What is chrysanthemum?

Chrysanthemum, also known as Shouke, belongs to the genus Chrysanthemum in Compositae. Chrysanthemum is elegant and noble, with beautiful flowers and bright colors. Since ancient times, it has been regarded as a symbol of integrity and elegance. It is also a famous traditional flower with the longest cultivation history in China.

Chrysanthemum was introduced into Japan from China in the 8th century. /kloc-at the end of 0/7, Dutch merchants introduced China chrysanthemum to Europe,/kloc-in the 1960s, and/kloc-in North America in the mid-9th century. Since then, chrysanthemums in China have spread all over the world. At present, chrysanthemum has become one of the most sold varieties in the international market. The annual output of Japanese chrysanthemums is 2 billion, with an output value of 65.438+0.2 billion, ranking first in the sales of cut flowers in Japan. The newly developed potted flowers have an annual output value of180,000 USD, and the output is 6.4 million pots, ranking first in the output value of potted flowers 1 1. In the Netherlands, the annual output value of cut chrysanthemum is $370 million, ranking second in the sales of cut flowers in the Netherlands, and the output value of potted flowers is $26.9 million, ranking fifth in the output value of potted flowers in the Netherlands. In the United States, the annual output value of cut chrysanthemum is $654.38 million+$70 million, and that of potted chrysanthemum is $84 million, ranking second in the output value of flowering potted plants. Meanwhile, cut chrysanthemum and potted chrysanthemum are widely cultivated in Europe and Germany. Britain, Poland, Spain, Hungary, Russia, Turkey and other countries have a certain scale of cultivation. In Asia, in addition to Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines have large areas of chrysanthemum cultivation. In terms of breeding improvement of potted chrysanthemum, Goldstock Breeding Company and klinger Company in Britain are world-famous breeding cradles of potted chrysanthemum, and new varieties of potted chrysanthemum are introduced every year. YoderBrothers Company and Hummert International Company in the United States have a long history in breeding, propagation and cultivation of potted chrysanthemums, and have made outstanding achievements. Fiddes Company in the Netherlands, Jack Van Zaden Company in Corning Pottery and Qi Dan Jay Company in Israel enjoy a high reputation in the world, and their potted chrysanthemum seedlings or products are internationally famous brands.

Chrysanthemum cultivation in China was recorded in ancient books 2,500 years ago. Chrysanthemum has been regarded as an ornamental plant since the Jin Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, various colors appeared one after another. In the Song Dynasty, chrysanthemums were cultivated in the open air and developed into potted plants. Other plants could be used as rootstocks to graft chrysanthemums, and the varieties had a great development. Chrysanthemum developed again in the Ming Dynasty. Wang recorded 270 kinds of chrysanthemums in Qunfangpu, which were divided into yellow, red, pink, white and exotic varieties. Gao Lian also recorded 185 kinds of chrysanthemums in Eight Notes on Respect for Life, and summarized eight methods of planting chrysanthemums. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Japanese chrysanthemums were introduced. By the Qing Dynasty, chrysanthemum art was more prosperous. By the eve of the founding of New China, the Horticulture Department of Nanjing Jinling University had preserved 630 kinds of fine chrysanthemums for the country. By 1953, there were only 150 varieties of chrysanthemums left in Shanghai, but the cause of chrysanthemum art quickly recovered, and chrysanthemum varieties were collected and sorted in Shanghai, Beijing and Nanjing. Among them, Nanjing Agricultural University investigated and studied the chrysanthemum variety resources in China, and sorted out more than 3,000 varieties. At present, the cultivation of chrysanthemum is very common in China, and the sales of chrysanthemum also occupy the first place. Potted chrysanthemums and cut chrysanthemums develop side by side. In addition to retaining traditional varieties, the combination of self-cultivation and introduction of new varieties has accelerated the development of chrysanthemum cultivation.

The efficacy of chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum has both medicinal value and ornamental value. Chrysanthemums used as medicine and only for drinking are better with complete flowers, bright colors, fragrant air and small flower heads (up to dozens of flower heads per plant). After the chrysanthemum used as medicine is picked, it should be washed with clear water, steamed and dried. Otherwise, washing without steaming will spread the petals and affect the quality.

Chinese medicine believes that chrysanthemum tastes sweet and bitter, and its nature is cool. Has the effects of clearing away heat, expelling pathogenic wind, improving eyesight and detoxicating. In addition, chrysanthemum can not only inhibit capillary permeability, play a good anti-inflammatory role, but also enhance people's physique and prolong life. Chrysanthemum is mainly used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and ophthalmic diseases. Flos Lonicerae, Folium Mori and Fructus Crataegi are added into Flos Chrysanthemi, brewed in boiling water for 10 ~ 15 minutes, and then used as tea, which can treat hypertension. Soaking chrysanthemum in yellow wine can cure dizziness. Using chrysanthemum as a pillow can cure dizziness, headache and decreased vision. Chrysanthemum and Ai Chen have long been used as knee pads to treat knee pain. Take a handful of fresh chrysanthemum leaves, mash them for oral administration and mash them for external application to treat boils. However, due to cold chrysanthemum and diarrhea due to deficiency of spleen and stomach, it should be used in small amounts.

Kaifeng chrysanthemum history

Chrysanthemum has a history of more than 3,000 years in China, and Kaifeng chrysanthemum has a long history. Li Mengyang, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, once came to admire chrysanthemums and wrote a poem: "Visit Wan Li, and return to this station in ten years. Only in this autumn, for Ju Ren. "

English name: Florists Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum (scientific name: Dendranthema×grandiflorum) wrote "bow" in ancient times. Chrysanthemum is a bow style. In ancient times, it was eaten with rice, which was "bowed", so the flowers were very compact, so it was called chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum is one of the traditional famous flowers in China. Chrysanthemum appreciation has a long history and various names. Chrysanthemum is named longevity and longevity because of its medicinal function of prolonging life. Because chrysanthemums open in September of the lunar calendar, they are also called Jiuhua, Jiuhua and Qiuju. Female stems and king flowers famous for their beautiful chrysanthemums; In ancient times, there was a single variety of chrysanthemums, which only had yellow flowers, so they were also called "yellow flowers" and "Jin Rui". Chrysanthemum originated in China, and China is the origin center of chrysanthemum in the world, where there are many wild chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum has been cultivated in China for more than 3000 years.

Chrysanthemum, orchid, plum and bamboo are known as the "four gentlemen" among flowers for their unique flowers, postures, colors and rhymes. Chrysanthemum is very beautiful and has a long history of cultivation in Beijing. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, chrysanthemums were mainly cultivated by the people, and the level of traditional chrysanthemums in Beijing was also very high. In addition, Ao Shuang Lingling is immortal and has the character of Beijingers. Therefore, Beijing chose chrysanthemum as the city flower. In China, other cities that choose chrysanthemum as the city flower include Taiyuan, Nantong, Wuhu, Kaifeng, Xiangtan, Zhongshan and Dezhou.

Chrysanthemum is a cold-resistant perennial flower. It likes cool climate and has a certain cold tolerance. The underground perennial roots can withstand the low temperature of-10℃. The optimum temperature for growth is 15℃-25℃, and the optimum temperature for chrysanthemum is 10℃- 15℃. Chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, because short-day and low temperature are important conditions for chrysanthemum development, so it should be shaded in summer to prevent sun exposure. Chrysanthemum is suitable to grow in deep fertile soil with good drainage and rich humus to avoid waterlogging and continuous cropping, and the pH value should be between 6.0 and 7.9.

Chrysanthemum is the most beautiful flower and is called the five beauties. The so-called five beauties, that is, "the autumn is crisp and the flowers are hanging high; Pure yellow, no noise; It is the virtue of a gentleman to plant early and send late; The road is smooth and spit, chaste and noble; Made into chrysanthemum wine, the cup mouth is clear. "

Because of this, people have always loved chrysanthemums. The habit of giving chrysanthemums to each other became popular in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Cao Pi, Wei Wendi, once presented chrysanthemums to Zhong You, a great calligrapher, for his birthday, and inscribed "A Chrysanthemum Book with Zhong You on the 9th". Tao Yuanming of the Jin Dynasty was the most famous person who loved chrysanthemums. The famous sentence "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" is well-known and has been widely praised by people so far.

Lu You loves chrysanthemums as much as Mei. He praised the beautiful sentence of Chrysanthemum: "Chrysanthemum is like a person, an independent ice cream"; "One after another, look at these yellow branches"; "High emotion and quiet festival, big festival and quiet sincerity" and so on all reflect the temperament of chrysanthemum.

The green leaves in spring are lush, and the chrysanthemum flowers in autumn are Yao Jinhua, which are noble, graceful, quiet, loyal and longevity.

Chrysanthemum-one of the four gentlemen in flowers

Scientific name: chrysanthemum

English name: Florists Chrysanthemum.

Alias: Chrysanthemum, Autumn Chrysanthemum, Jiuhua, Yellow Flower, Queen Flower.

Family name: Compositae

Origin and Habit: There are more than 30 kinds of chrysanthemums, and 17 kinds are native to China, mainly including: wild chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum, chamomile, chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum and so on. It is a perennial herb. I like cold, cold, growth temperature 18-2 1℃, underground roots are drought-tolerant, and waterlogging is the most taboo. I like loam with high terrain, deep soil layer, rich humus, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. It can grow in slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soil. And Ph6.2-6.7 is the best. As a short-day plant, it grows nutritionally under the long sunshine of 14.5 hours every day. Darkness above 12 hours per day and night temperature of 10℃ are suitable for flower bud development.

Morphological characteristics: plant height is 20-20-200cm, stem color is light green or brown, and the base is semi-lignified. Simple leaves alternate, elliptic to oblong. The edge is notched and serrated, and the tongue-shaped flower at the head end is female. Tubular flowers are bisexual. Tongue flowers are divided into four categories: lower, spoon tube and abnormal. Tubular flowers have developed into "rose petals" of various colors, including red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, multicolor and intermediate colors.

Propagation and cultivation: it can be sown and propagated, and the optimum temperature for germination is 25℃. Sowing can be carried out in February-April, and flowering can be carried out in that year. Cutting propagation is the main method in production, which can also be divided into root cutting, twig cutting, single bud cutting and bud cutting. It can also be propagated through plant division and tissue culture.

Chrysanthemum plays an important role in the world cut flower production. Cut flowers should have neat patterns, flower diameter of 7- 12 cm, bright colors, no pests and diseases, dark green leaves, straight stems, height above 80cm and long water retention period. Cut chrysanthemum can be planted underground, with the plant spacing of 12- 13 cm and the row spacing of about 15cm. There are 50 plants per square meter, which need to be supported by nets to keep the plants upright.

Chrysanthemum can promote and inhibit cultivation. In the season with long sunshine time, from 17 to 9: 00 the next morning, the daily sunshine time is 10 hour. When the bud becomes colored, it will stop shading and bloom early. In the season of short sunshine, the daily dosage is less than 14 hour, which can control the flower bud differentiation and delay the flower supply time. Common diseases include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew, brown rust, black rust, root rot and so on. The main pests are aphids, red spiders, inchworm, chrysanthemum tiger, grubs, liriomyza sativae larvae, locusts and snails, cutworms, chrysanthemum borers, green blind stinkbug and so on.

Usage: Camellia is one of the important flowers in garden application, which is widely used in flower beds, ground covers, potted flowers and cut flowers.