What is philosophy? Please elaborate! thank you

Philosophical tradition includes the study of metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. These subjects try to answer questions about the origin of the world, how to acquire knowledge, good and evil. Basically, the basic method of philosophy is to demonstrate these problems with reason. However, there is still no clear answer to the actual category and definition of philosophy. "What is philosophy?" It is full of differences and controversies in the philosophical tradition.

Philosophy comes from the Greek "Φ ι λ ο σ ο φ? The transformation of "philo-sophia", which means "love wisdom" or "friend of wisdom", is rarely used. Philosophy is difficult to define because many divergent ideas are regarded as philosophy. Pilkin's Dictionary of Philosophy defines philosophy as "the most basic and universal concept related to thought, behavior and reality." The difference between philosophy and science mentioned in Pilkin Encyclopedia is that the answers to philosophical questions cannot be obtained only through empirical evidence. In any case, these views are challenged by the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy: "In the late 20th century ... philosophical thinking is often regarded as the best practice of any kind of intellectual exploration". Indeed, the observation of natural philosophy by many early philosophers eventually formed an important basis for many topics in modern science.

In addition, the informal usage of philosophy may refer to a particular method or belief.

History of philosophy

The naturalist philosophers in ancient Greece are regarded as the earliest philosophers in the West. No matter whether they know the world correctly or not, their thoughts are different from superstitions because these philosophers sum up the truth of nature by means of rational auxiliary evidence. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle established the discussion category of philosophy, and they raised questions of metaphysics, epistemology and ethics, which still exist today. Some modern philosophers believe that until today, philosophical theory is still only a footnote for the three of them, and it is still inseparable from the questions they put forward. In other words, even after thousands of years, we are still trying to answer their questions, that is, we are still confused about these questions or more questions extended from these questions.

The word "zhe" has a long history in China. For example, the words "Confucius' Ten Philosophers" and "Ancient Sages and sages" refer to those who are good at thinking and knowledgeable, that is, "philosophers" and "thinkers" in modern western countries.

It is generally believed that China's philosophy originated in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, represented by Confucius' Confucianism, Laozi's Taoism, Mozi's Mohist School and later Legalists. In fact, in the previous Book of Changes, philosophical issues have been discussed.

/kloc-in the 1970s, the earliest western philosophy disseminator in Japan borrowed the ancient China translation of Philosophy in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Kang Youwei introduced the Japanese translation to China around 1896, which gradually became popular. In the west, the word philosophy is usually used to describe a person's outlook on life (such as a person's "philosophy of life") and basic principles (such as values, thoughts and behaviors). Academic philosophy is to question and reflect on the rational basis of these basic principles and try to reconstruct them rationally.

The earliest philosophy covered all levels of knowledge. It has always been the most abstract knowledge research of mankind. The word philosophy was originally introduced from Pythagoras, a Greek thinker.

The foundation of philosophy

Ancient Greek philosophers practiced philosophy by asking questions. The questions they asked can be roughly divided into three categories, which respectively formed the basic disciplines of philosophy, namely metaphysics, epistemology and ethics.

The first three types of questions are:

* Questions about the nature and truth of the world.

:: Questions about how we know or know the truth.

:: Questions about the meaning of life and moral practice

It must be noted that these three main disciplines are not clearly divided. In fact, they cover each other's fields in many ways. A persuasive metaphysical proposition cannot ignore the theoretical basis of epistemology. The same epistemology is the relationship between the subject of architecture and metaphysical facts. Moral practice is often closely related to the existence of moral truth and how we understand it. The difficulty of philosophy is that a complete theory must usually be persuasive in both metaphysics and epistemology. Most philosophers don't specialize in only one field, or his views in the field of metaphysics are very convincing, but they can't convince us in epistemology. Only a few philosophers with enthusiasm and talent can master various fields and put forward their own theories. Only such philosophers can go down in history, and their theories are usually very convincing, which have swept through history and changed human's view of the world.

The relationship between philosophy and science

From the perspective of western academic history, science is a derivative of philosophy. Later, science became an independent discipline parallel to philosophy. There is interaction between science and philosophy. Science produces knowledge and philosophy produces ideas. Marxism holds that philosophy is also a social ideology. There is philosophy of science in modern western philosophy, which is a theory specializing in science. This theory studies the history of science and summarizes many theoretical models for science, but it only explains science and cannot guide it. Philosophy is a special way for human beings to know the world and a noble science.

In a sense, philosophy has no or little "secular" use. Some people think that all subjects can develop well or even better without philosophy. Philosophy does not pay attention to the specific content of examples, concepts or theorems in various disciplines, but pays attention to these "basic common sense" of specific scientific, or the concepts, norms and laws that people generally use and therefore take for granted. This includes: What are the reasons for their appearance? To what extent are they effective? What guarantees their authority? Are they sufficient basic premises in this particular discipline? What do they mean to people? Wait a minute. And apply these questions to philosophy itself.

Therefore:

Physics studies the phenomenon, structure and operation law of objects and seeks the objective and optimal method to explain the phenomenon; Metaphysics requires explaining the validity of law and why the optimal method is established.

Knowledge is often regarded as the integration of experience and methods; Epistemology focuses on whether knowledge itself can be obtained, demarcated and meaningful.

Mathematics studies quantity, structure and model in logical form; Logic, on the other hand, focuses on what is the authority to ensure the validity of reasoning, and the reliability and completeness of logical reasoning.

Sociology tries to generalize and predict the actions of human groups or individuals through some universal law; Ethics pays more attention to the correlation between freedom and moral responsibility of these behaviors, their intrinsic motivation and significance, and how to make people's behavior develop towards an optimal trend.

Political science pays attention to the transfer of power; Political philosophy is more concerned with how power appears and is established.

Art shows people the charm of beauty, but never explains the source of this charm; Aesthetics, on the other hand, asks the essence and significance of beauty.

The value of philosophy

Philosophy should be studied, not because it can provide any definite answer to the question, but because of the question itself; The reason is that these questions can expand our concept of all possible things, enrich our imagination and reduce dogmatic self-confidence, which may imprison the thinking function of the mind. In addition, especially through philosophical meditation, the mind will become great, so it can be combined with the universe that makes it the best.

Philosophy can also be said to be the study of faith by reason and the summary of the law between man and nature by reason.

Philosophy is the interpretation of the ultimate meaning of the world, which makes us understand and rationalize the world in our consciousness, thus providing us with spiritual comfort.

Philosophy is also a tool to locate human self.

Philosophical theory

Altruism-anti-realism-Buddhist philosophy-Confucianism-hedonism-materialism-idealism-idealism-unrealism-logical correctness-pessimism-Taoist thought-egoism-pessimism-rationalism-realism-aestheticism-metaphysical materialism dialectical materialism-objective idealism-subjective idealism-irrationalism-Stoicism-existentialism-metaphysics

Branch of philosophy

Philosophy has many branches because of different research fields.

* History of philosophy

History of oriental philosophy

+Indian philosophy

+History of China's Philosophy

+Islamic philosophy

+Japanese philosophy

History of western philosophy

+Ancient Greek philosophy

+medieval philosophy

+Renaissance philosophy

+German classical philosophy

+Russian philosophy

* Marxist philosophy

dialectical materialism

historical materialism

History of Marxist philosophy

* Philosophy of science

:: Modern philosophy

Philosophy of existence

O analytical philosophy

Humanistic philosophy

O hermeneutics

O semiotics

O pragmatic philosophy

* Morality

O medical ethics

O educational ethics

O political morality

O family ethics

O bioethics

O ecological ethics

* Aesthetics

O aesthetic history

O art aesthetics

O technical aesthetics

* Metaphysics

* Phenomenology

* Process concept

* Epistemology

* philosophy of death

* Philosophy of life

* Philosophy of law

* Philosophy of mind

* Mohist philosophy

* Contemporary British and American Philosophy

* Comparative philosophy

:: Contemporary French philosophy

* philosophy philosophy

Philosophy-related disciplines

* Relativity theory

* Quantum mechanics

* Chaos

* String theory

* Thinking science

* Artificial intelligence

* Psychology

* Information theory

* semantics

:: Sociology of science

* Logic

* Science of science

* Cybernetics

* Mechanism

Other disciplines related to philosophy

:: Religious philosophy

:: Political philosophy

* Philosophy of law

* philosophy of physics

* Astronomical philosophy

* Philosophy of chemistry

* The philosophy of language analysis

* Buddhist philosophy

* Godfather philosophy

* Educational philosophy

* Philosophy of language

Philosophy of everyday language

* Natural philosophy

* Economic philosophy

* The same idea.

* speculative philosophy

:: Philosophy of biology

* Historical materials of China's philosophy history.

* philosophy of history

* Easy to learn

* Confucian classics

* Metaphysics

* Spiritual Source Pan-philosophical System

Philosophical proposition

:: Free will

* Determinism

* Law of Causality

* Randomness

* A white horse is not a horse

* People use it every day.

* Paradox

* Change is new.

* Argument 2 1.

* Benevolence is the source of all things.

* A source of physical use

* The sky remains the same, and the road remains the same.

* Heaven is natural.

Everything is ready for me

* The poles are connected.

* Mind control temperament.

* A heart without ontology

* Distinguish between the old and the new.

* The shape and quality are magical.

* Sex is reason.

* Sex Day Birthday.

* split in two

* One thing, two bodies

* EPR paradox

* Strong and white

Philosophy books

Laozi's moral classics

Nietzsche's Zarathustra said.

Schopenhauer's World as Will and Representation

Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

Russell's The Road to Happiness

Rousseau's Theory of Social Contract

Philosophical research, logical philosophy, existence and time, theory of justice.

And the newly published "jostein gaarder".

Bertrand Russell

Based on geometry

Leibniz's philosophy

Mathematical principle

Principles of Mathematics (3 volumes, co-authored with whitehead)

Philosophical problems

Our understanding of the outside world

Logical atomism philosophy

Introduction to mathematical philosophy

Analysis of the heart

Analysis of things

The exploration of meaning and truth

History of western philosophy

Human knowledge-its scope and boundaries

The development of my philosophy

Websites related to philosophy

www.tianyibook.com

/Forum/Philosophy Community of Peking University

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