What is the distribution of quadrangles, dry columns and dry wells in China? Try to discuss the main characteristics of these three residential styles with examples.

Courtyard-style houses are characterized by the separation of the houses that make up the courtyard, the houses are connected or not connected by cloisters, all the houses are decorated with solid eaves, and the courtyard surrounded by houses is very large, with doors and windows facing the inner courtyard and covered with thick walls. The roof truss structure adopts lifting beam frame. This residential form can accept cool natural wind in summer and has spacious outdoor activity space; In winter, we can get enough sunshine and avoid the cold wind, so quadrangle style is a common form in northern China, which is prevalent in northeast, north and northwest China. Among the quadrangles, Beijing quadrangle is the most regular and typical. The complete Beijing quadrangle consists of three courtyards, with inverted rooms, hanging flower doors, main hall, main room and back building arranged along the north-south central axis. Every time you enter the hospital, there are east and west wings, and there are wings on both sides of the main hall. Around the courtyard, there are mountain corridors and calligraphy corridors to connect the houses. The gate opens in the southeast corner. Large-sized houses have additional shaft houses, gardens and study rooms. Every house in the house has a fixed purpose, and the inverted house is the living room, the financial room and the concierge; The main hall is the living room for family discussion; The main house is for parents and elders; Sons and nephews all live in the wing; The back room is warehouse storage, servant living and kitchen. This kind of residence is arranged according to the rank order of young and old, inside and outside, noble and low, and it is a kind of closed residence with strong patriarchal clan system. There are still houses in quadrangle style: Jinzhong houses, with long and narrow courtyards from north to south; Most of the houses in southeastern Shanxi are two or three floors; In addition to the long and narrow courtyards, most of the wing rooms of Guanzhong residential buildings are in the form of slopes; Linxia Hui folk houses, free layout, random orientation, with gardens; Jilin Manchu residence, with a wide courtyard, the main room is mainly in the west and middle, and there are ten thousand kang on three sides; Zhuangke in Qinghai is a flat-topped quadrangle, and all the surrounding external walls are built with rammed earth. Bai folk houses, that is, the folk houses in Dali area, have two typical layouts: "three squares and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios"; Naxi folk houses are similar to Bai folk houses, but they absorb Tibetan architecture and have a front porch. Dry well houses are widely distributed in China with a long history. Now these houses are mainly reserved for use in rural areas. Houses that have done well in different places have different structures and appearances. In the process of long-term use, residents have built houses with local characteristics, such as well-dry houses built in rural areas north of Altai Mountain in Xinjiang, which are mainly flat-topped, with mud on the walls, and the shape of wood can also be seen from the appearance. In Dayao, Yao 'an, Nanhua and other places in Yunnan, there are also houses that combine well drought with drought diaphragm. In addition, in some villages in Guizhou, there are also dry houses. Dry houses with wells have been built in some forests on the northern and southern slopes of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province. The owner of the dry well in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province is Erdaohe, from Erdaohe to Tianchi, and Changbai Korean Autonomous County is also dominated by dry well houses. There are two or three dry well houses in Changbai Mountain area, which are 3 meters wide and 6 meters deep. The inner and outer walls are covered with mud to keep out the wind. It is very cold in Jilin every winter, and there are too many cold days all year round, so dry houses are mainly used to protect against the cold, so the walls are plastered with mud. The dry houses in the local wells are all double-slope roofs, with 9 purlins in each house. The roof is plastered with mud and then covered with shingles. The roof is also shingles, and the walls around the house are battens. When building a fire in a house or using a kang, use wooden boards as chimneys. The area of the dry well house in Changbai Mountain is relatively small, not as large as that in Yunnan, which is related to the climate. Corn is mainly planted in rural areas of Jilin Province, and the storage of corn after autumn is also a big problem that farmers need to solve. They usually put corn in corn buildings, which is a combination of drying diaphragm and good drying structure. The downstairs is dry film, which ensures ventilation and moisture-proof, so it is dry film. Four pillars are used to support the well-done corn building above. This kind of corn building is spread all over the northeast countryside, and every household has built this kind of building. Dry-well houses are widely used in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Japanese celebrities call it "school warehouse style", but they actually do a good job. In addition, dry well houses are widely distributed in Malaysia, mainly the combination of dry well houses and dry film houses, which are called "high-legged houses" by locals. However, some universities and big cities in the United States also have well-dried houses. Whether this house style is the product of human creation or handed down from China needs further study. The main purpose of building "dry fence" is to prevent moisture. The roof with long ridges and short eaves and the underframe above the ground are designed to meet the needs of rainy areas. The dry-column-type pottery houses, pottery houses and grid-type pottery houses found in various places all represent moisture-proof architectural forms, especially granary buildings. Until today, grid housing is still popular in Southeast Asia to meet the needs of humidity and rain. Dai folk houses using this kind of building are mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna and Ruili and Shefang Bazi in Dehong Prefecture. The dry rail residence is made of bamboo, wood is used as the residence frame, and bamboo is used as purlin, purlin, floor, wall, ladder, fence, etc. All parts of the connection are tied with tenons and bamboo, which is a single building. Each house has its own courtyard, and each house is connected by paths. Straw rows or tiles are hung on the roof. Ruili's pillar architecture embodies a high level. Ground buildings are mainly used in mangshi, Yingjiang and other places, which are earth-walled bungalows. Influenced by the Han nationality, they are no longer the inherent living form of the Dai people. Earth barrier houses are the main residential form in the Red River Basin, which are widely distributed in the central and southeastern Yunnan. The earth palm house is flat-topped, with wooden beams, columns and earth walls, forming a cuboid or cube. Because of the terrain, two or three floors of earth buildings are built, with steps, patios and floors. Generally, there are more than a dozen rooms in the family, and grain can be sacrificed or farm tools can be piled up on the flat roof. Earth palm house is easy to build, warm in winter and cool in summer, especially suitable for the climate of dry-hot valley. Menglian Daizu Ganlan Bamboo House. Ganlan architecture, the architectural model of the Yangtze River basin and its south area, represented by Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province; Generally, wooden stakes or bamboo piles are erected above the ground to form an underframe, on which there are suspended floors supported by large and small beams, and houses are built with bamboo and thatch. People live above the main column building and livestock are raised below. The Zhuang people in Ganlan Mulou like to live by mountains and rivers. Between the green mountains and green waters, there are wooden buildings dotted with dry columns, which are traditional folk houses of Zhuang nationality. People live on top of wooden buildings and livestock are enclosed below. No matter what house it is, the shrine should be placed on the central axis of the whole house. The front hall is used for celebrations and social activities, with people living in the wings on both sides, and the back hall is the living area. Life in the house is centered on the fireplace, and three meals a day are carried out by the fireplace. The remains of ancient overhead buildings found in Hemudu site are the earliest wooden structures in the world so far. According to the archaeological excavation report and the research results of experts from the Institute of Architectural History of China Institute of Architectural Technology, the first archaeological excavation revealed the remains of the fourth cultural layer 13 rows of wooden stakes, indicating that there are at least three buildings here, represented by A, B and C respectively, of which House A is located in the easternmost part, House B is near the southwest hill, and House C is in the middle. It is proved from the phenomenon that most of the remains of House C are interlaced with House A and House B that the age of the three houses has a sequence. The age of House C is earlier than that of House A and House B, and it is only after House C is abandoned that it is possible to rebuild House A and House B, so House C is the first dry rail wood structure in the world. The remains of House C are18m long, and the depth of the house is 8.2m according to the pile spacing between front and rear rows. According to the spacing of bearing piles in the same column, the house was divided into rooms at that time, and the width of the room was between 2.6 and 3 meters, and the widest was 4 meters. It is estimated to be a public place for clan activities. The width of the house is as symmetrical as the traditional wooden structure, and the length of the house C is the longest. The height of the building should be greater than 4m according to the need of 8.2m depth, and the height of the stake below the floor is 0.8 ~ 1 m, so the floor height of the building C is greater than 5m. How bold it was to build a big house in the open wilderness 7000 years ago! This kind of wooden structure building can be built with simple stone tools, which indicates that human society has entered a stage of prosperity and development in the Neolithic Age. Any invention in the world has a process of occurrence, development and perfection, and so does the invention of folk houses. In the long history of millions of years, our ancestors lived in caves most of the time, such as the well-known "Beijingers" and "cavemen". When people take natural caves as their homes, they are still in the age of ignorance. It has been nearly 654.38+00000 years since human society came into being. At that time, the global temperature increased significantly, and the average temperature was several degrees higher than now. At this time, primitive people living in caves came to plains and lakes from forests, and the rich food resources attracted these mountain people. They built shacks on the edge of the forest and the highlands near rivers and lakes and began to settle down. The first house appeared. China has a vast territory, with great geographical and climatic differences between the north and the south, and the forms of shacks vary from place to place. In the ruins of Xi 'an Banpo in the northern part of the Yellow River Basin, early houses were dug out of the ground, with a depth of about 1 m.. The bottom of the cave was used as a terrace, and the cave wall became a natural wall. Then cover the cave with branches and spread mud on it, which becomes a living house. This kind of house is about 16 ~ 20 square meters, which is called semi-crypt building. The south is wet and rainy, and the land is soft. Primitive people have to build houses between the branches of big trees, which is called nesting because of its simplicity. "Everything is wrong" describes: "In ancient times, there were fewer people and more animals, and the people were invincible. There are saints who build trees as nests to avoid group harm, and the people like it and make it king. " This situation can also be proved in ethnology. In 1950s and 1960s, Jino people in Balafang Island in the South Pacific and backward ethnic groups in some remote areas of Oceania built houses on branches. Tree nests may be smaller than caves and life is inconvenient, but after all, they were invented by human beings themselves, so they are still a great progress compared with caves as dwellings. Now that mankind has taken the first step, there will definitely be the second and third steps soon. The second phase of housing really appeared. In the middle period of Banpo site, the building has developed into a ground building, and Hemudu cultural dry fence building appeared in Jiangnan water town, because it has many advantages such as ventilation and dehumidification, insect resistance, snake invasion and so on. Dry rail building is a semi-architectural building based on piles and wood, which forms a pedestal higher than the ground, and uses piles to tie columns, frame beams and cover the roof. It is the inheritance and development of nesting. Through the investigation of architectural remains and relics in Gan Lan, five achievements have been made in architectural engineering. 1. These buildings face northwest-southeast direction. According to the plan analysis of the architectural relics excavated in Hemudu site for the first time, all three buildings are northwest-southeast. From the orientation, the building is located in the northeast, facing southwest, so the orientation of the building is very different from that of the current south-facing building, which is not conducive to lighting, ventilation, heating and shelter from the cold. Judging from the productivity level of Hemudu culture, it is in contrast with the rich production and life experience of the original residents. This special orientation choice needs to explore the characteristics of the dry column building itself. No complete architectural remains were found in the two archaeological excavations of Hemudu site, because from the construction technology and materials, Ganlan building is very easy to be baited. According to ethnological data, the longest service life of similar Dai buildings in Yunnan is 15 years. Due to the difficulty in cutting and processing, it is estimated that the collapsed building components were used by Hemudu people to build new houses, leaving only buried wooden stakes. It is speculated that the building at that time had not yet opened the window, and the door was located on the mountain wall like the dry fence building of the Dai nationality, which had many functions such as access, ventilation, lighting and smoke exhaust. Gan Lan-style buildings run from northwest to southeast, and the doors are about 10 degrees from east to south. This direction has the longest sunshine time in winter and the shortest sunshine time in summer in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which avoids the heat in summer and increases the lighting time in winter. Therefore, this orientation choice is very practical for long-slope windowless dry rail buildings. So far, local buildings have inherited this reasonable orientation choice, and the best orientation is 5 ~ 10 degrees east of the portal. Of course, this is accumulated through practice and life. 2. The advantage of building foundation composed of wooden stakes, ground beams and floor slabs is that it can reduce the foundation treatment work, and the building can be built after burning, which not only meets the actual needs of moisture-proof and flood control, but also solves the problem of cooling and ventilation caused by high temperature in the south. However, the construction difficulty caused by this is much greater than that of ordinary ground buildings. Foundation is the key to the success of the building, and the dry fence building is particularly important. The building foundation piles of Hemudu site can be divided into round piles, square piles and sheet piles. Square piles are large in volume, with a general cross section of 15× 18cm, and the penetration depth is 50 ~ 100cm deeper than that of circular piles, which can play the role of bearing piles. Its distribution can also be found regularly, with a general interval of1.3m ~1.5m. There are many round piles, and their diameters vary greatly. Sheet piles are few in number and densely arranged. Through the sampling survey of the bottom of pile wood in the fourth cultural layer, it is known that the bottom of all kinds of piles is cut into spikes or blades, which shows that it is treated by driving method. After the pile foundation is completed, the ground beam will be erected next. The upper end face of the square pile is chiseled with a groove for splicing the ground beam. Some logs have forks at the upper end, which can also be used to support ground beams or top beams. Key components, such as central columns and corner columns, are chiseled with perforated mortises and mortises at right angles to each other, and further fixed by binding. The floor is laid on the ground beam, and most of it is not fixed, which is convenient for the original residents to dump garbage down through the raised floor. The base is stable at first, but some places will settle because of the soft soil. At this time, the ancestors put the prepared logs and even the floor under the ground beam as piles and wood support, and day after day, the fractal at the base of the ground became the result of piles and wood. Judging from the above foundation projects, it is necessary to calculate the building load before construction to determine the specifications and quantity of materials. Then, according to the requirements of building area and indoor separation, lofting is carried out on the spot. Finally, the coordinates are selected to ensure that the stakes are parallel and vertical, and to ensure the next beam-column installation project.