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What are the characteristics of agricultural production in Southeast Asia?

Taking food production as the foundation of national stability

Thailand is a famous food producer and exporter in Southeast Asia. since the 1950s, Thailand has paid attention to the development of the production of rice and maize. after 1981, Thailand has maintained its position as the world's largest exporter of rice, and its rice exports accounted for about 40 percent of the global rice export.

Malaysia's food production has long been a weak link. In order to achieve self-sufficiency, Malaysia's agricultural sector to invest a lot of money, and through the construction of water conservancy, increase the area of irrigated rice and other measures, so that rice production from 680,000 tons in 1965 to 1.76 million tons in 1985, in 1989, the self-sufficiency rate of food reached 70.6%.

The value of food production accounted for about 60% of the total value of agricultural production in Indonesia, since 1965, Indonesia attaches great importance to food production, the government promulgated the "food price support program", including subsidies for farmers engaged in food production in the production of inputs, the issuance of loans for food production and so on. The implementation of this program, as well as the government's efforts to promote high-yield rice seeds, investment in water conservancy and other measures to stimulate the development of food production, rice production from 1.18 million tons in 1967 to 2.59 million tons in 1984, an increase of more than double, and in 1985 to achieve self-sufficiency in food.

The Philippines is a traditional agricultural country, the main food crops are rice and corn, accounting for about 25 percent of the total planted area. The unit yield of food is low due to backwardness in production technology and farming as well as inadequate water irrigation facilities. In order to develop food production, the Philippine government formulated the "Rice 99 Program" (which refers to the average harvest of 99 bags of rice per hectare of 44 kilograms each) and the "Corn Harvest Program" in 1973 and 1974, respectively, and adopted a series of measures to increase the yields of rice and corn, such as the implementation of a series of measures to improve rice and corn yields, such as the implementation of a series of measures to improve rice and corn yields. A series of measures have been taken to increase rice and maize yields, such as the promotion of advanced farming techniques in the countryside, the expansion of water conservancy facilities, and the promotion of good seeds and pesticides. As a result of the more substantial measures, grain unit production increased from 1.3 tons per hectare in 1965 to 2.7 tons per hectare in 1986, achieving food self-sufficiency in 1978, and in some years after 1978, a small amount of rice was exported.

Vietnam has made significant progress in food production and has now made the leap from food importer to food exporter. Food production has also been growing in countries such as Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia.

Cash crops diversify

Most ASEAN countries are not satisfied with developing one or two traditional cash crops, but are developing new cash crops with higher returns based on their specific conditions such as climate and soil, and adapting to the changing needs of the international market. Before the mid-1960s, ASEAN was already the world's leading producer and exporter of cash crops such as natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and manila hemp.

Malaysia has long maintained the status of the world's largest producer of natural rubber and since pepper, the Philippines in coconut production and exports still ranked first in the world, Indonesia's tropical forests and rubber exports in the world still occupy an important position. Rubber is Thailand's main traditional crops, after 1979 Thailand became one of the world's major rubber producers, production accounted for about 15% of the world, in 1989 Thailand produced 1.6 million tons of rubber, becoming the world's largest rubber producer.

Since the mid-1960s, the Malaysian government stipulated the "four plus one" planting policy, the oil palm, cocoa, coconut and rubber and listed as four priority development of cash crops, and they will be planted with the proportion of rice for the provisions of the 1989 oil palm export revenues exceeded the rubber, after oil, the second largest single producer. second largest single producer after oil. In addition, the production of cocoa, coconut, and pepper has grown rapidly, and in 1989 Malaysia became the world's fourth largest cocoa producer. Rubber, coffee and oil palm are the main traditional cash crops in Indonesia. After the mid-1960s, the area planted with rubber, coconut and sugarcane increased dramatically, and between 1978 and 1988, the value of cash crops such as rubber, oil palm, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco and coconut accounted for 88 percent of the value of agricultural output. Among the cash crops in the Philippines, coconut, sugarcane and manila hemp had long been overwhelmingly dominant, but after the 1970s, banana production rose to prominence, and in addition, the production of mango, coffee, cotton and rubber has also grown considerably. Thailand in the diversification of cash crops under the goal of the development of cassava, sugar cane, beans and tropical fruit cultivation, of which the production and export of cassava is particularly impressive. 1979, cassava has become the second largest single export commodity after rice, exports are more than 600,000 tons per year, in 1989, exports of cassava increased to 9.5 million tons.