What are the cultures in China from ancient times to modern times?

Peiligang culture and Jiahu culture discovered by modern archaeology in the Central Plains have entered the primitive clan society with primitive agriculture, livestock and poultry breeding and handicraft production as the mainstay, supplemented by fishing and hunting, from 7000 years ago to 10000 years ago. Among them, the carved symbol of tortoise shell is similar to that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty about 3000 years ago, and it is the earliest material related to the origin of characters found in China and even in the world. When Chinese civilization developed in the Central Plains, there were various other cultures on the territory of China. Among them, the cultures from 5000 to 10000 years ago, such as the Yinyangying culture in Jinling North, Longqiuzhuang culture in Gaoyou, Majiabang culture in Jiaxing, Hemudu culture in Yuyao, Lingjiatan culture in Hanshan, Xuejiagang culture in buried hill, Shijiahe culture in Tianmen and Daxi culture in Wushan, are distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The ancient Shu civilization discovered in Sanxingdui site has reached a high level. In modern Chinese and China culture, several words are used to describe the concept of love:

The word "love" can be used as a verb, such as "I love you", or a noun, such as "love". ?

The word "love" is not used as a word, but is usually combined with other words, such as "love", "lover" or "homosexuality". ?

The word "love" is usually interpreted as feeling or emotion, usually referring to love, but it can be combined with other words to express love, such as "love" and "lover". ?

● Something related to sex.

In Confucianism, love means pure love. Love is the pursuit of all people and the reflection of moral life. Confucianism often uses "benevolence" to express love for people, which is a kind of love that abandons selfish desires. Children's love for their parents is filial piety, parents' love for their children is kindness, and love between brothers and sisters is kindness.

On the other hand, Mozi developed a view of love which is opposite to that of Confucianism. In Mohism, love is universal love, that is, love has no equal difference and loves all beings equally. Waste and attack are not good for love. Although Mozi's thought also has some influence, Confucian love is still China's most cherished love thought.

Emotion refers to the feelings between two people. Two people will express their love for each other by establishing good feelings, such as helping each other. You can feel anything, not just people.

Fate refers to the fate relationship between two people. As the saying goes, there are thousands of miles to meet, but there is no chance to meet.

2. Regional culture

China is a vast country. After thousands of years of development, local culture has gradually formed distinctive local characteristics, with the characteristics of China culture. In addition to the Han nationality, Tibetan, Manchu, Mongolian, Qiang and other ethnic minorities also have their own local cultures. China culture can be divided into several regions: the Yellow River Basin in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei and Shandong; The upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou; Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River; Northeast China; Inner Mongolia region; Xinjiang region; Tibetan areas in Tibet, Qinghai and western Sichuan; Pearl River Basin in Guangdong and Guangxi, Minjiang River Basin in Fujian, etc.

3. A hundred schools of thought contend

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty collapsed and the princes crusaded. Intellectuals in China either explore the knowledge of saving the world, or invent all kinds of academics in order to help the prince compete for hegemony. Created the most active era in the history of China thought. All kinds of academic schools produced in that period are always called schools of thought contend.

4. Symbolic totem

China people call themselves "descendants of the dragon". The emperor of China called himself "the real dragon emperor", which was a symbol of authority. Dragon is a fictional animal in the legend of China. Its images include snake body, sauropod, talon, snake tail, antlers, fish scales, whiskers on the mouth and beads on the forehead. Dragon ranks fifth in the zodiac. Dragon, phoenix, unicorn and tortoise are also called "four great beasts". (There are also many ancient books and history books that refer to the "four auspicious beasts" as: caring for each other, nurturing, caring for each other and caring for each other. ) Qinglong and Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu are the four astronomical phenomena in China.

5. clothes

Hanfu is a traditional national costume of Han nationality in China, and Hanfu in different dynasties has different characteristics. After the Manchu rulers in the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, all people were required to wear Manchu costumes, and the traditional Hanfu died out. In recent years, a movement to revive Hanfu has begun, and most of the initiators are young people who admire China culture. In addition, many people think that Manchu costumes should also be summarized in the traditional costumes of the Chinese nation.

6. Education

Since the Han Dynasty, China has been advocating Confucianism for more than 2,000 years. The imperial examination system was established in the Sui Dynasty, and the Academy was established in the Song Dynasty. The imperial examination system was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty. At present, the mainland mainly implements the college entrance examination system to select students to enter universities; In Taiwan Province Province, the academic ability test system is used to select students to enter universities.

7. Religion

The cultural logic of Chinese civilization is closely related to the theory of "the sky is round and the place is round". Of course, if we recognize the cultural origin of the mining field system-the role and significance of "Xinjiang" agriculture and "Xinjiang" planning in the initial definition of land property rights. Then, from the perspective of "a round land" and "frontier agriculture", the historical context of the origin of China culture and civilization is very clear, and this cultural relationship can even be traced back to the Jiahu cultural era in Henan about 8,000 years ago. Therefore, the solution of the mining field system can not only solve the basic political and economic problems of China in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but also further understand the origin of China culture and civilization. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the ideological progress and the spirit of humanistic rationality flourished, and the religious concepts evolved from ancient times were innovated. Liang Ji said: "The people, the Lord of God, are also saints who first become people and then devote themselves to God." God is the creator of mankind and people are God, so the mysterious concept of pre-ancient times gradually disappears. In ancient times, the concept of "God" was gradually replaced by "Heaven" in nature, and Heaven was the embodiment of moral public opinion, which formed a foundation of China's cultural belief in later generations. "Worship for Heaven and Ancestors" is the most basic belief element in China culture.

Taoism is a local religious form in China. Since Buddhism was introduced to China in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it has been integrated into an important part of China culture through continuous exchanges with China culture. Confucianism is not a purely religious form, and Confucian scholars care about the real world.

8. Text

The Chinese characters used in China are one of the oldest characters, and they are also the only signs that are still widely used today. Used for nearly 4000 years.

Chinese characters exist not only in Chinese, but also in Japan, South Korea and Vietnam. Chinese characters are formed in the process of simplification of graphic symbols. Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins is the earliest mature Chinese character found at present. At the same time, Zhong Dingwen also has high historical value for bronzes. The characters in the pre-Qin period were very different. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, all countries developed and differentiated Chinese characters to varying degrees. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he changed the big seal script of Qin State into small seal script, which ended the history of character division.

In the development of Biography, new pictophonetic characters appear constantly, which makes the written records more accurate. The strokes of Xiao Zhuan are mainly curved, and then gradually become more linear and easier to write. In the Han Dynasty, official script replaced Xiao Zhuan as the main script. The appearance of official script is a great progress of Chinese characters, which laid the foundation for the font structure of modern Chinese characters and became a watershed of ancient and modern characters. Today, people write in official script, regular script, Song script and running script. Due to the reform of simplified characters in China, there are mainly two writing systems in China today: simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese (or standard Chinese).

9 China social culture

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The social relations of China people are typical reciprocal social relations. Usually, differences in social relations are expressed by similar surnames. The connection between an individual and society is called "relationship", and the emotion in this connection is called "emotion". China people's social relations are usually carried out by giving gifts to each other. A very important concept in China's social relations is the concept of face and other concepts related to oriental culture. For example, the concept of "fate" related to Buddhism is one of them. Therefore, China people's cognition of things and people is affected, and things are often judged by interests.

Unlike other nations and societies, which are accustomed to comparing the relationship between individuals and society to that between big boxes and small boxes, China people prefer to compare social relations to "nets". Therefore, China people evaluate the social relations with others, not the inside and outside.

After the Cultural Revolution in Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province became one of the best places to preserve China culture, including traditional Chinese characters, local dramas, cultural relics collections, traditional festivals and so on.

10, traditional culture

Look at the ancient culture of China.

Lunar calendar-? Wushu? -? Twenty-eight nights-couplets. Dragon? Five elements theory? Gossip? Traditional festivals in China? -China's ancient philosophy-Confucianism-Qi Dao-? tea ceremony

1 1, traditional discipline

Mathematics: Zhou Kuai Shu Jing; Nine Chapters of Arithmetic (written by Liu Hui of Three Kingdoms); ? Zu Chongzhi; Abacus.

Astronomy: astronomical observation records, the invention of observation instruments: standard watches; Armature; Jane instrument; High table; Yang Yi, making calendars (lunar calendar).

Medicine: Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine? .

Agronomy: Yao Min's Book, Shui Jing Zhu, and Li Daoyuan's Shui Jing Zhu.

Four great inventions? : papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass? .

Architecture: See China's architecture, gardens, temples, palaces, the Forbidden City and Epang Palace? Tower, Wan Li Great Wall, Mausoleum Building? .

Painting: Chinese painting, Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival? .

Calligraphy? : bronze inscriptions-seal script-official script-regular script-running script-cursive script-hard pen calligraphy.

Music: Chinese folk music, China opera? , traditional folk songs? .

Crafts: paper-cutting, Chinese embroidery.

Dance: ancient dance, Zhou dynasty elegant music, big dance, small dance, Han dynasty Yuefu? , Tang dynasty music and dance? Modern dance, ribbon dance, martial arts and fan dance.

Opera: Beijing Opera, Pingju Opera, Yue Opera, Cantonese Opera? Huagu Opera, Hunan Huagu Opera? .

Quyi: cross talk, Taiwanese opera, shadow play, puppet show? , Nanqu, Gaojia Opera? .

Opera, Film and Television: China Movies? China film history, China TV, Chinese TV history? .

Clothing: See China Clothing.

Diet: Please refer to Chinese food? .

Eight major cuisines? : Sichuan food (Sichuan food)?

Hunan cuisine (Hunan cuisine)?

Cantonese cuisine (Cantonese cuisine)?

Su cuisine? (Jiangsu cuisine)?

Shandong cuisine (Shandong cuisine)?

Zhejiang cuisine? (Zhejiang cuisine)?

Fujian cuisine (Fujian cuisine)?

Anhui cuisine (Anhui cuisine)?

Chopsticks?

Education: imperial academy, imperial academy, imperial examination system? Private school, academy, academician courtyard.

Literature: Look at China's classical literature.

China myth.

China's fable.

China allusions.

China's novels.

China's poems.

Sports: Chess-Go-Wushu (Kung Fu)-Qigong-Cuju-Mahjong.

The cultural logic of Chinese civilization is closely related to the theory of "the sky is round and the place is round". Of course, if we recognize the cultural origin of the mining field system-the role and significance of "Xinjiang" agriculture and "Xinjiang" planning in the initial definition of land property rights. Then, from the perspective of "a round land" and "frontier agriculture", the historical context of the origin of China culture and civilization is very clear, and this cultural relationship can even be traced back to the Jiahu cultural era in Henan about 8,000 years ago. Therefore, the solution of the mining field system can not only solve the basic political and economic problems of China in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but also further understand the origin of China culture and civilization. There is a complete structural relationship among culture, politics, economy and their institutional arrangements, but the traditional economic theory does not reveal the necessity of this relationship. In fact, mercantilism is not something that anyone can get rid of if he wants to. Institutional arrangement should be an important way to discuss civilization and the economic nature of a certain social structure. The establishment of macro-value theory may help to discuss these issues and get a more convincing explanation, and also provide the same explanation basis for traditional economics and new institutional economics.

12, range

China culture can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Chinese culture in a broad sense refers to the civilization created, inherited, continued and developed by the Chinese cultural circle, including parts of Northeast Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia. This range began to form in the Han Dynasty and reached its peak in the Tang and Yuan Dynasties. In a narrow sense, it refers to a civilization inherited, continued and developed in China.