Suzhou architectural style

Suzhou is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China, with the reputation of "the garden in the south of the Yangtze River is the best in the world, and the garden in Suzhou is the first in the south of the Yangtze River". 1985 was rated as one of the top ten scenic spots in China. According to records, there are nearly 200 gardens in Suzhou. Among them, Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden represent the artistic styles of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing respectively, and are called the "Four Famous Gardens" in Suzhou. The "Four Famous Gardens", together with the Master Garden, Huanxiu Villa, Art Garden, Lovers Garden and Retreat Garden, which are also listed in the World Heritage List, constitute outstanding representatives of Suzhou gardens.

As a famous historical and cultural city in China, Suzhou has preserved many unique private gardens for more than 1000 years since the Song Dynasty. All these classical gardens skillfully use various gardening artistic skills and techniques in architectural layout, structure, modeling and style, such as contrast, setting off, landscape contrast, scale transformation of landscape relics, level coordination, seeing the big from the small, winning more with less, etc. And combine pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, springs, stones, flowers and trees to create a harmonious living environment between man and nature in the city.

The history of Suzhou classical gardens can be traced back to the gardens of the King of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 6th century BC. Private gardens were first seen in Pijiang Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4th century), which was called "Wuzhong No.1" at that time. According to the official records of Suzhou, there are 6 gardens in Zhou Dynasty, 4 in Han Dynasty, 7 in Southern and Northern Dynasties 14, 7 in Tang Dynasty, 0/65,438+08 in Song Dynasty, 48 in Yuan Dynasty, 27 1 in Ming Dynasty and 0/30 in Qing Dynasty. The existing Suzhou gardens are mostly Ming and Qing architecture, including hundreds of classical gardens. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou became one of the most prosperous areas in China, with private gardens all over the ancient city. During the heyday of 16 ~ 18 century, there were more than 200 gardens in Suzhou, and now dozens of them are well preserved, making Suzhou known as "paradise on earth". As typical classical gardens in Suzhou, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa were all born in the heyday of private gardens in Suzhou. They have become models and representatives of many classical gardens in Suzhou with their profound artistic conception, exquisite construction, elegant art and rich cultural connotation.

According to local records, Suzhou gardens have their own artistic characteristics in layout, structure and style. The four classical gardens, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa, which originated in the heyday of Suzhou gardens, fully embody the national characteristics and level of gardening art in China, with a wide variety of buildings and well-preserved. These four gardens occupy a small area, but skillfully use various gardening techniques and skills to combine pavilions, fountains and flowers and trees to simulate natural scenery and create an ideal space of "urban forest" and "living in downtown and close to nature". They systematically and comprehensively show the layout, structure, modeling, style, color, decoration, furniture, furnishings and other aspects of Suzhou classical garden buildings. They are representative works of Jiangnan residential buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which reflect the high residential civilization in Jiangnan area of China during this period, once influenced the architectural style of the whole Jiangnan city, and brought the design, conception, layout, aesthetics and construction technology of folk buildings closer to it, reflecting the scientific and technological level and artistic achievements of urban construction at that time. It has reached a historical height in beautifying the living environment and integrating architectural beauty, natural beauty and humanistic beauty, and has an irreplaceable position in the history of garden art development in China and even the world.

The following focuses on Suzhou classical gardens listed in the World Heritage List:

Canglang Pavilion, located in Sanyuanfang, south of Suzhou, is the oldest garden in Suzhou. Covering area 10800 m2. There is a clear water in the garden, with a reflection of waves and thousands of scenic spots. Canglang Pavilion was built in the billiard hall of Qian, the son of the King of the Five Dynasties. Su Shunqin, a famous poet in Song Dynasty, bought this abandoned garden for 40,000 yuan, built it, and built a pavilion by the water. Because the water in the rough waves is clear, you can lick my tassel; The turbid water in the rough waves can satisfy my feet. The book is called Canglang Pavilion, named Canglang Weng and called Canglang Pavilion. Although Canglang Pavilion has not looked like the early Song Dynasty due to the changes of past dynasties, its ancient wood and antique style have always maintained the old style, which partly reflects the style of the Song Dynasty gardens.

People call it "the eternal waves are cliffs, the waves are pavilions, and the gardens of water are also".

The main scenic spot of Canglang Pavilion is surrounded by mountains and buildings. The pavilion and the undulating promenade along the mountain also use the water paintings outside the park to communicate the mountains and water inside and outside the park through the infiltration of leaking windows on the promenade, so that the water surface, pool shore, rockery and pavilion are integrated.

The famous Canglang Pavilion is hidden at the top of the mountain. It stands high in the mountains and the eaves are towering. The pavilion has a simple structure and is in harmony with the atmosphere of the whole garden. There are five or six hundred-year-old trees around the pavilion. The stone forehead "Canglang Pavilion" on the pavilion was written by Yu Yue. Couplets engraved on stone pillars:

The breeze and bright moon are priceless; Get the moon first by being close to the water.

The largest main building in the garden is the "Ming Dow Hall" in the southeast of the rockery, which is three rooms wide. Ming Dow Hall takes the name "If you listen to innocence, you will know". It is a place where scholars of Ming and Qing dynasties gave lectures. Surrounded by rockeries and ancient trees, the hall is grand and solemn. There are three rubbings of stone carvings on the Song tablet hanging on the wall, namely Astronomical Map, Song Yu Map and Song Pingjiang Map (Suzhou City Map). According to legend, during Emperor Qianlong's southern tour, Wang, a famous Suzhou pingtan artist in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, gave lectures here. In Tangnan, several pavilions, such as "Hua Yao Realm", "Initiating Stone Building" and "Kanshan Building", all have their own advantages. Folding to the north, there are three halls, named "Cuilinglong", surrounded by bamboo, named after the meaning of "sunlight penetrates bamboo, exquisitely carved".

Lion Forest is located in Loumen Garden Road in the northeast of Suzhou. It was built in the Yuan Dynasty and is the representative of the Yuan Dynasty gardens. There are rockeries all over the park, surrounded by long corridors, towers looming, winding paths leading to a secluded place, and there is always a feeling of confusion. The wall of the corridor is embedded with calligraphy plaques of four famous Song Dynasty artists, Su Shi, Mi Fei, Huang Tingjian and Cai Xiang, and inscriptions of plum blossom poems by Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lion Grove used to be the back garden of Bodaiji. In 65438, Buddhist monk Tian Ru came to Suzhou to give a lecture, which was well received by his disciples. In the second year (the second year of Shun Di in Yuan Dynasty), disciples bought land and houses and built a Zen forest for Zen master Tian Ru. Zen master Tian Ru learned his method from Lion Mountain in West Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province. In memory of his master, he named it "Lion Forest". It is also named after the word "lion roar" in Buddhist books. Many rockeries are shaped like lions.

After the completion of the park, many poets and painters came here to participate in meditation, and their poems and paintings were included in the Collection of Records of the Lion Forest. After the death of the Zen master, the disciples dispersed and the temple garden gradually became barren. In the seventeenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1589), a monk surnamed Ming was entrusted with a bowl because of Chang 'an, and the Sheng 'en Temple and Buddhist Temple in Lion Forest were rebuilt, reappearing the prosperous scene. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the temple was separated from the garden, and was later bought by Huang Zhi's father, Huang Xingzu, the magistrate of Hengzhou, and named as "Sheyuan". 1703,1/kloc-0 In February, the Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty visited the Lion Forest for six times, and successively presented plaques such as "Mirror Wisdom Round Photo", "Painting Zen Temple" and the existing "True Interest". In the thirty-sixth year of Qing Qianlong (A.D. 177 1), he was the top high school student in Xi Hunag. He refined his mansion and reorganized his courtyard, and named it "Wu Song Courtyard". By the middle of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, the Huang family had declined and the garden had fallen, but the rockery was still there.

Lion Forest is rectangular in plane, with an area of about 10000 square meters. It is one of the representatives of Suzhou classical gardens, with the largest existing ancient rockery group in China and the reputation of rockery kingdom.

There are many beautiful rockeries with lakes and stones in the lion forest, and the buildings are scattered. The highest peak in the park is Lion Peak, and there are other famous peaks such as "Containing Light" and "Spitting the Moon". There are many bamboos in the garden, and the abbot built a Zen nest with bamboo, and built "Juan Dan", "Fish Sword Pool" and "Little Flying Rainbow (Bridge)". The main buildings are Li Xuetang, Yanyutang, Woyunshi, Jianshanlou, Zhibaixuan, Waterfall Pavilion, Zhenqu Pavilion and Wenmei Pavilion.

Humble Administrator's Garden is located atNo. 178, Northeast Street, Loumen, Suzhou. It is the representative of Jiangnan gardens and the largest classical garden in Suzhou gardens. Now it is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit. This place used to be the residence of Lu Guimeng, a poet in Tang Dynasty, and Dahong Temple in Yuan Dynasty.

Most of the existing buildings in the Humble Administrator's Garden were rebuilt in the tenth year of Xianfeng (AD 1860) when the Humble Administrator's Garden became the loyal palace garden of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, three relatively independent small gardens in the east, middle and west were formed.

Judging from the architectural names of Humble Administrator's Garden, most of them are related to lotus flowers. The reason why Wang wants to vigorously promote Lotus is mainly to show his noble character. The central scenic spot-loquat garden also has fine gardens such as micro-architecture, Yulantang and Jianshanlou.

The west was originally a "supplementary garden" with an area of about 12.5 mu. Its water surface is circuitous, the layout is compact, and pavilions are built by mountains and rivers. Because after a substantial reconstruction, the ingenious and artificial artistic style formed after Qianlong gained the upper hand, but the water and stone parts are still close to the central scenic spot, and the winding water corridors and streams passing through Ling Bo are masterpieces of Suzhou gardening art.

The eastern part of the garden was originally called "rural residence", because the eastern part of the garden belonged to Wang Xinyi, the assistant minister in the fourth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 163 1). About 3 1 mu, because the Guiyuan Garden has long been deserted, all of them are newly built, and the layout is mainly flat hills, pine lawns and bamboo houses. With the pavilions in the mountain pool, it still maintains a spacious and lively style. The main buildings are Lan Xuetang, Furong Pavilion, Tian Quan Pavilion and Zhuoyunfeng, all of which are relocated.

Other buildings in the Humble Administrator's Garden include Chengguanlou, Fucui Pavilion, Linglong Pavilion and Eighteen Datura Flower Pavilions.

Humble Administrator's Garden is a grand view garden-style classical luxury garden, which is known as the "mother of gardens in the world" because of its layout of mountain island, bamboo dock, Songshan Mountain and Qushui.

Lingering Garden is as famous as Beijing Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden.