Ancient architecture in China?

The top of the temple, that is, the top of the temple, is often called "four Ardins" because the roof has four inclined planes, which are slightly concave inward to form an arc. It was called "Temple in the Temple" in the Song Dynasty, "Temple in the Temple" or "Wuling Temple" in the Qing Dynasty, and it was called Jidong Building in Japan (pseudonym: よ). It is the tallest roof style in China, even higher than the sloping mountain style. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, only the royal family and the Confucius Temple could be used. During the Tang Dynasty and Japan, it was also found in Buddhist temple buildings. Later, it was often used in various types of buildings.

imperial capital

[1] Edit the classification of building roofs in China here.

First place: Ding Dian with double eaves. The main halls of important Buddhist temples and palaces symbolize dignity. Second place: resting on the top of the mountain with double eaves. It is common in palaces, gardens and temple buildings. Third place: single-eaved palace roof. Important buildings. Fourth place: resting at the top of the single eaves. Important buildings. Fifth place: hanging from the top of the mountain. Houses, cabinets, warehouses. Sixth place: Hard Peak. Folk houses. Seventh place: shed roof. Folk architecture. No rating: pyramid roof. Pavilions and pavilions [2] This paragraph edited the form of Ding Dian.

There is a positive ridge and four oblique ridges on each of the four slopes in Ding Dian, and the roof is slightly curved, also known as Four Ardins, commonly known as the "four major slopes".

Cilang temple

The five ridges and four slopes of "Four Waters" are also called Wuling Hall. Among them, Ding Dian in Yunnan first appeared in the pre-Qin period. It is reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, bronzes in Zhou Dynasty, stone reliefs and funerary wares in Han Dynasty, and grottoes in Northern Dynasty. According to "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji", "Sijia Heavy Commercial House", that is, there were Sijia roofs as early as the Shang Dynasty, but they were only thatched houses with four slopes. Since the use of tiles on roofs in the Western Zhou Dynasty, people have paid more and more attention to tile roofs and roofs. Because the intersection of the two slopes of the roof must be covered with the roof ridge to avoid rain leakage, this architectural form gradually took shape, taking the Quelou in Han Dynasty and the Wuke Temple Hall in Tang Dynasty as objects. [3] Double-eaved Ding Dian: This kind of Ding Dian is the highest among all Ding Dian in the Qing Dynasty. The roof of the temple is rectangular in plan, and its width is greater than its depth. The intersection of the front and rear slopes is a positive ridge, and there are four vertical ridges on the left and right slopes, which cross one end of the positive ridge respectively. Double-eaved Ding Dian has short eaves under Ding Dian, and each corner has a short vertical ridge with nine ridges. Among the existing ancient buildings, only the Taihe Hall and Dacheng Hall of Qufu Confucius Temple adopt this kind of roof. Ding Dian with single eaves: Its shape is the upper part of Ding Dian with double eaves. It is a standard five-ridged temple with four Ardins. The main halls of the Forbidden City, such as Tijen Pavilion and Hongyi Pavilion, are equipped with guards. Edit Ding Dian and social hierarchy in this paragraph.

The grade of architecture is mainly reflected by the consumption of wealth (including manpower). The scale of the building, the preciousness of materials and the delicacy of decoration are the main factors to show the grade of the building. However, there are some grade factors in ancient buildings in China that are not the embodiment of wealth consumption, but have other social and cultural reasons, such as the grade of roof form and the grade of architectural color. If the complexity of the hanging mountain is obviously lower than that of the oblique mountain and the oblique mountain, then the level is even lower, and the technical complexity of the oblique mountain and the oblique mountain is difficult to compare and cannot be attributed to the consumption of wealth. In East Asia, the grade of the inclined mountain is not necessarily higher than that of the inclined mountain. For example, the main hall of Gyeongbokgung Palace in Korea and North Korea was the inclined mountain, while Qinmen used the inclined hall. China's ancient canon was higher than the stipulation of Xieshan, which should be related to their technical geographical origin and the orthodox political status in the north. Xieshan appeared later than Xiandian and Hangshan. Scholars basically believe that Xieshan was a roof form that was formed in the southern region after the Han Dynasty and spread to the northern region during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties was the annexation of the south by the north. Although the Sui and Tang Dynasties system absorbed many factors from the Southern Dynasties, it was still nominally orthodox in the North. As a traditional roof form in the northern region, Fudian has also achieved the corresponding orthodox status. The so-called rule that Fu Dian is higher than Xie Shan should be formed in this period (Tang Ling: Four Palaces). Similar to this problem are the hierarchy of palace-style and hall-style buildings, the development of pavement forms between Han and Tang dynasties and so on. It can be considered from the differences of technical background between the north and the south and the orthodox status of the north. Simple change shed on the roof of the palace: On the southeast coast, there are many storms and typhoons, and villagers build houses with grass. The roof is streamlined with reference to the roof of the palace, which reduces the resistance against strong winds and is conducive to rainwater flowing down the roof. It's called "shed", and some single shed roofs are made on the windward side. Edit the characteristics of Ding Dian in this paragraph.

China's ancient architectural culture, with civil structure as the mainstream, also has a remarkable feature, that is, its roof shape is unique and profound. The roofs of other building systems in the world are protruding outwards, and only the roofs of ancient buildings in China are sunken inwards. From the appearance, the concave arc roof of the ancient buildings in China is elegant and stretched, just like a Dapeng spreading its wings, forming the unique beauty of flying of the ancient buildings in China. In the famous architectural work "Building French Style" in Song Dynasty, this paper introduces the construction method of this concave roof: firstly, the height is fixed, then the truss is folded down according to certain attenuation law, and finally the concave roof is formed. This method is called "lifting and folding" [4] In this section, the cultural connotation of Ding Dian architecture is edited.

The concave curved roof built by lifting and folding technology is not only beautiful in appearance, but also contains profound cultural connotation. It is a vivid architectural embodiment of China's ancient theory of "the sky is round" and the concept of "the unity of man and nature". The so-called "Fiona Fang without rules", in the concept of the ancients, the sky circle is associated with the rules of drawing a circle, and the place is associated with the painter's moment. The circle on the building (represented by a curve) is like an astronomical rule, and the bottom (represented by a square base and the building body) is like a rule, which shows the universal concept of "the sky is round and the place is round". The concave arc roof is shaped like a "human", which is consistent with the ancient theory of heaven, earth and human beings. It is consistent with the theory of "the unity of heaven and human beings". The big and strong divination in the Book of Changes is the symbol of ancient Chinese architecture, and it also embodies the concept of "the sky is round and the place is round". The two Yin hexagrams on the top of Dazhuang hexagrams represent concave roofs, and the four Yang hexagrams on the bottom represent the foundation and house of the founder. According to this model, the building is soft on the outside and rigid on the inside, with complementary curves and straight lines, vigorous and vivid image and distinctive national characteristics. The slope of the concave curved roofs of ancient buildings in China is roughly the same, generally ranging from 26 degrees to 30 degrees, which is very close to the included angle of 23 degrees and 27 minutes formed by the ecliptic of the sun and the equator of the earth, which is also the cultural connotation that the roofs of ancient buildings symbolize the sky. [5] The hall of supreme harmony in the Forbidden City has a double eaves and a hall.

One-eave Hongyi Pavilion in the Palace Museum.

Taizhou Nanshan Temple Double-eaves Daxiong Hall.

The Great Buddha Hall of Todaiji Temple in Japan adopts a double-eaved roof.