" which have been handed down to this day. In the second year of Andiyong (AD 108), after Baode was transferred from Nanyang, Zhang Heng left his job and stayed in his hometown. He spent three years studying philosophy, mathematics and astronomy, accumulated a lot of knowledge and greatly enhanced his reputation. Yongchuan five years, once again to Beijing, as a doctor, assistant minister. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1 15), he served as the official of Taishiling twice, and made outstanding achievements in astronomy during the fourteen years.

There are three schools of thought about the structure of the universe in Han Dynasty, namely, Gaitian theory, Huntian theory and Michelle Ye theory. Zhang Heng is a representative of Huntian Theory. He thinks that the sky is like an eggshell, the earth is like an egg yolk, and the sky is small; Heaven and earth stand by and float in the water. Although this view also belongs to the category of geocentric theory, there was still progress at that time:

First, although Zhang Heng thinks that there is a hard shell in the sky, he does not think that the hard shell is the boundary of the universe, and the universe outside the hard shell is infinite in space and time.

Second, Zhang Heng tried to answer the question of the origin and evolution of heaven and earth from the beginning in the book Lingxian. His answer has simple, changing and developing dialectical ideological factors. He believes that before the world split, it was chaotic; After separation, the light rises to the sky and the heavy condenses to the ground. The sky is yang and the earth is yin. The two gases interact to create everything, and the gas overflowing from the earth is the star.

Thirdly, Zhang Heng explained how the speed of the planet changes with distance. Modern science has proved that the speed of planetary motion is related to its distance from the sun. Zhang Heng's explanation has reasonable factors.

Zhang Heng not only pays attention to theoretical research, but also pays attention to practice. He personally designed and manufactured the armillary sphere and the waiting seismograph. The Hou Feng Seismograph made in Yangjiayuan, Shun Di (AD 132) is the first instrument to test earthquakes in the world.

The armillary sphere is equivalent to the celestial sphere now, which was originally invented by Geng Shouchang of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng improved it and used it as a demonstration instrument of Huntian theory. He used a gear system to connect the elephant with a leaky kettle, and the leaky kettle dripped water to drive the elephant to rotate at a constant speed, just once a day. In this way, when people look at the elephants in the room, they can know which star is in which position.

Zhang Heng also observed and analyzed many specific astronomical phenomena. He counted about 2500 stars that can be seen in the Central Plains. He basically mastered the principle of lunar eclipse. He measured that the angular diameter of the sun and the moon on Sunday is 1/736, that is, 29'24', which is close to the average angular diameters of the sun and the moon of 3 1' 59' .26 and 3 1' 5' .2, so Zhang Heng's measurement is quite accurate.

Zhang Heng believes that the sun is the same size as noon in the morning and evening; It looks big in the morning and evening, but small at noon. This is just an optical effect. In the morning and evening, the observer's environment is relatively dark, which makes him look great from darkness to light. At noon, the sky and the earth are bright, and the sun in the sky looks very small. Like fire, it is big at night and small during the day. Zhang Heng's explanation is reasonable, but not comprehensive. It was not until the Jin Dynasty that Shu Xi made a relatively perfect explanation.

Zhang Heng's academic achievements are various. In A.D. 132, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph to determine the direction of earthquakes. The seismograph is also made of copper, which looks like a wine bottle. There is a thick pillar in the middle, and there are eight cross bars around the pillar to connect with the outside. There are eight dragons outside, with their faucets facing down and arranged in eight directions. Every dragon has a small copper ball in its mouth, and there are eight open-mouthed toads squatting under it. If there is an earthquake in a certain direction, the pillar will fall to the crossbar in that direction, and the Longkou in that direction will spit out copper balls and fall into the toad's mouth. In this way, people can know which direction the earthquake happened.

In A.D. 138, the seismograph accurately predicted the Longxi earthquake. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng is the first instrument to determine the direction of earthquakes in the world, which is 1700 years earlier than that in Europe. He also invented a meteorological instrument to determine the direction and made a compass that was only in legend at that time.

Mathematically, he calculated that pi is a little more than the square root of 10 (3. 16). In geography, he draws topographic maps. In terms of literature and art, he was a famous writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was also listed as one of the six famous painters at that time. 1956, Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for him: "Such an all-round development figure is also rare in world history. It is admirable to live for thousands of years. "

Hua tuo:

It first appeared in Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms.

Hua Tuo is a typical imperial doctor, and has almost become the most outstanding representative of medical figures in China.

He treats people, not only to get rid of the disease at hand, but also to convince others with virtue. He devoted himself to opposing Cao and did not treat this arrogant Lord. Seeing that Cao Chong, the son of Cao Cao, died of illness and headache, he was indifferent to himself, and seemed to gloat, wishing this Cao family would die early. Because Cao Jia is so clever, many "cultural people" feel a headache.

These well-known stories of Hua Tuo seem to have penetrated into thousands of households. Hua Tuo's story seems to have become a "faithful history" and spread in China.

Fortunately, the records of Hua Tuo in the History of the Three Kingdoms are not long. Here, I will introduce them and compare them with the Huangdi Neijing discovered by Ke Yunlu. By comparison, we can certainly see that Hu, a "contemporary Hua Tuo", is indeed somewhat similar to the strange "ancient Hua Tuo".

Wang Xizhi:

(303 ~ 36 1), whose name is Shao Yi, was originally from Langya (now Linyi, Shandong) and lived in Yinshan, Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). The officer to the right army general, will take a look at the internal history, so called "Wang Youjun". It has the reputation of "the sage of books". Wang Xizhi loved calligraphy since childhood and was enlightened by his father Wang Kuang and his uncle Wang Yu. He was a good book at the age of seven. At the age of twelve, his father taught him the theory of brushwork. "If you use the outline, you will realize something." He studied with Mr. Wei in his early years. Mrs Wei studied under Zhong You, and her teaching method was wonderful. The Book Review of the Tang Dynasty said: "Mrs. Wei's books are as beautiful as flower arranging dancers. Another example is the beauty on the stage, the fairy shadow, the red lotus reflecting the water, and the blue marsh floating. " Wang Xizhi is also good at learning from foreigners, learning from others' strengths, and exploring the source and understanding the Tao. He once said: "it will be of great significance to learn less from Mrs. Wei;" He also crossed the river to visit the famous mountains in the north and read books such as Lisi and Cao. And make a promise, see Zhong You, book; See Cai Yong's Three-body Book of The Book of Songs; At the meeting place with my brother, I saw Zhang Chang's Hua Yue Monument. It took me several years to learn Mrs. Wei's book. I changed my major and still study in the historic sites. "He studied Zhong You, so he can blend. Zhong Shu is still turning over, and the real book is also divided. The pen is still expanding, and there is a tendency for birds to soar, which is called "Zhong Jia Falcon coda". Wang Xizhi likes to chase with his hands, but it is easy to turn into a song and subtract momentum. The pen is still pouting inside, not folded but turned over. The so-called "one couch falls straight". He imitated Zhang Zhi consciously. Xiao Yan in the Southern Dynasties commented on the merits and demerits of ancient and modern calligraphers: "Wang Xizhi's calligraphy is full of vigor, such as the sky in Yue Long and the tiger lying in the phoenix, so it will always be a lesson to be treasured from generation to generation. "Wang Xizhi's greatest achievement is to increase and damage the ancient law, and turn the simple style of calligraphy in the Han and Wei Dynasties into a delicate and beautiful style of calligraphy, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on later generations. His wife, Shi, is also a calligrapher and has seven sons. He is the most famous one.

Zu Chongzhi:

Zu Chongzhi (AD 429-500) was born in Laiyuan County, Hebei Province during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. He read many books on astronomy and mathematics since childhood, studied hard and practiced hard, and finally made him an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in ancient China.

Zu Chongzhi's outstanding achievement in mathematics is about the calculation of pi. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, people used "the diameter of three weeks a week" as pi, which was called "Gubi". Later, it was found that the error of Gubi was too large, and the pi should be "the diameter of a circle is greater than the diameter of three weeks". However, there are different opinions on how much is left. Until the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Hui put forward a scientific method to calculate pi-"secant" which approximated the circumference of a circle with the circumference inscribed by a regular polygon. Liu Hui calculated the circle inscribed with a 96-sided polygon and got π=3. 14, and pointed out that the more sides inscribed with a regular polygon, the more accurate the π value obtained. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, Zu Chongzhi devoted himself to research and repeated calculations. It is found that π is between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, and the approximate value in the form of π fraction is obtained as the reduction rate and density rate, where the six decimal places are 3. 14 1929. There's no way to check now. If he tries to find it according to Liu Hui's secant method, he must work out 16384 polygons inscribed in the circle. How much time and labor it takes! It is obvious that his perseverance and wisdom in academic research are admirable. It has been more than 1000 years since foreign mathematicians obtained the same result in the secrecy rate calculated by Zu Chongzhi. In order to commemorate Zu Chongzhi's outstanding contribution, some mathematicians abroad suggested that π = be called "ancestral rate".

Zu Chongzhi exhibited famous works at that time and insisted on seeking truth from facts. He compared and analyzed a large number of materials calculated by himself, found serious mistakes in the past calendars, and dared to improve them. At the age of 33, he successfully compiled the Daming Calendar, which opened a new era in calendar history.

Zu Chongzhi and his son Zuxuan (also a famous mathematician in China) solved the calculation of the volume of a sphere with ingenious methods. They adopted a principle at that time: "If the power supply potential is the same, the products should not be different." That is to say, two solids located between two parallel planes are cut by any plane parallel to these two planes. If the areas of two sections are always equal, then the volumes of two solids are equal. This principle is based on the following points. However, it was discovered by Karl Marx more than 1000 years ago. In order to commemorate the great contribution of grandfather and son in discovering this principle, everyone also called this principle "the ancestor principle".

Li Bai:

Li Bai, a superstar in the Tang Dynasty, was called "Poet Fairy" by scholars of all ages. Du Fu's poem "The pen falls on the waves, and the poem makes the gods cry" is a very vivid summary of Li Bai's high achievements in poetry.

Li Bai, whose word is Taibai, was born in Broken Leaves in Central Asia in the first year of Chang 'an after Tang Wu (7O 1). At the age of 5, he moved to Qinglian Township, Jiangyou County, Sichuan Province with his father. Li Bai received a good education from an early age. He said: "At the age of five, recite six precepts, and at the age of ten, watch a hundred schools." 15 years old, learning fencing. About 20 years old, studying in my hometown of Kuangshan, learning vertical and horizontal skills from my friends. Li Bai is diligent and studious, and "often reads classics and is tireless". After the age of 20, Li Bai visited many places of interest in Sichuan. The magnificent mountains and rivers in Sichuan have cultivated Li Bai's broad-minded mind, bold personality and love for nature. Influenced by strategists and Confucianism, Li Bai has a strong enterprising spirit and hopes to make contributions. However, deeply influenced by Taoism and Taoist thought, he yearned for the secluded life of seeking immortality and learning Taoism. This contradictory ideal of life finally formed in his mind a desire to take care of both, that is, "success, reputation and retirement"

In the fourteenth year of Kaiyuan (AD 726), Li Bai "made great efforts to govern, intending to be thousands of miles away." So "go to the countryside with a sword, leave your loved ones and travel far." On the way, I wrote the famous "Emei Mountain Moon Song": "Emei Mountain is in autumn, and the shadows are flat on the Qiang River. Qingxi went to the Three Gorges at night, and the four gentlemen did not see Yuzhou. " After leaving the Three Gorges, Li Bai first roamed the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At that time, it was the prosperity of Kaiyuan and the prosperity of the country. Li Bai firmly believes that "since God has given talents, let them be used!" Full of confidence in the future. At that time, if people wanted to make a difference in politics, they would generally take the road of imperial examination. In addition, there is a "shortcut to the south", that is, to expand the influence and attract the attention of the court through the seclusion of seeking immortals and visiting Taoism, which may also be called being an official. Li Bai is bold, ambitious and thinks highly of himself. He didn't want to take the imperial examination, so he chose a shortcut to the south. Therefore, Li Bai visited Sima Cheng Town, a famous Taoist priest in Jiangling, and wrote a poem "Fu Dapeng", describing the meeting in the form of fable. This poem expresses his great ambition of "inspiring 3,000 people to rise and recruiting 90,000 people quickly" through the image of Dapeng.

Li Bai paid great attention to making friends with "heroes", that is, those chivalrous men who can resist violence and help the weak and sacrifice their lives for justice. Li Bai himself is "less Ren Xia" and "generous with money". Less than a year after his trip to wuyue, he donated 300,000 yuan to help people in need. Li Bai wrote many poems in praise of chivalrous men in his life, praising those chivalrous men who dared to sacrifice their lives to get into trouble without taking credit and lusting after nobles. For example, Chivalrous Man praised Hou Ying and Zhu Hai for "three cups of vomit, five mountains are light." "It is not shameful to die as a chivalrous man." The tenth song of "Ancient Style" praises Lu Zhonglian. "Only Qin Zhenying speaks, and later generations look back." And said: "I am also a slut, and brushing clothes is also a tone." His worship of these historical figures reflects his character, ambition and ideal. During his travels, Li Bai paid great attention to learning from Yuefu folk songs. With the growth of his experience, his poetry creation became more and more perfect and he wrote many famous works. For example, Looking at Tianmen Mountain: "Tianmen was interrupted by Chu Tiankai, and Higashi Shimizu flowed straight back to the north. The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the sails are alone. " Another example is "Looking at the two waterfalls of Lushan Mountain", and the second one is: "The incense burner in Rizhao gives birth to purple smoke, and the waterfalls hang far in front of Sichuan. Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days. " The magnificent scenery of the motherland's mountains and rivers, skillfully recited by the poet, left a deep and unforgettable impression on future generations. Li Bai wrote many Yuefu poems while studying Yuefu folk songs. The first six sentences of the Long March are: "My hair hasn't covered my forehead yet. I'm picking flowers and paying by my door." When you, my love, ride a bamboo horse, run in circles and throw your childhood. We live together in an alley in Changgan, and we are all young and happy. " Later, "childhood friends" and "two children without guessing" became famous idioms to describe children's love.

In the early spring of the sixteenth year of Kaiyuan, Li Bai came to Anlu, Hubei. Here, he married the granddaughter of Xu Weishi, a former prime minister, and began a life of "ten years of food and clothing". He once lived in seclusion in Taohuayan, Shoushan and Anlu Baizhao Mountain, and later lived in seclusion in Songshan with Taoist Yuan Danqiu.

In the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan, he went to Shandong and lived in seclusion in Zhuxi, Zuxu Mountain, interacting with Confucius, Han Zhun and others. At that time, his name was "Zhuxi Liu Yi". He wrote "Dai Shoushan's Answer to Meng Shaofu's Notes", declaring that his seclusion at this time was "nurturing the virtuous" rather than seclusion, and he was waiting for an opportunity. The article said, "Be smart and be willing to help porridge, so that the declining areas will be settled and Hai Xian will be clear." So you don't forget politics. In the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan, Li Bai was in Xiangyang, "Gao Guan Xiong Jian, a long visit to Jingzhou Han". Han Jingzhou, namely Han Chaozong, served as governor of Jingzhou, and was also sentenced to Xiangzhou Secretariat and Shannan East Road for an interview. Li Bai's book Jingzhou and North Korea is a self-recommendation book when he first met North Korea. At the beginning of the article, I borrowed the words of scholars from all over the world-"I was born without sealing Wan Huhou, but I hope to know Jingzhou in Korea", and praised corporal Han Chaozong for being modest and talented. Then I took the initiative to introduce my experience, talent and integrity. The article shows Li Bai's spirit of "being less than seven feet long, but full of heart" and his conceit of "trying to figure out every word every day and relying on horses to wait on him", as well as his character of "being humble and fair". The article is magnificent and popular. During this period, Li Bai met Meng Haoran, who was 12 years older than him. Meng Haoran is famous for writing pastoral poems, and they hit it off at first sight. When breaking up, Li Bai wrote the famous seven-character quatrain "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "The old friend stayed in the Yellow Crane Tower in the west, and the fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. Lonely sails overlook the blue sky, but I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky. "

In the 24th year of Kaiyuan, Li Bai moved to Donglu (now Jining, Shandong), and he continued to travel around looking for a political outlet. In the first year of Tianbao (AD 742), he moved south with his family and lived in Nanling, Anhui. Soon, Li Bai was recruited by the imperial court to Chang 'an. When he left, he wrote a poem "Nanling children don't go to Beijing", expressing his ecstasy: "Go out and laugh, my generation is Artemisia!" In Chang 'an, Li Bai met the old poet He, who was the guest of the prince. He Zhangzhi appreciates Li Bai's Difficult Road to Shu very much. "I haven't finished reading it yet, and there are four people who sigh." He thought that this poem could only be written by a fairy, so he called Li Bai "a daffodil". "Difficult Road to Shu" describes the mountains and rivers on the way from Qin people to Shu. From the beginning, I said, "This is a great danger!" It is difficult to go to the sky! "This emotional appeal full of sighs quickly caught the readers, trying to describe the steep mountains and rivers in Sichuan, and then lining it with the sad atmosphere of' sad birds and ancient trees' and' Zigui crying', as well as the poet's repeated lamentations, which made the high-risk and dangerous roads in Sichuan stand out and stirred people's hearts. Due to the further recommendation of Princess He, Li Bai was finally personally received by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and was placed in the Imperial Academy as a sacrifice by the Hanlin. The main duty of Hanlin Festival is to draft Wen Hao letters and other documents for the emperor. At the same time, he catered to the emperor's interest and wrote some poems at any time. Li Bai used the opportunity of approaching Xuanzong to express his views and opinions on state affairs to Xuanzong. Regrettably, Xuanzong at this time is no longer the enlightened monarch who made great efforts to appoint talents in his early years, but has become a person who loves pleasure and does not ask about political affairs. He paid "the Prime Minister for DPRK affairs, and please pay him for border affairs". He is deeply immersed in officialdom and indulges in debauchery. Xuanzong once attached great importance to Li Bai, with the aim of asking him to write poems and lyrics for his own appreciation. Xuanzong alienated Li Bai when he felt that he was talkative about politics and was not satisfied with being a tame royal scholar. As far as Li Bai is concerned, the reason why Xuanzong alienated him is related to his arrogant personality. Du Fu said in "The Eight Immortals Song of Drinking": "Li Bai has a bucket of hundreds of poems and sleeps in Chang 'an Restaurant. The son of heaven called instead of boarding the boat, claiming that he was Brewmaster. "Li Bai's rebellious spirit of ignoring feudal order is obviously disliked by the rulers. Legend has it that when Xuanzong summoned Li Zicheng in the temporary hall, Li Bai asked Gao Lishi to take off his boots for him. Gao Lishi is one of the best eunuchs. In order to get rid of the hatred of "taking off his boots", he provoked Yang Guifei to say that Li Bai said in "Qingpingdiao": "I asked who the Han Palace looked like, and the poor swallow leaned on the new makeup." "Pointing at concubines with swallows is very cheap!" Yang Guifei hated Gigi Lai from this. They are all people that Xuanzong likes. Defaming in front of Xuanzong will naturally affect Xuanzong's view of Li Bai, not to mention denigrating him, as well as Xu Zhang * and others. The downfall of Guicheng, the powerful minister, and the alienation of Xuanzong made Li Bai very depressed and lamented that it was "difficult to go".

In the spring of the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai knew that there was nothing he could do to stay in Chang 'an, so he went to the desert to "beg for the mountain". Xuanzong did not keep him, but "paid back the money". Li Bai actually only stayed in Chang 'an for a year and a half. During this period, he witnessed the darkness and corruption of the state affairs, and wrote many poems that exposed and criticized the reality with great anger, such as the fifteenth "Antique", condemning the ruling class for "buying songs with pearls and jade and cultivating talents with dross".

In the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai met Du Fu, a poet 1 1 years younger than him in Luoyang, the eastern capital. Du Fu was "addicted to alcohol, detested evil and rigid." His ambition is to "obey the monarch and then purify the customs." Like Li Bai. They are like brothers, "drunk in autumn, walking hand in hand." After Li Bai left Du Fu, he wandered for 1O years. At this time, because his wife, Xu, had passed away, he married Xiangmen's daughter, Zong, in Guo Liang, Guangzhou (in Kaifeng, Henan) and lived here, so he said, "When I go to Beijing, I will take ten guests to Guo Liang". Li Bai revisited many places, such as Liangyuan as the center, Vietnam in the south, Youzhou and Jinling in the north. His roaming is, on the one hand, seeking immortality and visiting Taoism, and on the other hand, appreciating the beauty of nature. He said: "The five mountains are sacred mountains, and there is no distance. Good people spend their lives visiting famous mountains." In addition, it is also an opportunity to seek to serve the country. He said in "Song of Liangyuan": "Dongshan lies high, not too late." During this period, the political affairs were even darker, and Li Dali, the prime minister who held the power of political affairs, wronged the prison army and cracked down on honest officials and talents. Seeing that the country is Japan and Africa, Li Bai's inner pain is increasing day by day. But he will never bow to the powerful. In his famous poem "Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu", he wrote: "An can push his eyebrows and serve the powerful, and no one will suffer!" Shows his noble personality. He also wrote many poems that exposed and castigated the dark reality. "Farewell" warned that Xuanzong favored Li and other traitors, and their power was excluded: "If you lose your official, you will make the dragon a fish and the power will belong to him." Popular in the North criticized An Lushan's war against Xi, Qidan and other ethnic minorities, which was provoked by "trying to attack the city with border workers".

During the long roaming, Li Bai had more contact with the working people and wrote some poems reflecting the working people. "Love the home under the Wusong Mountain" is right. "Autumn in Tianjia is bitter, and the neighborhood is cold at night." Deep sympathy. The song "Autumn Puge"No. 14 eulogizes the smelting workers: "The fire shines all over the world, and red stars are everywhere. Langlang moonlit night, winding cold Sichuan. " He is also full of affection for the old man who makes wine. {Crying about Xuancheng's good record of brewing} wrote: "In front of Ying Ji's grave, we should also brew old springs. There is no Li Bai at the night show. Who are you drinking with? " Praising the motherland's great rivers and mountains is a major aspect of Li Bai's poetry creation in this period, and he has also made new achievements. For example, in the description of the Yellow River, there are many famous sentences: "How magnificent the Xiyue is! The Yellow River is like a silk sky. " "The Yellow River goes west to Kunlun, roaring Wan Li out of Longmen." "Don't you see how the water of the Yellow River flows down from the sky and into the ocean, never to return?" "Sitting alone in Jingting Mountain"; "Birds fly high, and solitary clouds will be idle. Seeing each other tirelessly, I only respect Tingshan. " Then write the mountain alive.

In the 14th year of Tianbao, An Shi Rebellion broke out. At that time, An Lushan, who was the semi-final of our conference in Pinglu, Fanyang and Hedong, led1.5000, and decided to go to Fanyang (now Daxing, Beijing) and attack the Central Plains. In just over 30 days, Luoyang fell into the hands of the rebels. In the first month of the following year, An Lushan proclaimed himself the Great Yan Emperor in Luoyang. In June, the obstacles of the Kyoto Protocol disappeared. Xuanzong hastily chose the west, so Chang 'an in Kyoto was also occupied by rebels. At the beginning of Anshi Rebellion, Liangyuan fell, and Li Bai and his wife took refuge in Jiangnan. He wrote many poems, expressing his hatred for the disorderly army and his concern for the fate of the country and the people. The 19th song of "Antique" wrote: "Overlooking the Luoyang River, we can walk among the Hu Bing. Blood grass, jackal crown. " At this time, the poet longed to serve the country and kill the enemy. The poem "To Zhang Xiangyu" says: "The sword cries at night, and the ambition is high. I swear to kill whales and clarify Luoyang water. "

In the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong fled to Chengdu in the west. In July, Prince Hengli ascended the throne in Lingwu. In order to save the sect, he changed his country name to Zhide. Emperor Yongli Li, ordered by Xuanzong, went out to fight the enemy and set up an army in Jiangling. In the first month of the following year, after visiting Yang, I learned that Li Bai lived in Lushan Mountain in seclusion, and sent Wei Zichun, a counselor, up the mountain three times to hire Li Bai into the shogunate. The second song of Li Bai's "Wang Yongdong's Wandering Songs" wrote: "The three rivers in the north are chaotic, and the four seas are like Yongjia South. But if there is Xie Anshi in Dongshan, I will laugh for you and laugh at Jinghu Sand. " He compared himself to Xie An, a famous minister in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and said that he would help Wang Yongping set up a rebellion. But unexpectedly, there was a conflict between Wang Yong and Su Zong, and soon Wang Yong was wiped out by Su Zong's army. Li Bai was also convicted, arrested and imprisoned, and exiled Yelang (now Tongzi County, Guizhou Province). His heart is very heavy at this time. "Yelang Wan Li said that the west is old." In February of the second year of Gan Yuan (AD 759), Li Bai regained his freedom when he went to Wushan after 15 months of exile. He immediately hired the owner to return. The famous work "Morning Delivery in Bai Di City" wrote: "When you bid farewell to Bai Di, you will return it within one day. The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man. " The style of this poem is light, reflecting Li Bai's cheerful mood after he was released from prison.

In the first year of Shangyuan (AD 760), Li Bai went from Jiangxia to Zhang Yu (now Nanchang, Jiangxi) to reunite with his wife. In the last few years of Li Bai's life, he was down and out, and his life was very bleak. But he always pays attention to the changes in the current situation. In the second year of Shangyuan, the southeast region was once again in a state of tension. When the court sent Li Guangbi out of the city to Linhuai (now Lingxian County, Anhui Province), Li Bai, 6 1 year-old, still refused to give up this last opportunity to serve the country and planned to meet Li Guangbi in Linhuai. Unfortunately, I fell ill halfway and failed to do so. The following year, Li Bai died of illness in Dangtu, Anhui.

Li Bai was politically frustrated all his life, suffering from poverty and illness, but he built a monument for himself with his outstanding poetry creation. He inherited the romantic tradition initiated by Qu Yuan and Zhuangzi, opposed the gentle poetic style of Qi and Liang, and made outstanding achievements in poetic innovation. Nearly a thousand of his poems have been handed down from generation to generation, all of which are well-known, especially the seven-character poems and the five-seven-character quatrains. His poems are magnificent in weather, bold in style, heroic in feelings, open in realm, fresh and natural, and memorable. Li Bai and Du Fu, great realistic poets, pushed China's poetic art to the peak and left a precious legacy to future generations. As Han Yu said: "Du Li's article is there, and the flame is long."

Xuanzang:

Xuanzang (602 -644 /664) was a famous monk in Tang Dynasty and the greatest translator in the history of Buddhism in Han Dynasty. The common surname is Chen, whose real name is Xian, and he is from Gou County, Luozhou, Luoyang, Henan Province (now the south of Yanshi City, Henan Province). Faxiangzong, the founder of Buddhism. The prototype of Tang Priest in Journey to the West.

Xuanzang lived in Gou County, Luozhou City, Henan Province (now south of Yanshi City, Henan Province), and was a Confucian family. There are three brothers in the world. His great-grandfather and grandfather were both bureaucrats. When his father Chen Hui arrived, he devoted himself to Confucianism and stopped being an official.

When I was a child, because of difficulties at home, I lived in Jingtu Temple in Luoyang with Master Er Gejie and studied Buddhist scriptures. I stayed there for five years, when it was the Sui Dynasty. During this period, he studied Hinayana Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism, and he himself preferred the latter. Eleven years old (620), familiar with Fahua and Vimo. Thirteen-year-old (622) became a monk in Luoyang and was selected as an exception. Later, after listening to Master Jing's Nirvana lecture, he studied photography theory strictly and repeated it in detail, which won the admiration of the public. At the end of Emperor Yang Di's great career, there was chaos and famine. When Xuanzang and his second brother arrived in Chang 'an, they learned that there were many famous monks in Shu, so they went to Chengdu together. There, I listened to Bao Sian's photography theory, Doggi's theory of miscellaneous heart and Hui Zhen's octave theory. In the past three to five years, I have studied all ministries and commissions and gained great reputation. In the fifth year of Tang Gaozu Wude (622), Xuanzang was ordained in Chengdu. Wude left Chengdu in the seventh year (624) to study along the river. First came to Jingzhou Emperor Temple. Talking about "On Xiang" and "Miscellaneous Heart", famous monks in Huaihai area gathered in the news. The 60-year-old Dae Tokuhiko also respects him. After the lecture, I went to Zhaozhou to learn from Taoism, and then I went to Yangzhou to listen to Huixiu's Theory of Miscellaneous Mind. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Xuanzang went to Chang 'an, and studied "various schools", "taking photos" and "nirvana" from Daoyue, Changfa, Monk Debate and Xuanhui. He soon exhausted all his theories and was praised. His reputation is in the capital. The servant shot Xiao Yu. Please let him live in Zhuang Yan Temple. However, Xuanzang felt that he had heard different opinions about banquets in various places over the years, especially the two popular theories about Buddhism at that time, the theory of phase and the theory of land, could not be unified, so he wanted to get the yoga teacher's theory of land based on the three-way theory to understand everything (this opinion was probably inspired by Popomidoro, who came to China at that time), so he decided to go to India to seek the dharma.

In 6 18, when the Sui Dynasty fell, Xuanzang and his brothers fled to Chang 'an (which was already the capital of the Tang Dynasty at that time) and then went south to Chengdu, Sichuan. Here, the two brothers spent about two to three years further studying Buddhist scriptures.

In 622, Xuanzang became a monk at the age of 29. Then he left his brother and went back to Chang 'an to study foreign languages and Buddhism.

Xuanzang planned to study Buddhism in Tianzhu since he became a monk, but he failed many times. In 627 AD, Tang Xuanzang finally set out from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu alone, crossing the Pamirs along the western regions and arriving in Tianzhu after difficulties and obstacles. During his ten years in Tianzhu, Xuanzang followed many famous monks, including the famous Buddhist learning center at that time-Nalanduo Temple, where he learned Buddhist scriptures from the authoritative Indian Buddhist master Jiexian. Later, Xuanzang traveled all over the South Asian subcontinent on foot and became famous in a Buddhist lecture. He was honored as Mahayana by local monks.

In 643, Xuanzang carved a Buddha statue at the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi. He set off for home and brought back about 657 local Buddhist scriptures. He returned to Chang 'an in 646 and was warmly received by Emperor Taizong. In 652, in the third year of Yonghui, Xuanzang built a five-story building in the west courtyard of Ji 'en Temple in Chang 'an, that is, the Ci 'en Temple Pagoda (hence its name), which is today's Wild Goose Pagoda, to store the scriptures brought from Tianzhu. Xuanzang Memorial Hall was established in 1962. Therefore, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda has become a memorial building for Xuanzang to seek dharma and translate scriptures to China. After returning to China, with the support of Emperor Taizong, the National Translation Institute was established in Chang 'an, with students and staff from all over East Asia. He spent more than ten years translating about 1330 volumes of scripture into Chinese at Yuhua Palace in Tongchuan, which is about 50 kilometers north of Xi today. Xuanzang himself is most interested in the part of "knowing only". These Buddhist scriptures later spread to Korea and Japan.

Xuanzang founded Faxiangzong because of his own opinions and his efforts in translating and annotating scriptures. Although this sect didn't last long, many of his theories deeply influenced other more successful sects.

Master Xuanzang's "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" is a classic travel note in the history of China. Due to the lack of Indian historical records, this precious travel book is also an indispensable document for studying Indian history.

Su Shi:

Su Shi (1037-11year) was born in Meishan (now meishan county, Sichuan). China was an outstanding writer in Song Dynasty. In the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty, not all people became attached to tea, but in terms of tea tasting, brewing and planting, no one was as proficient in tea history and tea merits as Su Shi, and created many poems about tea.

Su Shi likes drinking tea very much. Tea, poetry and sandman are indispensable things in his life. In the first year of Yuanfeng (AD 1078), Su Shi was appointed as the magistrate of Xuzhou. There is drought in spring and rain in summer this year. Su Shi went to Shitan, twenty miles east of the city, and thanked Tianyu for five songs of Huanxisha. As the saying goes, "It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan is full of wine, and people are thirsty for tea in the sun. Knock on the door and ask the savage. " He vividly described the scene of begging for tea to quench his thirst. He wants to drink tea in the evening: "write a book to fill in the Committee during the day, and cook tea and burn chestnuts at night" ("Two Rhymes of Monks and Gods"); Drinking tea while writing poetry: "It's a shame to meet face to face; Dongpo's poems are in his stomach, and he should rest tonight "("Give Mr. Bao Jingan two teas "); Drink tea before going to bed: "Wash the towel, it will be cool in the evening, and there will be tea fragrance on the remaining teeth and cheeks" ("Two Elders Tong Yuan, the Baojue of Liu Jinshan") "Sleep in the spring, the windows are bright and clean, and you want to see new tea like splashing milk" ("Shoule Hall in Yuezhou"). There is also a "Water Tune Song Tou", which describes the process of picking, making, ordering and tasting tea. It's lively and interesting. Word cloud: It rained several times, and it thundered the night before. Flags and guns fight to build a stream, and spring scenery pulls. Take a tongue, pound it to expose smoke, and make a pile of ziyun. Gently move the gold mill and fly the green dust. The old dragon regiment, a true phoenix marrow, points to the future. In the eyes of rabbits, it is an instant.