History of the Invention of Porcelain

China is a world-famous ancient country of ceramics, as early as eight thousand years ago in the early Neolithic era, China's industrious and intelligent ancestors already know how to make and use pottery. The invention of pottery is an epoch-making landmark in the history of human social development. The ancestors mixed the clay used for making pottery with water, utilized the plasticity of the clay to shape it into containers suitable for life, and heated it to a certain temperature by fire to burn out the relatively hard pottery. The emergence of pottery is one of the first creative activities of mankind to change one substance into another through chemical changes, and is one of the important achievements in the history of human inventions.

China is again the world's first country to invent porcelain. The invention of porcelain is a major contribution of ancient ancestors to the world's material civilization. The creation and development of porcelain, have gone through the process from low to high, from simple to complex. After continuous improvement in the selection and treatment of raw materials, increase the firing temperature and the surface of the object glazed, created and fired with the pottery is different from the original porcelain. To the second century A.D. in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, a kind of porcelain with glossy, translucent better, firing temperature in 1310 ℃ or so, knocking the sound of crisp porcelain burned, and in Zhejiang Province, a large number of appearances, which is the history of Chinese ceramics with epoch-making significance.

Chinese ceramics from the Neolithic era to the North and South Dynasties, focusing on the Yellow River Basin Neolithic colored pottery, such as Xi'an, Shaanxi Xi'an, half-slope of the human face, deer, fish pattern pots; Henan, Shaanxi County, Miaodigou, the petal pattern pots; Gansu, Yongjing, Majiaoyao, the swirling pattern of the jars and the half-san, the geometric pattern of the type of plant type of jars. They use only simple shades of red, purple and black to depict the exquisite and magnificent colored pottery, forming a perfect unity that is still admired today. The Terracotta Warriors of Qin Shi Huang in Shaanxi are also representative works of excellent pottery, as well as the celadon goats and large lotus flower zuns unearthed in Nanjing, which reflect the firing level of each era. In the Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Liao and Jin periods, is China's ceramics in a period of prosperity and development, the Tang Dynasty, Zhejiang Yue kiln celadon, Hebei Xing kiln white porcelain famous in contemporary times, the formation of the southern blue and northern white porcelain production characteristics. Flower porcelain and stranded tire and other decorative techniques also appeared in the north, further enriching the variety of Tang dynasty porcelain. The Tang dynasty three-color pottery is influenced by the monochrome glaze since the Han dynasty, to the Tang dynasty development of yellow, green, white, blue, purple, black and other colors, because the most used for the yellow, green, white three colors, so it is called the Tang three-color. In the Song Dynasty is China's porcelain booming period, thousands of porcelain kilns emerged around the world, there are Ru, official, Ding, Jun, Yao, Longquan, Brother kilns, etc. to its unique and special achievements become the most famous porcelain kilns in the Song Dynasty. They have far-reaching influence on the art of porcelain making in later generations. The Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, some of the famous kilns in the north stopped burning, tend to decline, but the Jiangnan region porcelain industry is a great development, craftsmen from all directions, centered in Jingdezhen, porcelain technology gradually rose to the national porcelain production representatives. To the Ming Dynasty, China's porcelain has reached a mature stage. Porcelain skills in the early Qing Dynasty has reached a historical peak, the Ming Dynasty to become the mainstream of porcelain production in blue and white porcelain, court and folk porcelain are blue and white porcelain-based, light and delicate, elegant and beautiful. In the Ming Dynasty also appeared bucket color, five colors, reflecting the rich decorative varieties of glaze painting in the Ming Dynasty. Qing Dynasty colored porcelain in the Ming Dynasty on the basis of also has a great development, divided into more color, ink color, blue color and gold color also appeared in the five-color porcelain picture, and created a number of new decorative varieties such as enamel, pastel, etc., the color is light and elegant is its characteristics, thus enriching the porcelain decoration in the Qing Dynasty, so that Chinese ceramics to the brilliant. Late Neolithic Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture, the culture of the Dawenkou, Longshan cremation and other cultural sites, as well as the Shang, Western Zhou to the Qin and Han site excavations, unearthed a large number of ceramics, according to its type can be divided into colored pottery, black pottery, white pottery, seal pottery, painted pottery and so on.

Colored pottery, or colored pottery, uses hematite powder and manganese oxide as pigments, and uses tools similar to brushes to paint various designs on the surface of the billet, which are then burned at 900-1050 degrees Celsius in a kiln to produce black, red, and white designs on an orange-red background. Since their discovery in 1912 at the Neolithic culture site of Yangshao Village in Mianchi County, Henan Province, they have been unearthed one after another in Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hubei and other provinces and districts, where they belong to different cultural types. Yangshao Culture Half-slope type colored pottery was first discovered in 1953 in Half-slope Village, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, hence its name. It is mainly distributed in eastern Gansu and Guanzhong area of Shaanxi. Pottery with a curled lip basin and rounded bottom of the basin, bowl and small mouth, thin neck pot with a big belly, straight mouth, bulging belly and pointed bottom vase as the typical wares, the shape is relatively simple. According to the radiocarbon dating, the date is 4800-4300 BC. The main decorations are: ① animal motifs, with fish, frogs, deer and birds as decorative objects, especially the human face fish motifs, fish motifs, fish and bird combination motifs, with many variations, with distinctive characteristics of the era. ② Geometric patterns, mostly evolved from abstracted animal, plant and weaving patterns, including broadband patterns, triangular patterns, zigzag patterns and diagonal patterns. ③Weaving pattern, line pattern, basket pattern, rope pattern and so on. In addition, on the black broadband pattern along the mouth of the colored pottery bowl, there are all kinds of symbols, which may represent a variety of special meanings or a particular mark. Yangshao Culture Miaodigou type colored pottery was found in 1953 in Miaodigou, Shaanxi County, Henan Province. Its distribution area for Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and other provinces. The shape of the vessel is still mainly basin, bowl, bottle, but also the emergence of urns, jars, etc., the shape of more flat bottom, large mouth, curved wall, small bottom, the shape of the body is mostly triangular, giving a person a pretty, full, light and stable feeling. According to radiocarbon dating, the date is around 3900 BC. Its decorations include: ① plant motifs, mostly in the form of floral patterns, leaf-shaped patterns. ② animal patterns, less common, with frogs, birds and other images. ③Weaving pattern: line pattern, basket pattern, rope pattern. ④ Geometric pattern, mainly composed of polka dots, hooked leaves, curved triangles and curves, and other banded patterns. Majiayao Culture Majiayao type colored pottery was found in 1924 in Majiayao Village, Lintao County, Gansu, and its range can reach Qinghai, Ningxia, Sichuan and other provinces and regions. The shape of the vessel is still to basin, bowl, jar, pot mainly. Its age, according to radiocarbon dating for 3300 BC-2900 BC. Its decorations are: ① figure pattern, such as in 1973 in datong county, qinghai on sunjiazhai unearthed dance pattern colored pottery pots, painted with 15 people, divided into 3 groups of hand in hand dancing image. ② animal motifs, tadpole motifs, frog-shaped motifs; the most characteristic of the era for the whirlpool and wave motifs, motifs rotating, undulating, giving a strong sense of movement.

Majiayao Culture Half-Shan type colored pottery was found in 1924 in the Half-Shan area of Hezheng County, Gansu (present-day Ningxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture), and distributed in Gansu and northeastern Qinghai. There are short whiskers, wide shoulders and bulging bellies, single handle pots, converging mouth bowls, open mouth and flat bottom small bowls, etc. According to the radiocarbon dating, the date is 2650-2350 BC. The decoration has serrated pattern, net pattern and fish, shell, people, frogs and other forms of patterns, especially serrated spiral pattern, wave pattern, serrated pattern is the most typical. In addition, some artifacts cover button is also molded into a human head shape, the image is more vivid.

Majiayao Culture Mafang type colored pottery was discovered in the fall of 1924 in Mafang Plateau, Minhe County, Qinghai. Mainly distributed in Qinghai, Gansu and other provinces. The shape of the vessel basically follows the shape of the Banshan type, compared with the Banshan appears to be high, beautiful. The ear-shaped cup appeared, and the shape of the ear and the button was full of changes. Its age, according to radiocarbon dating, for the 2350-2050 BC. Patterns have concentric circles, diamond pattern, human frog pattern, parallel lines, back to the pattern, hooked pattern and so on. In addition, colored pottery was also unearthed in the sites of the Da Wenkou Culture, Daxi Culture, Qujialing Culture and Qijia Culture. However, its quantity, scale and artistic level have been somewhat different from the above culture types. These colorful pottery fully embodies the perfect unity of practicality and beauty.

Black pottery, which is slightly later than colored pottery, has a delicate texture, shiny black paint, dexterous shape, and is as thin as an eggshell, and has pushed Chinese Neolithic pottery craftsmanship to its peak.

Black pottery was formed in the last stage of firing, when water was added slowly from the top of the kiln to extinguish the charcoal and produce thick smoke, with the intention of letting the smoke illuminate and blacken the pottery. It is following the colored pottery, China's Neolithic pottery industry appeared another peak. 1928, the black pottery was first discovered in Shandong Zhangqiu County (formerly belongs to Lixing County) Longshan Town, Chengzi cliff, its cultural remains, archaeological circles known as the "Longshan Culture", according to the radiocarbon dating, the age of 2500 BC - 2000 years ago. According to radiocarbon dating, it is dated to 2500 BCE-2000 BCE. This typical Longshan Culture, also known as Shandong Longshan Culture, is a late Neolithic culture developed after the Da Wenkou Culture. Its distribution area is mainly in Shandong and North Jiangsu. As an important feature of the Shandong Longshan Culture, black pottery is another glorious creation of Chinese Neolithic pottery-making craft comparable to colored pottery.

Shandong Longshan culture black pottery form varieties than the colored pottery is more abundant, but also gradually regular. There are mainly pots, basins, fiancées, 鬲, 甗, beans, 鬶, cups, tripods, etc. The shape is also different from colored pottery. Its shape is also different from the colored pottery, more practical from life, the design is novel and ingenious, pragmatic, and more aesthetically pleasing. Such as the development of the tripod, it changed the tripod solid three feet for the hollow three feet, the bottom of the foot hollow, in the cooking water and food to expand the contact area with the fire, shorten the cooking time; and the modeling of the three full-bodied bags of feet because of the tripod appears to be particularly stable and proportional, and in the stability of the flexible flavor revealed. And from the evolution of the Li from the quail is not only the shape of peculiar, and more can give a person the interest of beauty. It may be inspired by the birds on the shape, very much like a bird with a long beak, there are also three full of pouch feet stable and standing, but in the shape of the structure is different from the Li, it is a side of the beak type of long flow upward, outward extension, appears very lively, dexterous, and the curve of the quail, forming a new balance, and make it easy to hold and extract, and also easy to pour the object in the vessel, and is rich in the beauty of the form, and has become an outstanding representative of the black ceramic craftsmanship. It is an outstanding representative of the black pottery craftsmanship, reflecting the advanced level of the Longshan culture in Shandong and the superior design ability of the potters. The design and production of other wares such as cups, beans, earthenware vessels and gui are also quite ingenious. The accessories of each part of the ware are also rich and diversified compared with the colored pottery, such as the increase of the cover of the ware, a cover for two purposes, and the animal as the cover.

Other cultural types of black pottery ① early Longshan culture black pottery, the shape of the tripod, jia, etc., the production method of more than taking the clay disk building method. The body of the gray coarse, decorated with basket, rope, scratch pattern and pile paste decoration. Mainly distributed in southern Shanxi, western Henan, Shaanxi Guanzhong and other places. ② Late Longshan Culture black pottery, represented by the Hougang II culture in Henan and the Keshengzhuang II culture in Shaanxi. At this time there was an increase in the number of vessel shapes, including cauldrons, 甗, 鬶, 鬲, divorces, jars, cups, etc., and a decrease in tripods and jia. Typical eggshell pottery appeared, decorated with basket pattern, rope pattern, production method in addition to mud strip plate building method, there are also molded and wheel system. ③ liangzhu culture black pottery, distributed in northern zhejiang, southern jiangsu, liangzhu culture for the late neolithic culture, features and longshan culture have the same, its black pottery is also more developed, the shape of the beans, plate, fiancé, zun, tripod, gui, pots, etc., mostly wheel system, surface polishing, black and light.

White pottery is fired with kaolin clay and has a white and delicate texture. It originated in the Neolithic Age, to the Shang Dynasty due to the improvement of production technology, so that the raw material washing is more delicate, the mastery of the firing fire degree is also just right, thus making the burnt objects more and more pure and lovely. White pottery was mostly made in the form of household objects, such as pots, earthenware jars, goblets, wine containers, and gui. The decoration mainly draws on the decorative patterns of bronze wares, such as animal face patterns, taotie patterns, kui dragons, cloud and thunder patterns, zigzag patterns, etc. The decoration methods include engraving and shallow decoration. There are two kinds of decoration methods: engraving and shallow relief carving. The decoration of white pottery is often all over the whole body of the object, the composition is rigorous and rich in change. Such as the National Palace Museum collection according to the fragment recovery of the Shang dynasty white pottery pots, the main body of the shallow relief carving out the corresponding double kui dragons, the bottom according to the size of the blank status of the cloud thunder pattern, the bottom line and the shallow relief levels, staggered, and each other in harmony, so that the object appears solemn and noble. White pottery was a kind of living utensils used by the nobles of slave owners at that time, and gradually disappeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. On the basis of pottery production, our ancestors invented porcelain. According to archaeological materials, China in the Shang Dynasty has appeared in the porcelain, archaeology called "primitive porcelain". This kind of porcelain is a kaolin clay as a blank tire, baked in a high temperature flame, the surface of the ware is applied with a high-temperature fired glaze, the color quality is green and slightly brownish-yellow, decorated with chevrons, straight lines, etc., decorative methods such as incised and molded and other kinds of. To the Eastern Han Dynasty, the emergence of mature porcelain, glazed porcelain tire thin and solid, buckle the sound, transparent glaze, light green or grass green, there will be on the pottery on the vermilion and white painted painted pottery, pattern pattern is mostly geometric, plants, animal patterns composed of porcelain modeling simple and simple, short and broad and thick.

The earliest porcelain in China was celadon (or celadon magnet). This celadon because of the iron oxide contained in the glaze, by a certain temperature of the oxidation flame, fired into yellow, and then in the reduction flame into green. Moreover, there are many kinds of fired wares, and the modeling is rich and vivid. Decorative patterns have paved pattern, lotus pattern, joint pearl pattern, wave pattern and so on, and its decorative method is very rich, there are embossing, engraving, stacking paste, molding, carving, orchid color. Celadon with its elegant, clear, clean glaze and colorful decorations and vivid and varied shape of the object, in the history of Chinese ceramics played a decisive role. In the Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties period celadon has been greatly developed. Existing southern dynasty "over lotus small jar", although small, but simple and beautiful modeling, cover and body are carved in relief with over lotus petals, cover with lotus leaf stalks knob, has a distinctive period characteristics. The whole body is glazed with green glaze, yellowish, open fine flake pattern, glaze color crystal clear.

Sui-Tang period, Chinese porcelain craft has new development. Sui dynasty appeared Xing kiln white porcelain. Xing kiln white porcelain porcelain body hard and thin, glaze white and clean, "silver-like snow" reputation. Existing white porcelain in the Sui dynasty "dragon handle double belly bottle" is the most representative works. It is a peculiar shape, white tire, glaze smooth, tire glaze has been completely invisible in the white flash yellow or white in the traces of green, can be seen in its craftsmanship of fine. Tang Dynasty to Yue kiln celadon is the most famous, it is China's Tang, Five Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty porcelain kiln products. Yue kiln celadon production in addition to the Tang dynasty under the Yuezhou Yuyao, Shangyu, shaoxing and zhuji, now Ningbo, Zhenhai, yinxian, cixi, linhai and huangyan, etc. also imitation of the Yue kiln celadon, in fact, has formed a forest lake as the center of the same style of the huge celadon kiln system. Tang dynasty yueyue kiln celadon, its artifacts to tea and wine mainly, such as tea ou, tea tray, pots, cups, plates, etc. are yueyue kiln widely burned products. Its decorative patterns take a wide range of materials, there are peony, lotus, scroll grass, luanfeng, mandarin ducks, parrots, flying geese, lions, dragons, fish, figures and landscapes and so on. And the decorative method of picking flowers, printing, scratching, stacking paste, etc., stacking paste to approximate the technique of relief, stacking paste out of a variety of decorations. During the Five Dynasties period, the production scale of Yue kiln celadon was even larger. At that time part of the kiln for the wu yue's qian dynasty control, become the earliest in the history of Chinese ceramics official kilns, they specialize in firing the so-called secret color porcelain that the common people are not allowed to use. The ruler of wu yue used these fine celadon, to the powerful after the tang, after the jin, after the han, after the week and the northern sung dynasty tribute, in order to exchange for the situation of peace and quiet. As a result of this special political needs, the five generations of the Yue kiln is the emergence of unprecedented prosperity. At this time, the secret color porcelain from the previous green slightly flashing yellow in a less mature tone, and then burned into a more pure, such as a clear ripples of spring-like lake green, and the glaze is very uniform, for the Song dynasty celadon pursuit of class jade like ice effect, laid the foundation. Yue kiln celadon in the Tang and Five Dynasties period, the product in addition to domestic sales, but also constantly to overseas exports, exported to India, Pakistan, Iran, Egypt and Japan and Southeast Asia and other places. Now some of the ancient city ruins and ancient temples abroad have been found in its debris. Into the Song Dynasty, due to the development of other porcelain kilns, court porcelain has no need to rely on the Yue Kiln, and its commodity porcelain in the competition has gradually lost the market, so to the Northern Song Dynasty after the middle of the Yue Kiln decline, its reputation has been replaced by other celadon kilns.

And the Tang dynasty is the most outstanding Tang three-color, it is a low-temperature colorful aluminum glaze firing pottery. Tang Sancai has a colorful effect, forming a rich and magnificent artistic charm. Tang Three-color products are divided into two categories: vessels and figurines, the vessels are rounded and full of form, figurines involve a wide range of figures from all walks of life, the figures are refined and generalized, while the animal forms are shaped with accurate proportions, structured and vivid, and became the messengers of the Tang Dynasty's economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries at that time, which have been passed down to the rest of the world. Song Dynasty is the peak period of China's porcelain craft. Porcelain production showed a hundred flowers in a prosperous situation, the north and south have emerged from all over the production of many high-quality porcelain kilns, since ancient times, there are "Ru, the official, brother, Jun, Ding" five kilns, in fact, far more than the five famous kilns. These famous kilns of China's porcelain craft is the biggest contribution to the aesthetics of ceramics opened up a new realm.

Jun Kiln

Located in Henan Province, it is China's Song Dynasty porcelain kilns, located in today's Henan Province, Yuxian Shen Shenzhen town, the place belongs to the Song Dynasty, so the name of the kiln. Fishing kiln porcelain originally belonged to the celadon system, and then absorbed the Tang Dynasty flower glaze porcelain compound color glaze technology, through the kiln during the firing process, its glaze color achieved a brilliant and colorful effect. Fishing kiln porcelains mainly include bowls, plates, stoves, vases, flower pots, etc. The latter have the most beautiful and varied shapes, such as round and begonia shapes. The glaze color of porcelain is generally green with red, i.e., green glaze often appears in deep or light red, and some are azure and rose purple, begonia red intricately interspersed, like a red haze in the blue sky, which is very beautiful. This red color in the porcelain of Jun kiln is the result of adding copper elements to the glaze, and the purple color is the product of the fusion of the green glaze and the copper-red glaze. Jun kiln to copper oxides as coloring agent, after firing the red spots, purple and red spots and other compound color glaze, that is, kiln change, break through the single-color glaze of celadon, so that the formation of contrasting artistic style, for the Song Dynasty celadon opened up a new realm, and therefore by the people's general love. Longquan kiln

Longquan kiln is China's Song dynasty porcelain kilns. Located in present-day Longquan County, Zhejiang Province, its emerald green crystal green is the ultimate celadon glaze color of the beauty. Five Dynasties by the Yue kiln, wuzhou kiln and ou kiln and the influence of the rise, to the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the decline of the Yue kiln, and get further development. And because the Southern Song Dynasty built the capital of Lin'an (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province), its products as tribute and the surge in foreign sales, and so on, so that the Longquan kiln production reached its heyday. Longquan kiln porcelain varieties are bottles, pots, jars and other daily utensils, including the most abundant bottle shape. Its porcelain glaze color in the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty, the creation of burnt plum green and powder green glaze, thus forming the Longquan kiln's own unique style. Longquan kiln porcelain in the decoration of the pile paste, relief and other methods, there are also iron brown spots for decoration. Ge Kiln

Located in Zhejiang Province, Ge Kiln green porcelain is a Chinese porcelain of the Song Dynasty. According to records, Ge kiln and Longquan kiln in present-day Longquan County, Zhejiang Province. The Southern Song Dynasty, two brothers surnamed Zhang, each operating a kiln, his brother's camp, to "brother kiln" name, his brother's camp, the name of the name of the place. Brother kiln porcelain glaze color has pinkish green, beige, grayish green, fish maw white and other colors, including pinkish green for the positive color. Brother kiln porcelain is the main feature of the glaze around the body covered with cracked grain piece, that is, usually referred to as open piece, is the glaze and tire in the cooling process, due to the different shrinkage rate and presents a different size, color shades of special effects, a kind of simple and natural interest in the sky. Because of its cracked texture shape and size of the different, and therefore have different names. Such as caviar pattern, that is, the pattern is as small as a fish, and crab claw pattern is due to the pattern of large and curved edge, there are also a hundred trash broken, gold wire and other different names, quite popular, is a creation of the Song dynasty porcelain glaze process. In addition to open slice, brother kiln porcelain glaze also appeared in the size of bubbles, called poly ball save beads; there are also grape pattern rust spots, known as grape spots. Brother kiln ware varieties are furnace, bottle, plate, bowl, wash and stationery. Jian kiln

Located in Fujian Province, famous for burning black porcelain, is a Chinese porcelain kiln in the Song Dynasty. Located in present-day Jianyang County, Fujian Province, Shui Ji Town, so also known as Shui Ji kiln. Jian kiln in the Song dynasty porcelain kiln to burn black glazed porcelain famous. Its wares are mostly bowls, marigolds and other tea utensils. Jian kiln black porcelain in the firing, glaze bubbles in the glaze will bring iron to the glaze, glaze flow at high temperatures, the iron part of the flow into stripes, cooling will show hematite small crystals, thus forming a variety of different brown patches. Among them, rabbit hair glaze and oil drop glaze is representative. Rabbit hair glaze is in the black shiny glaze, side by side glittering silver luster like silk stripes, its shape like a rabbit hair, this kind of presentation of rabbit hair-like crystals instead of artistic processing, the beauty of the place is no less than the use of carving, scratching, stamping and painting and other methods of decorative effects formed. Oil drop glaze is known for its beautiful crystalline pattern, is in the black glaze on the silver-gray metallic luster of the dots, irregularly scattered, in the light of day, will emit a shimmering luster, dazzling, as if the oil droplets in the vegetable soup crystal clear. There are also feathery spots such as partridge spots. Because of the Northern Song Dynasty, the upper rulers like to use black glaze tea set fighting tea, and Jian kiln porcelain and because of the black glaze, conducive to fighting tea, and was highly valued; was used as tribute for the Imperial Households, so that the Jian kiln porcelain reputation, and many kilns are also scrambling to imitate. Ru kiln

Ru kiln is China's Song dynasty porcelain kilns, located in the present day Baofeng County, Henan Province, because Baofeng in the Song dynasty belongs to the state of Ru and named. The Ru Kiln was originally a folk kiln firing printed and engraved celadon, with a decorative style similar to that of the Yaozhou Kiln in Shaanxi. To the late Northern Song Dynasty, the court to Ding kiln porcelain mouth without glaze and for the burr, inconvenient to use, and ordered the Ru kiln firing for the imperial celadon, that is, historically known as the official kiln Ru porcelain. In the past was known as the five famous kilns of the Song dynasty in the Ru kiln, refers to this kind of porcelain. The folk fired by the printing of celadon, now generally known as the Lin Ru kiln, the Northern Song Dynasty, burned court supplies. Ru kiln soil is fine and moist, slightly red, glaze thick and clear, such as rain and light blue, there are fine open flakes, early plain without decoration, elegant and simple, late in the printing and engraving of flowers, and other interesting. Ru kiln because of the firing time is very short, so the circulating wares only see plate, dish, wash, trousseau, zun, marigold tray. And are large but feet, the number is very small. Ru kiln porcelain is not to decorate patterns, generally more glaze as an important means of beautifying objects. Ru kiln porcelain in the firing has basically mastered the reducing properties of iron, its glaze color is light cyan (also known as green), it has both the cold blue, and green warm, is a kind of cold and warm moderate, very harmonious tone. This celadon produced by the clear, elegant color sense, it is the Song dynasty high society's fashion hobby and aesthetic interest in the reflection.

Official Kilns

Official kilns in China during the Song Dynasty by the official management, burned porcelain kilns for the exclusive use of the court of celadon. Its kiln has 2 places: ① Northern Song Dynasty Zhenghe (1111-1118) to Yihe (1119-1125) years in the capital city of Bianliang (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), the kiln site has not yet been found. ② Jingkang change, the Southern Song regime in accordance with the old system of the Northern Song Dynasty in the capital city of Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province) to set up kilns; continue to burn, the kiln in Hangzhou, Phoenix Hill, Wugu Mountain area, unearthed ceramic tablets and the literature quite a lot of matches. Official kiln celadon glaze color to powder green for the upper, its tone light and subtle, purple mouth iron foot, and have crab claw pattern open piece. Because of its tire body contains too much iron, so the tire are slightly brown or purple black tire objects. The formation of purple iron foot, is the use of glaze flow, so that the mouth only hangs a very thin layer of glaze, thin glaze in the mouth through the purple tire bone, foot is also unglazed and iron color. Purple iron foot and cover the surface of the glaze on the porcelain, color contrasting effect, both breaking the monotony of the glaze a color, but also to give objects to the solemn interest, so that the official kiln objects more and more show the rhyme of celadon. The official kiln porcelain is generally rarely imposed decoration, only bottle objects in the neck, abdomen and other parts of a few spaced string pattern, while the entire body is a large area of plain and undecorated, with a simple, bright feeling. Official kiln wares are mostly some imitation of ancient ceremonial ware, simple and elegant modeling, clean, coupled with cracks around the body, that is, the open piece and purple iron foot, so that the wares multiply the mood of ancient and elegant.

Ding kiln

Chinese porcelain kiln in the Song dynasty. Located in today's Quyang County, Hebei Province, Jian Magnet Village and East and West Yanshan Village, because Quyang in the Song Dynasty belongs to Dingzhou, so the name Ding kiln, is the only famous kilns in the Song Dynasty kiln firing white porcelain. Ding kiln porcelain burned mostly for daily use, there are bowls, plates, cups, boxes, pillows, bottles, pots and other varieties. Its porcelain body is thin, easy to deform when firing, so more than with the overlay burn. Its porcelain tires hard and fine, creamy white, and white flash yellow, smooth and moist. In the decoration, the early more plain ground, to the mid-North Song Dynasty after the more beautifully decorated with patterns, the pattern is mainly plant motifs, including peonies, lotus, chrysanthemums, etc., in addition to the mandarin ducks, swimming fish and porcelain child pillows, etc., the formation of beautiful and vivid, full of changes in the pattern or vessel shape. The main methods of decoration are: ① engraved flowers, because the body is thin, so more shallow engraving method, the engraved lines are divided into deep and shallow, not only conducive to the performance of the depiction of the object pattern, but also rich in the color of white porcelain, the tools for the bamboo slice and the knife, the former engraved line is wider, the latter engraved line is finer. ② printing, with a patterned impression, while the blank tire is not dry, print the required pattern, which is molded Yang most. Because of the mold, so that the surface of the body with subtle changes in light. Printed porcelain lines are more refined and regular, pattern complex bonded detailed, tight and compact structure, the printed pattern clear, meticulous, coupled with the cream-colored body, giving a person a clear and elegant, soft and elegant feeling. In addition, the mouth of the printed ware are not hanging glaze, the exposed body, become a burlap, often inlaid with gold and silver buttons, thus adding a sense of splendor and beauty to the porcelain. ③ scratches, with similar comb comb-like tool, in the surface of the object to create a variety of patterns. Generally fish patterns, water ripples mostly. The lines are well-proportioned and natural. In addition to white porcelain, Ding kiln also fired sauce glaze, black glaze and green glaze porcelain. Ding kiln porcelain fiber, the body is very thin and light, in order to avoid firing deformation, the use of buckle burning method, so the mouth is not glazed but astringent edge, and then to gold, silver, copper inlaid mouth is called "gold and silver buckle". Ding kiln glaze color white, in the billet first coated with white make-up clay, and then apply color transparent tooth-white vitreous enamel. Mostly printed, scratched, carved as a decorative technique, quite distinctive. Jingdezhen kiln

Jingdezhen kiln is located in Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province. Jingdezhen formerly known as Changnan Town, because of the fine porcelain fired during the Jingde period of the Northern Song Dynasty and called the present name. Jingdezhen kiln since the Tang Dynasty, that is, the firing of celadon, to the Northern Song Dynasty to the firing of blue and white porcelain. Its glaze color white and slightly green taste, this white in the green, green in the white color glaze, for the Jingdezhen kiln's new creation. Its hue gives a person a fresh, crisp feeling. Green and white porcelain to the light of the majority of vegetal, but also between the carved flowers. After the Jingkang change, with the Song room moved south, many of the northern Ding kiln porcelain craftsmen also went south, they brought the Ding kiln porcelain production technology, imitation Ding kiln porcelain in Jingdezhen. Produced porcelain, tire glaze color pure white as powder, known as powder Ding. Affected by its influence, Jingdezhen kiln burned blue and white porcelain, decoration gradually replaced by printing. Green and white glazed porcelain glaze transparent as water, thin and lightweight body, green and white porcelain glaze cover in the carving, printing on the vessel, the pattern of the concave area of the accumulation of glaze is slightly thicker and more green, the tire thin pattern in the light under the hidden, so there are shadow green, reflecting the green, hidden green, cover the green of the name. Jingdezhen kiln blue and white porcelain was used as tribute porcelain, for the Imperial Household, its varieties of bowls, boxes, plates, notes, bottles and so on. The shape is often made into melon prong mouth, petals and other shapes, decorated with peonies, plum blossoms, hibiscus, lotus, mandarin ducks, fish, ducks and children's images, etc., and its decorative methods are engraved, scratched, stamped and appliquéd and other types of decorative methods. By the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen kilns continued to develop, and had successfully fired varieties of blue and white, glazed red, red glaze, etc., and gradually became the center of porcelain production in the country. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jingdezhen kilns gained unprecedented development, due to the abundance of raw materials and craftsmen's skill, so that the porcelain made in the varieties of colors, types of objects, as well as styling, decorating, etc. Compared with the previous generation, there is a great enrichment, improvement and innovation, and became the heyday of the ancient Chinese porcelain production process. The late Qing dynasty to the Republic of China, due to social unrest, Jingdezhen kiln porcelain industry appeared to wither or stagnant state, the Chinese people's *** and after the establishment of the country, and regained development. At present, jingdezhen kiln in the inheritance of traditional technology, restore traditional varieties, create new varieties of styles, etc., to carry out a wide range of in-depth exploration, and has made outstanding achievements. Yuan dynasty jingdezhen kiln also invented the glaze red porcelain, this is a kind of underglaze red pattern porcelain, called "underglaze color". Due to the glaze red copper red is not easy to control, firing difficulty, and thus can achieve a pure red glaze red porcelain is very little, so it is a valuable porcelain. In the glaze red porcelain on the basis of the Ming Dynasty burned into the Doo Cai and five-color porcelain. Doo Cai porcelain is the main achievement is the creation of underglaze blue and glaze color combination of new technology. Doucai is a colored porcelain from the Ming and Qing dynasties in China, also known as Doucai. Doucai has two meanings; ① underglaze blue and underglaze color fighting together; ② blue and color competition. It is the first underglaze blue painted the main pattern, after firing and then painted on the glaze or with a variety of colored glaze filling and dyeing, and finally baked into the furnace. Decorative patterns are mostly flowers and fruits, chickens and insects, etc., after the Chenghua "doucai", colorful extreme. Such as "bucket color animal earth map cup", "bucket color butterfly pattern cover jar". According to the study of heirloom porcelain, doucai was founded in the Ming chenghua years, its emergence is inspired by cloisonné process results. Doo Cai is in the blank with cobalt material outline of decoration, glazed and fired to show the outline of the white glaze blue decoration, and cloisonné with copper wire coiled into a double line pattern welded to the copper tire has the same effect. Doucai is in the blue double hook line filled with a variety of colors, cloisonné in the copper wire double line filled with a variety of colors, the two materials are different, the process is also different, however, the effect of decoration is the same. Five-color porcelain is a kind of porcelain glaze color, "five-color" contains a variety of colored meaning. Is to brown and black instead of blue outline, or painted directly on the glaze, the color tends to be rich, contrasting, colorful, porcelain modeling the pursuit of complex changes, some bottles hollowed out into a pattern, and then apply five colors, become a delicate and transparent through the flower porcelain. Ming Dynasty Jiajing, Wanli years of five-color porcelain is the most distinctive, such as the existing Wanli five-color hollowed out cloud and phoenix bottle, complex decorations, but the level is clear, and set of painted, relief, carved in one, red, very gorgeous. Qing Dynasty, especially the Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong three generations of porcelain technology reached its peak. This period in addition to the firing process of blue and white porcelain has further improved, so that the color of blue and white porcelain is more vibrant, more distinct, five-color porcelain is more colorful, but also created an extremely valuable enamel porcelain.

Enamel is China's Qing Dynasty exclusively for the imperial colored porcelain. Also known as porcelain enamel. Department of the characteristics of copper enamel firing, is painted in red, yellow, blue, green and other colors on the ground with floral motifs. The first use of Western enamel material, according to the Qing dynasty palace manufacturing office records, Yongzheng six years (1728) in the manufacturing office of the enamel for the success of the imitation refining of Western enamel, since then that is the use of domestic enamel. Enameled porcelain with Jingdezhen imperial kiln factory burned good thin white porcelain, made by the Office of the Jingdezhen enamel for the famous painter engaged in depiction, patterns are specified drawings, painted and then baked into the furnace fire and become. The bottom of the enameled porcelain are written on the year, there are blue, carmine pile material and blue and white, the font has two kinds of regular and seal script, the book of four characters for the "Kangxi or Yongzheng Imperial", the book of six characters for the "Qing Dynasty Qianlong year system". The main component of the enamel material is a mixture of borates and silicates, in the opaque, white fusible enamel, add the appropriate amount of metal oxide pigments, can become a colorful enamel material. Shanghai Institute of Silicate of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Kangxi enamel material has been analyzed and determined that the preliminary determination of the coloring elements: yellow antimony, iron, blue cobalt, white arsenic, bright red for gold, pink for gold, arsenic, purple cobalt, gold. On this basis, and created more delicate than the five-color porcelain