What values should be understood from the experience and lessons of industrialization?

"Take the road of new industrialization", this "new" is relative to traditional industrialization. To fully grasp the significance of the new industrialization road, we must understand the characteristics and disadvantages of the traditional industrialization road.

After the founding of New China, due to historical reasons and the international environment at that time, from the "First Five-Year Plan" period to the eve of reform and opening up, China's industrialization did not break through the Soviet planned economy model. Characterized in that:

First, in the ownership structure, the implementation of a single public ownership. In the early 1950s, the private economy played a dominant role in the economic structure of China. After socialist transformation, by 1978, industries owned by the whole people accounted for 80.8% of the total industrial output value, and industries owned by the collective accounted for 19.2%. Add up to 100% of the total industrial output value, and individual and private industrial enterprises no longer exist.

Second, in the allocation of resources, a highly centralized planned economy is implemented. Although the disadvantages of over-centralization and over-unification under the planned economy system have long been exposed, and the state has made several reform attempts, such as "authoritarian decentralization" and "decentralization to mobilize the enthusiasm of local and enterprises", but they have not broken through the overall framework of the highly centralized planning system.

Third, in the development strategy, give priority to the development of heavy industry. This strategy has put China's industrialization on the road of capital-intensive development, resulting in the lag of labor transfer. 1978, the labor force absorbed by China's industry was only 50.09 million, which was 302% higher than that of 1952, while the fixed assets increased by 2046% in the same period, equivalent to 6.8 times the growth of industrial labor force, which brought great pressure to China's future economic development.

Fourth, in the way of development, the pursuit of high-speed extensive development. Since the mid-1950s, the guiding ideology of China's economic work has objectively manifested as one-sided emphasis on economic growth rate and neglect of economic benefits. The rapid development of industrial production is supported by high accumulation, high input and high consumption.

Five, in the relationship between workers and peasants and the relationship between urban and rural areas, industry relies on the scissors difference between workers and peasants to accumulate funds. China's industrialization started on the basis of backward economy and weak foundation, and the funds needed for industrialization construction mainly depend on agriculture and farmers. Although the ratio of industrial and agricultural output value of 1978 has changed from 3: 7 of 1952 to 7: 3, the ratio of urban and rural population is still 2: 8. In the past 30 years, agricultural labor productivity has almost stagnated. Six, in international relations, due to the special historical background and one-sided emphasis on self-reliance. Before the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade sometimes developed rapidly, but the overall level was not high. 1952, China's dependence on foreign trade was 9.4%, and it did not exceed 10% in the following years. Not paying attention to learning foreign advanced technology and management experience has delayed the process of industrialization in China to some extent.

To sum up, it can be clearly seen that although the traditional industrialization road has made China's industry develop rapidly, it has also paid an extraordinary price. In the new historical period, it is difficult for the traditional industrialization road to cultivate new competitive advantages. If we continue along this road, our original competitive advantage may be gradually lost and we must take the road of new industrialization.

What is the new road to industrialization?

The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China gave a general description of this. This is an industrialization road with high technology content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution and full play of human resources.

Compared with traditional industrialization, this new road is "new" in three aspects.

First, all developed countries have promoted informatization after industrialization. China is a developing country, and its informatization has developed rapidly in recent years. We can promote informatization in the process of industrialization, promote industrialization with informatization, promote informatization with industrialization, give full play to the advantages of latecomers, and realize the leap-forward development of productive forces.

Second, the industrialization of developed countries, especially in the period of rapid development, is mostly at the expense of energy consumption and environment, which has a great negative impact. Therefore, in the process of industrialization, we put special emphasis on ecological construction and environmental protection, and on handling the relationship between economic development and population, resources and environment.

Third, in the process of industrialization in developed countries, mechanization and automation are the mainstay, which leads to unemployment. China has a large population and low labor cost. This requires us to properly handle the relationship between capital technology-intensive industries and labor-intensive industries, the relationship between high-tech industries and traditional industries, and the relationship between real economy and virtual economy in the process of industrialization, and consciously expand employment while promoting industrialization.

Obviously, the new road to industrialization is put forward on the basis of summing up the experience and lessons of industrialization in other countries, starting from the national conditions of China, and according to the requirements and favorable conditions of industrialization in the information age, which will certainly play a positive role in promoting China's industrialization and modernization.

How can we take the road of new industrialization?

According to the deployment of the 16th National Congress, efforts should be made in the following aspects.

First, vigorously promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. According to the new trend of world economy and scientific and technological development, the central government has deployed and promoted the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure in view of the outstanding problems existing in China's economic construction, forming an industrial pattern with high-tech industries as the guide, basic industries and manufacturing industries as the support, and comprehensive development of service industries. The manufacturing industry in the industrial center position is the foundation of the sustainable development of the national economy. Since the reform and opening up, the design and manufacturing capacity of technical equipment in China has been significantly improved, but compared with developed countries, the overall level of equipment manufacturing in China is still relatively low. According to statistics, in recent years, 2/3 of China's total investment in fixed assets depends on imports. This situation requires us to strive to realize the leap-forward development of high-tech industries and make them the leading industries and new growth chains of the national economy as soon as possible.

Second, continue to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. Scientific and technological progress and innovation are decisive factors to realize industrialization and modernization. Without its own core technology, relying on imports blindly will not only carve up most of the profits by foreign investors, but also seriously affect China's technological security. Taking the information industry as an example, foreign manufacturers often install hidden "back doors" and "back doors" for many technical equipment in advance. At a critical time, foreign "experts" only need to "fine-tune" a certain software of the computer, or slightly manipulate a certain hardware, which will affect the normal operation of our computer and bring disaster to our information security, economic security and national defense security. Therefore, we must further deepen the reform of education and science and technology system, train a large number of high-quality professionals, aim at the forefront of world science and technology development, and strive to have a number of independent intellectual property rights in key areas in order to break the technological blockade of western countries.

Third, we must persist in taking reform and opening up as the driving force. Reform and opening up is a huge engine of economic development and a powerful driving force for taking a new road to industrialization. It is necessary to uphold and improve the basic economic system in which public ownership is the mainstay and multiple ownership economies develop together, and truly achieve two "unswerving". We should adhere to the goal of improving the socialist market economic system and continue to promote market-oriented reform. Only by perfecting the market system and rectifying and standardizing the market economic order can we form a macro environment conducive to taking a new road to industrialization.

At the same time, adapting to the new situation of economic globalization and China's accession to the WTO, we will actively participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition in a wider scope, in a wider field and at a higher level, and comprehensively improve the level of opening up. Encourage and support qualified enterprises to go abroad, make better use of "two markets and two resources", broaden the space for industrialization, modernization and optimization of resource allocation, and enhance the international competitiveness of China's economy.

Looking back on the great achievements made in China's economic construction in the past 20 years of reform and opening up, we feel extremely proud, and looking forward to the future, we are more confident. As long as we unswervingly follow the new road of industrialization, we will be able to basically realize industrialization in the new development period.