Historical changes of Changsha

Changsha is one of the first historical and cultural cities in China and an excellent tourist city in China. It is the capital of Hunan Province and the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technological and tourist center of Hunan Province. Changsha is also a vibrant modern city, with a large number of modern talents, ranking first in the country. Known as "the famous city of Chu and Han, the hometown of Qujia, the holy land of revolution", there are many places of interest, attracting poets and writers of all ages. Changsha can also be described as a city of mountains and rivers, a city of culture and a city of heroes. Maybe you don't know much about the above, but you must have heard of a name: Mao Zedong, Changsha is the place where the world giant grew up, and he spent an extraordinary youth and adolescence here.

The long Xiangjiang River and the towering foothills witness the changes of this ancient city with a thousand years. The formation of "only Chu has talent and prospers in Sri Lanka" has made great contributions to Huxiang culture. Changsha's rich cultural heritage has far-reaching influence in the whole province, the whole country and even the whole world. If we compare the construction and development of Changsha to a tree, then culture is the root of this tree. If the city is compared to a person, then culture is the soul of this person and the root of Huxiang culture, which affects and supports the all-round development of Changsha.

The spirit of Changsha, "Worry about the world first, then worry about the world first", drives Star City to a bright future. "The dew-dried trees are ripe, and the wind shakes the fragrance of the continent." Orange Island, which is famous for oranges in the south, is on the list, but you can see the smell of peanuts, the shade on the ground and the shyness of the orange island net. Looking around the mainland, you can only see the lush Yuelu Mountain in the west and Changsha City with many high-rise buildings in the east. Mountains and rivers interact with cities, and cities and mountains coexist. What a harmonious picture of man and nature.

Changsha, a veritable tourist attraction. The festivals here are colorful and full of joy; Many cultures and traditional customs here are unique and unparalleled in the world; The long-standing Huxiang culture, the magical hometown of great men, the beautiful landscape city and the romantic modern city here dazzle you. Sightseeing here will definitely leave you unforgettable memories.

About15-200,000 years ago, there were human activities in Changsha. After15-200,000 years of development, the history of Changsha entered the Neolithic Age. About 5000 BC, Changsha ancestors began to settle down, formed villages and entered matriarchal society; Around 3000 BC, Changsha entered the Qujialing cultural stage in the Neolithic Age. About 2500 BC, Changsha entered the stage of Longshan culture in the Neolithic Age. At this time, with primitive agriculture, fishing and hunting are still an important means for people to make a living. The primitive pottery industry and stone processing technology have further developed, resulting in the primitive textile and jade processing technology.

Before Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties

Relationship between Shang and Zhou Dynasties and Central Plains Dynasties before Shang and Zhou Dynasties

According to legend, the ancestor Yan Di and Huang Di Yuan have been to Changsha. Sima Qian's Historical Records of the Five Emperors said that the Yellow Emperor had "crossed the mountain road, crossed the river south and climbed the bear across Hunan", and later named Changsha as his son Shao (The History of the Road in the Song Dynasty recorded that Shao "started in Yunyang and was buried in Changsha" (meaning a reward).

Changsha, the hometown of ancient Sanmiao in Xia Dynasty; In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the kingdom of Sanmiao disappeared, but the descendants of Sanmiao still lived and multiplied in this land. At this time, Changsha belonged to "Yangyue" (also known as "Man Jing") and was called "Land of Yangyue" in history. As an ancient Yue people (a branch of the ancient Changsha Yue people), it created and formed a distinctive Yue culture at this time, and its most representative feature was hard pottery with geometric patterns printed on it. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Central Plains dynasty in the north fought frequently with Man Jing and YueYang in the south. Although they failed to establish direct rule here, the "land of Yueyang" once became the "southern service" of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, forcing Man Jing to submit. "Yizhoushu Wang Hui" records that at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi was successfully built, and governors from all over the country came to congratulate him. There is a kind of "Changsha turtle" in the tribute, which is the earliest record of the name "Changsha" in historical records.

Ancient Yue Culture and Central Plains Culture

Changsha, the descendant of Central Plains culture in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, entered the Bronze Age. The ancient Yue people in Changsha still live in thatched semi-cellar houses and live a clan life. They mainly use stone tools in production and rely on slash and burn. In the middle of Shang Dynasty, bronze casting technology was introduced into the Central Plains, and bronze tools such as bronze axes were used and manufactured. By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, copper hoes (an important tool for loosening soil) and copper plugs (i.e. rakes, agricultural tools for loosening soil and nourishing soil) appeared. In addition, bronze containers and musical instruments with exquisite shapes and patterns were made. A large number of Shang and Zhou bronzes unearthed in Changsha, most of which have high technological level and distinctive Yue style; 1938 ningxiang's famous four sheep square statue, a treasure in Shang and Zhou bronzes; Since 1959, more than a dozen bronze mirrors unearthed in Ningxiang and Changsha counties generally weigh 70-80 kg, and the largest one is 22 1.5 kg, which is the largest bronze mirror of Shang Dynasty found in China so far.

Jingchu Culture and Central Plains Culture

After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it entered the Spring and Autumn Period, which was also a turbulent period in the history of China. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu (Jingchu) forces entered Changsha. In the early Warring States period, the state of Yue destroyed Wu, and the confrontation between Chu and Yue began. Changsha became a sleeping fortress in southeastern Chu. In the mid-Warring States period, the State of Chu carried out political reforms, became strong in national strength, and launched large-scale military operations against the south. Hunan was incorporated into the territory of Chu, and Changsha became the military center of southern Chu, including the political and military centers of northern Hunan, central Hunan and southern Hunan. Chu built a city in Changsha. Chu people entered Changsha, and after hundreds of years of war, the ancient Yue people disappeared, and the ancient Yue culture in Changsha was replaced by Chu culture.

The Chu people invaded the south, bringing the tools and experience of production in the Central Plains and Jianghan area, and making Changsha enter the Iron Age. Changsha ended the primitive state that lasted for 1000 years since Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and directly entered the feudal society.

When Chu arrived, the country became weaker and weaker, and the vassal States, especially Qin, launched many wars against Chu. In the first 222 years, Wang Jiannan, a general of the State of Qin, defeated the remaining troops of Chu in the south of the Yangtze River. The land in the south of the Yangtze River, with Changsha as the political and military center of Chu State, was conquered by Qin State, and Chu State perished. Changsha (Hunan) has been the military center of Chu and Han dynasties for more than 800 years.

Qin and Han dynasties

Changsha county in Qin dynasty

The State of Qin destroyed the State of Chu and established the "Changsha County" on the land south of the original Chu River, which was followed by the birth of the Qin Dynasty. Changsha is one of the 36 counties in Qin Dynasty. Since the Qin Dynasty, Changsha has been incorporated into the unified political map of China, and it has clearly entered the history books as an administrative region for the first time. Changsha County in Qin Dynasty covered most of Hunan, southern Hubei, northwestern Jiangxi, Lian County in Guangdong, Quanzhou in Guangxi and other places, with an area almost equivalent to that of today's Hunan Province, and was governed by Xiang County.

Changsha Kingdom and Changsha King in the Western Han Dynasty

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2 Changsha history

The Qin Dynasty perished and the Han Dynasty was established. After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, Wu Rui, the founding hero of the Western Han Dynasty, was named King of Changsha in 202 AD. Changsha was built in Changsha County of the former Qin Dynasty, and Linxiang County was renamed as the capital, which also marked the emergence of the first vassal state in Hunan history, and Changsha became the capital of the kingdom. King Changsha is the supreme ruler (the highest official) of Changsha, and the throne is hereditary. But because the Eastern Han Dynasty changed the system of the vassal state, that is, BC 144, he actually became a phantom king. Changsha has existed for more than 200 years since it was sealed in 202 BC and abolished in 7 AD. Changsha is divided into two periods: Wu's Changsha and Liu's Changsha.

Wu's country of Changsha

As the capital of Hanwang, the ancient city of Changsha is located in the center of Changsha. It is the residence of Changsha kings and the political and military center of Changsha. According to the ancient book Water Mirror Zhu, Linxiang City (that is, the ancient Changsha City, known as Linxiang Old City in history) was named after Wang Jianzhu in Changsha. In BC 157, Wu's Changsha State was abolished.

Wu's Changsha state was a glorious period in the history of ancient Changsha, and a loyal vassal state in the Western Han Dynasty, which maintained national unity politically. Liu Bang, Zangcha, Han Xin and Ying Bu were all wiped out, but Wu Changsha was loyal to the court from beginning to end, that is, (the son-in-law of Changsha Rui) rebelled, and Chen (the son of Changsha) also put family first. Wu's Changsha kingdom was sealed to his fifth grandson, Wu, who died in 156, and was removed because he had no children, which lasted for 46 years. The official system of the kingdom is the same as that of the Western Han Dynasty, with a prime minister (Zhu Guo was originally named by Emperor Gaozu) appointed directly by the court and named to assist the king. In fact, he was sent to master the real power of his country to control this place.

Liu's Kingdom of Changsha

/kloc-before 0/58, Wendi, the son of Wendi, succeeded to the throne and returned to Changsha, which was called "Liu's Changsha Country" in history. In BC 155, Liu Fa, the illegitimate son of Jingdi, was made King of Changsha. Liu Fazhi's country of Changsha was at the time when the Western Han Dynasty slashed the power of the vassal state. At this point, the vast country of Changsha separated from the south and established Guiyang County and Lingling County. From the fief in 155 to 145, with the change of the imperial management system to the vassal state, the blind land in Changsha was greatly reduced, and Guiyang County and Lingling County were divided, leaving only 60 in Linxiang, Charlotte, Yiyang, Liandao, Xiangnan, Ancheng, Chengyang, Chaling, Youyou and Zhaoling. At this point, the vassal king of Changsha also cut off his actual power, and he was not allowed to interfere in the government affairs of the vassal countries under his jurisdiction, becoming a nominal king. From the top to the prime minister (the highest chief executive in charge of government affairs, formerly known as "minister Xiang") to the county magistrate, he was appointed and removed by the court.

"Liu's Changsha State" went through seven generations and eight kings from the beginning to the end, lasting 164 years, and was destroyed with the demise of the Western Han Dynasty. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the throne and established a "new dynasty" for the emperor. Changsha was renamed "Man County" and Linxiang, the provincial capital, was renamed "Mu Fu County".

Changsha King, Changsha Kingdom and Linxiang Hou in the Eastern Han Dynasty

Wang Mang's regime was quickly overwhelmed by the peasant uprising in the late Western Han Dynasty. In AD 25, Liu Xiu, a descendant of Liu Fa, the former royal family of Changsha in the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor and established the Han Dynasty, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty because it made Luoyang its capital. Because there are peasant uprising teams and various armed regimes all over the country, Liu Xiu launched a war to unify the whole country. In 26 AD (the second year of Jianwu), Liu Xiuyao made Liu Xing, the son of Liu Shun, the last Changsha king in the Western Han Dynasty, the king of Changsha, to rebuild Changsha and control the situation south of Dongting. In 29 years, Houdeng, Wuling, Hanfu, Guiyang, Lingling, Dumu, Cangwu and Guangdong in Jiangxia. , all contribute to the expedition, was named as the marquis. At this point, the whole territory of Hunan, including Changsha, officially belonged to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the return of Changsha to Han played an important role in the war to unify the world. Liu Xiu unified China in the 40th year (Jianwu 16th year). As early as 37 years ago, Liu Xiu changed his name to Linxianghou in Changsha, and abolished Changsha State and changed it to Changsha County.

From Three Kingdoms to Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties

The restructuring of Xiangzhou is a symbol of the organizational history of Hunan and Changsha. Because of its important geographical position, Changsha, as the center of administrative divisions at the local level, has a more consolidated position and role. During the Three Kingdoms period, the administrative scope of Changsha County was basically limited to the east of Xiangjiang River, and Changsha County in Sui Dynasty crossed Xiangjiang River to the whole central Hunan region, which basically laid the foundation for the construction of Changsha from then on to Qing Dynasty. With the reunification of the Sui Dynasty and the return of Hunan to the unified central government, the exchanges and contacts with all parts of the country have been continuously strengthened, and a broad and relatively stable space has been obtained.

Changsha County, Wu Dong

During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Quan captured Changsha in February19, destroyed the Western Jin and Wu Dynasties in 279, and Changsha belonged to Sun Wu. After the sun rose, the administrative areas of Hunan changed. At present, most parts of Hunan belong to Nanjun, Wuling, Lingling, Guiyang, Changsha, He Lin, Tianmen, Hengyang, Xiangdong and Zhaoling, and Jingzhou.

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3 Changsha history

In 257, the eastern part of Changsha was Hengdong County (now Hengyang City), the western part was Hengyang County (now west of Xiangxiang County), and Xinyang County (now Ningxiang County) was separated from the southern part of Yiyang County and belonged to Hengyang County.

In 265, Ancheng County (now Jiangxi Province) and Zhang Yu and Luling counties of Changsha County established Ancheng County, and Changsha County was further reduced. * * * governs nine counties, including Changsha, Yueyang and Zhuzhou.

Changsha County in the Three Kingdoms period was an administrative system in the Sun Wu period, with the state (Jingzhou) above and the counties, townships and villages below. In addition to the chief executive, the establishment (official name) of Cao Cao, a subordinate of Changsha County, is also well prepared. There is a meritorious Cao Cao who is responsible for "selecting the department", a Cao Cao who is responsible for taxation and a Cao Cao who is responsible for shipbuilding; There are warehouse officials who are responsible for storing and renting rice and cloth, and there are also warehouse officials who collect rent money. There are also subordinate officials in towns and villages below the county level, and names such as "Dongxiang persuading farmers to mix" and "Nanxiang persuading farmers to pinch" appear in Jane's amine. In addition, there are Sima, Guancheng, Kurata Cao and the clerk. (Source: Based on bamboo slips unearthed in Zoumalou, Changsha).

Xiangzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties

After the Western Jin Dynasty unified China, it followed the enfeoffment system of the Han Dynasty. In 280 (the tenth year of Taikang), Emperor Wu of Jin made Sima Ai, the sixth son, the king of Changsha, and the county was the country. At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, Changsha County was still subordinate to Jingzhou and was ruled by Linxiang. During the 300 years from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, the local administration still implemented the three-level system of state, county and county.

Changsha County governs Linxiang, Liuyang, Baling (located in Luoxian in 280, now Yueyang and Linxiang), Luo Chang, Wuchang, Liling, Jianning, Youyou, Xiajun, Puyi and other counties 10. In 280, Xinyang County was renamed as Xinkang County, and the county government moved to Lengshuipu and Wanshou Mountain in the west of Ningxiang County 10. 1999, Jin Huidi established Jianchang County in Baling, Xiajun and Puyi counties, and the jurisdiction of Changsha County was once reduced.

Establishment of Xiangzhou: In the late Western Jin Dynasty, due to the invasion of northern forces, the ruling center of the Western Jin Dynasty moved south, and Jingxiang area became more important. In 307 (the first year of Yongjia), Emperor Sima Chi of Jin Huai divided eight counties from Jingzhou, namely Changsha, Jianchang, Xiangdong, Hengyang, Zhaoling, Angelababy, Guiyang and Lingling, and established another state of Hunan, with Linxiang (now Changsha) as the governing place. The establishment of Xiangzhou is an important political and military event in ancient Hunan.

System reform in Sui Dynasty

In 577, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi and unified the North. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi, the consort of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, abolished Zhou, proclaimed himself emperor and established the Sui Dynasty. In 589 (three years | the first month of the ninth year of Sui Dynasty), the Sui army crossed the river to conquer Jiankang, and the Chen Dynasty perished. Since then, the 270-year-long North-South split since the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty has ended.

Sui unified China and reformed the political system of the Southern Dynasties. The local administration changed the three-level system of state, county and county to the two-level system of state and county, and abolished the county level. When Emperor Wendi was in Sui Dynasty, there was Zhaotan in Changsha, and Xiangzhou was changed to Tanzhou, and Tanzhou General Political Department was established.

Cancel Changsha county, change Linxiang county under its jurisdiction to Changsha county, and cancel the merger of Liuyang and Liling counties;

Jianning County was also revoked and merged into Xiangtan County of Hengzhou (formerly Xiangdong County).

During the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di further reformed this system, abolished the governor's office, and merged counties into counties. Tanzhou was changed to Changsha County, which governs Changsha, Hengshan, Yiyang and Shaoyang, with Changsha County as the county.

The jurisdiction of Changsha County includes four counties (cities): Changsha, Wangcheng, Liuyang and Liling. The area is roughly the same as that of Changsha.

Hengshan County was subordinate to the original Hengyang County and later merged into Xiangxiang and Xiangxi counties, including Xiangtan City and Xiangtan, Hengshan, Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Lianyuan and Ningxiang counties (cities).

Yiyang County was once subordinate to Hengyang County and later merged into Xinkang County, including Yiyang City and Taojiang, Xinhua, Anhua, Ningxiang and Lianyuan counties and cities.

Shaoyang County was originally under the jurisdiction of Shaoling County, and later merged into Fuyi and Douliang counties, including Shaoyang City and Shaoyang, Shaodong, Xinshao, Xinhua, Wugang, Dongkou, Longhui, Xinning, Chengbu and Lianyuan.

Tanzhou, Shi Sheng

Li Jing pacified Liang Xiao and Changsha returned to the Tang Dynasty in 62 1 year. The local administration in the Tang Dynasty still followed the two-level system of states (counties) in the Sui Dynasty. In 636 (the tenth year of Zhenguan), there were roads 10 in the whole country in the Tang Dynasty, and Tanzhou belonged to Jiangnan Road. In 733 (the 21st year of Kaiyuan), the number of roads in the Tang Dynasty increased to 15, and Tanzhou belonged to Jiangnan West Road.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the administrative divisions were adjusted, and Shaoyang County was divided into Nanliang (state). Liling, Xinkang (included in Yiyang in 624) and Xiangxiang were separated from Changsha, Yiyang and Hengshan counties respectively, and Nanliang * * * governed six counties.

The county-level division of Tanzhou has also been adjusted.

In 708 (the second year of Tang Zhongzong Jinglong), Liuyang County was re-established in Changsha County, and the county administration was moved from Juren Town (guandu town) to the present location of Liuyang City.

In 749 (the eighth year of Tianbao in Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty), Hengshan County was renamed Xiangtan County. Tanzhou still governed Changsha, Liuyang, Liling, Yiyang, Xiangxiang and Xiangtan until the end of the Tang Dynasty.

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4 Changsha history

In 62 1 year, Huxiang was first established, and the Tanzhou General Government was established in Changsha in the Tang Dynasty. In 624, the general government was changed to DuDu House, which was in charge of military affairs in eight states (Tan, Heng, Yong, Chen, Lian, Nanliang, Nanying and Nanyun). Tanzhou Secretariat House was the highest military organ in Hunan in the early Tang Dynasty, with the governor as the chief, but it often served as Tanzhou Secretariat, implementing the system of military and political integration. Hunan military organization Changsha Tang central government is located. In the early Tang Dynasty, the military system of combining soldiers with farmers was implemented, and military offices, also known as Zhejiang Chongsuo, were set up in various important places in the country, directly under the central government. Tang Xuanzong reformed the military system, and Tanzhou was guarded by Qiaokou (now Qiaokou Town, Wangcheng County), Lukou (now Zhuzhou) and Huashi (in Xiangtan).

Before the Tang Dynasty, the social development of Changsha lagged behind that of the Central Plains. After 400 years of operation and development in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, in the early Tang Dynasty, Changsha caught up with the development of the Central Plains due to social stability and the governance of county officials in previous dynasties. At this time, Changsha was prosperous in population, economy and culture. 77 1 year (six years of Dali), Zhang Qian, who was appointed as the secretariat of Tanzhou, wrote an inscription for the local features of Changsha. During the Dali period in Tang Daizong, the poet Du Fu traveled to Changsha and wrote many poems. He said in the poem Qingming: "It is a glorious day, with ten thousand people in Changsha." It is also a portrayal of a day in prosperous Changsha, where the ferryman's eyebrows are fighting for the arrogance of his toes and knees.

Hunan daozhisuo

It reached its peak from Tang Dynasty to Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and then began to decline. The "An Shi Rebellion" entered the middle period, and the political system was reformed in the middle Tang Dynasty. In 764 (the second year of Guangde), Hengzhou set up Hunan Doutuan training, guarding, arresting, inspecting and disposing ambassadors, referred to as Hunan observation ambassadors, which governed five states of Hengtan, Shao, Yong and Dao. In 768 (the third year of Dali), the jurisdiction was also expanded, and Chen and Lian States were added, and Changsha became the seat of Hunan Road. At this point, Changsha and other places have separated from the original Jiangnan West Road and become local administrative divisions, namely Hunan Road. The word "Hunan" began to appear in history as the name of local administrative divisions.

The establishment and relocation of Hunan observers in Changsha has taken important measures to stabilize the situation in Hunan, but it has aroused the dissatisfaction of Hunan military generals. After the Anshi Rebellion, most local soldiers were arrogant and refused to control them. "Happiness is rebellious from Lian Heng, and anger is strength." It was such a group of arrogant soldiers stationed in Changsha and other places at that time. After the Anshi Rebellion, the separatist forces in the south of the Yangtze River gradually strengthened, and the struggle in Hunan Province was characterized by the fierce conflict between Hunan observers and arrogant soldiers, and Changsha was at the center of this conflict. In 770 (five years of Dali), it was only two years since Hunan Taoism moved to Changsha. Zang, the envoy of Hunan military forces, led a group of arrogant soldiers to create chaos and wreak havoc in Changsha, killing Tanzhou secretariat and Hunan observer Cui Guan, and staged a "mutiny" drama. The price reduction mutiny in Changsha in 770-780 and the Wang Guoliang incident in Shaozhou show that the separatist forces in Hunan are on the rise.

The capital of Chu

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a Chu State founded by Ma Yin appeared in Huxiang area at this time, with Changsha, the former Hunan Daozhi Institute in the Tang Dynasty, as its capital. At this point, Changsha entered the era of Chu which attracted worldwide attention. During the Ma Su regime, Ma Su adopted the policy of "respecting the emperor and appeasing the gentry", protecting the army at home and strengthening the vassal abroad, thus enabling the people to obtain a relatively stable environment. Economically, Changsha and Hunan have achieved rapid social and economic development by building water conservancy projects, rewarding agriculture and mulberry, developing tea industry, advocating textiles and trading with the Central Plains. During this period, the trade between Chu and the northern regime was dominated by tea, and Hunan's tea was famous all over the country. See: Chu State in Five Dynasties and Ten Countries.

Separatist warlord regime

In 95 1 year, General Bian Gao of the Southern Tang Dynasty destroyed Chu, and Hunan returned to the warlord regime of the Southern Tang Dynasty, that is, Bian Gao was appointed as my ambassador to Wu 'an and stationed in Tanzhou; In June 5438 +952 10, Ada took advantage of Tanzhou people's grievances and sent Wang Kui and Zhou Xingfeng to attack Tanzhou. The rule of Southern Tang Dynasty in Changsha lasted only one year, and then vanished.

After Ada occupied Hunan, Hunan's political and military center of gravity once shifted from Changsha to Changde today. In 953, Ada was imprisoned and killed by Zhou Xingfeng and Wang Kui.

Zhou Xingfeng was in Changsha when we were in the Qing army. After Zhou Xingfeng was in charge of Hunan, he tried to "correct the disadvantages of his predecessors", deal with fierce generals with severe punishment and purge corrupt officials. Since then, the war between Yuan and Xiang once stopped; In June 1962, Zhou Xingfeng passed away. L 65438+ 1962 10, Zhang Wenbiao rebelled after learning of Zhou's death, and went straight to Tanzhou in the name of mourning in Langzhou. Liao Jian, who was guarding Tanzhou, was killed at the banquet and occupied Tanzhou. In 963, the Song Dynasty occupied Changsha.

Hunan Road Administration Department in Song Dynasty

In 963, Song Jun occupied Tanzhou, and Song Taizu stipulated that Tanzhou and Langzhou were "the capitals of Zhili, and the officers each got their own way". With the abolition of the former Wu 'an Army and the military average, Langzhou, as the military and political center of Hunan, lost its position above Tanzhou. After the unification of China in the Song Dynasty, in order to prevent the separatist regime of the buffer region, it was stipulated that the governors of counties and counties must be held by civil servants, which strengthened local control. Previously, the title of "satrap, secretariat, county order and county order" was changed to "Zhizhou (county) affairs", which was referred to as Zhizhou (county) for short.

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5 Changsha history

In 997 (the third year of Daozhi), Song Zhenzong was officially changed to 15. The original Hunan Road was changed to Jinghu South Road, and Tanzhou was the governing place. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong (998 —— 1022), a transportation department, a supervision department and a rescue department were successively established on Jinghu South Road. These three yamen are all located in Tanzhou City, and their ambulances are well-known in Tanzhou. Changsha became the political and military center of Kyushu, Jiujun and Jiujiao in Hunan.

Adjustment of Tanzhou Division in Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty is a very important period in the historical development of Changsha. Over the past 300 years, Changsha's position as the political and military center of Hunan has been consolidated, and the administrative division pattern of Changsha has basically taken shape. Later, Changsha laid the foundation for more than 600 years of development in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the early and middle Song Dynasty, the administrative divisions of Tanzhou also experienced many adjustments.

In 965 (the third year of Gande), Longxi County, which was established at the end of Machu regime, was abolished, and Changfengchang, east of Changsha County, was upgraded to a county (it was merged into Changsha County in 973); Xiangyin County, originally belonging to Yuezhou, belongs to Tanzhou.

In 977 (the second year of Taiping Xingguo), Ningxiang County was established in six townships of Changsha, and Yutan Town (now Ningxiang County) of Xinkang County in the former Tang Dynasty was the governing place.

In 993 (the fourth year of Chunhua), Hengshan County, which originally belonged to Hengzhou, was transferred to Tanzhou.

1073 (the sixth year of Xining), Minister Zhang Xiang visited Meikai, Hunan Province, and set up Anhua County in Xiangxiang, Shaoyang, Yiyang and Ningxiang counties.

1098 (Fu Yuanyuan) Changsha County is divided into 5 townships, Xiangtan County is divided into 2 townships, and the county administration belongs to Tanzhou City. By the end of the Song Dynasty, Tanzhou * * * had jurisdiction over Changsha, Ningxiang, Liuyang, Xiangyin, Yiyang, Xiangtan, Liling, Xiangxiang, Anhua, Jiaoshan and Hengshan 12 counties, and it was the state with the largest population and the widest area on Jinghu South Road.

Major events in Changsha in Song Dynasty

At the turn of the Song Dynasty, Changsha was once a place that attracted the attention of the world and was so popular. L 126 August, Cai Jing, the leader of six thieves in the Northern Song Dynasty, was exiled to Guangdong and went to Tanzhou to die. The following year, the court in the Southern Song Dynasty punished the traitors, and Zhang Bangchang, the pseudo "Chu Emperor", was banished to Tanzhou for "resettlement", and later died of illness in l 65438+ 10.

The political situation in Song Dynasty was relatively stable. Due to the policy of comforting the people and the governance of some wise ministers, Changsha's economic development has caught up with and surpassed that of the Central Plains. Culturally, with the establishment of Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hu Anguo, Hu Hong, Zhu and others gave lectures in Changsha, and Changsha became a famous cultural capital of Hunan. The city scale of Changsha has expanded, and the city walls have not surpassed it until the end of Qing Dynasty. This city has broken the boundary between the square and the time, with prosperous business and dense population, and has become a "metropolis of Hunan".

At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, there were sharp contradictions between various ethnic groups and warlords in Hunan, and unrest continued. In the first month of the fourth year of Jianyan, the nomads from the army captured Changsha and went to the massacre. Ma You, Du Yan, Kong Yanzhou and other defeated troops and bandits flooded into Changsha, burning and looting, committing all kinds of crimes.

In l 130, the famous Zhongxiang and Yangmao uprisings broke out in Dongting Lake area, and people in Hunan responded in succession. Ningxiang, Yiyang, Xiangyin and Anhua counties in Tanzhou have also become rebel-occupied areas. In just two years, the city wall of Changsha was broken, with ten rooms and nine empty rooms. Ambassador Anfu of Hunan and Xiangzi of Tanzhou led their troops down to Youxian County.

1 13 1 February (the first month of Shaoxing's first year), in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jinghu South Road and North Road were changed to Jinghu East Road and West Road, with Ezhou and Dingzhou (now Changde City) as their governing offices respectively, and Tanzhou belonged to East Road. 1 13 1 year, restore the old system, and still take Tanzhou as the south road. At the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty, Tanzhou was one of the six counties along the Yangtze River. Prime Ministers Li Gang and Zhang Jun and generals Han Shizhong, Li Wang and Yue Fei came to Changsha successively.

In l 132, Li Gang was appointed as the propaganda ambassador of Huguang, knowing Tanzhou. In June of the following year 10, when the imperial army was exhausted, the Song Dynasty divided the jurisdiction of all generals. Tanzhou was first under the jurisdiction of Li Wang, and was later replaced by the famous Yue Fei. Changsha became the garrison of Yue Jiajun who was fearlessly frightened. In the war to suppress Yang Yao's uprising, Li Gang, Zhang Jun and Yue Fei successively commanded armies from Tan, Ding, Yue, Chen, Li and other states and Hubei, and successively surrendered to Huang Zuo, Zhou Lun and other rebel generals, thus disintegrating more than 200,000 insurgents and avoiding a bloody battle.

In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, the situation in Changsha was relatively stable, with Liu Hao, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Xin Qiji, Zhou Bida, Zhen, Wei Liaoweng, Xiang Shibi, Wang Lixin, Wen Tianxiang and Li Fu serving in Changsha, which supported the overall situation of Hunan in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji founded the Flying Tiger Army, and Zhen was incorruptible in politics and Wen Tianxiang was incorruptible in prison, all of which left a much-told story for Changsha. However, Xiang Shibi, Zhang Tang (the great grandson of Zhang Jun) and Li Yutan fought against the Yuan Army, which was tragic and fierce, adding heroic color to Changsha in the Song Dynasty.