What are the classic theories of public management?

About the understanding of public management, there are probably five classic theoretical viewpoints:

(A) Perry and Kramer's point of view

Public administration is a new way, which combines the normative orientation of traditional public administration with the instrumental orientation of general management. The focus of public administration is to regard public administration as a profession and public administrators as professional practitioners, not politicians or politicians.

(B) Carlson (Garson) and Altman (Overman) point of view

They believe that public management is an interdisciplinary study of the general aspects of administrative management, which combines the management of human, financial, material, information and political resources with the planning, organization and control functions of management science.

Carlson and ullman also explained six differences between public administration and public management:

(1) contains the planning, organization and control functions of general management instead of discussing social values and the conflict between bureaucracy and democracy;

(2) Economic and efficiency standards replace the tool orientation of fairness, responsiveness or political characteristics;

(3) Pay attention to replacing the views of political or policy elites with middle managers;

(4) tend to regard management as similar management, or at least try to narrow the management differences between the public sector and the private sector, rather than exaggerating their differences;

(5) A rational attitude such as paying attention to the internal operation of the organization and the external environment of the organization rather than paying too much attention to the legal, institutional and political processes;

(6) It has a strong speculative connection with the tradition of scientific management and is not closely related to politics or sociology.

(3) The viewpoints of Otto, Hyde and Shafritz.

Public management is a part of public administration or public affairs, which integrates scheme design and organizational reconstruction, policy and management planning, resource allocation through budget system, financial management, human resource management and various methods and arts. Public administration regards public administration as a profession and public managers as professional practitioners. Public management focuses on management tools, technologies, knowledge and skills that can transform ideas and policies into rules of action.

(d) The views of Bozeman and Straussman.

Public management is the management of political authority. Regardless of the nature of the organization, most management tasks and tasks are common. However, the main field of public management is under the political system. Once political authority enters the management field, the rules of the game will change. They believe that the meaning of public management is broader than internal administration; The word "public administration" is almost related to government bureaucracy, and the word "public administration" is more flexible.

(5) Hughes's point of view

He believes that compared with management, the scope of administration is narrower and its functions are more limited. Therefore, the transformation from public administration to public management means the transformation of theory and function; Public administration is an activity that serves the public. The policies implemented by civil servants are exported from other aspects. Public administration pays attention to procedures and transforms policies into actions and institutional management. Management includes administration, but it also means achieving organizational goals with maximum efficiency and being responsible for the results; The focus of public administration lies in process, procedure and order, and public administration includes more; Public managers not only follow knowledge, but also pay attention to achieving results and take responsibility for achieving results.

Based on the above scholars' views, we can define "public * * * management" as: public * * * management takes the government as the core, comprehensively uses administrative, economic, management, legal and other methods, and extensively draws lessons from enterprise management concepts and methods. By formulating and implementing public * * * policies, the government's governance capacity, performance and public * * * service quality are improved, thus