What are the summaries of landscape waterscape design?

What are the summaries of landscape waterscape design?

"Stone is ancient, water is far away". Water is an important part of natural scenery and one of the basic elements of garden beauty. Since Zhou Wenwang dug a "fish pond" for more than 3000 years, water, like a mountain, has always been valued by gardeners. Humble Administrator's Garden, Netscape Garden, Canglang Pavilion and other famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River win with water interest: Canglang Pavilion is surrounded by water on three sides; The pool area of Humble Administrator's Garden accounts for three-fifths of the garden area; Netscape Garden accounts for four fifths. Even in chengde mountain resort, which is located in the north and is characterized by mountain scenery, among the 72 scenic spots named by Kangxi and Qianlong, there are more than 30 water features such as "Water Fragrant Rock Show", "Haopu Jiansi" and "Listening to the Wind and Hearing the Spring". The ancient gardener said, "A garden is lifeless without mountains and bones and water". Water makes the garden full of vigor and vitality.

There are two ways to set up waterscape: static view and dynamic view. All photography involves water, which is the main factor in the creation of environmental art space, and can be used to form various landscape patterns and reproduce nature artistically. There are four basic forms of water: one-day running water, which is divided into rapid and slow, deep and shallow; The second is falling into the water. If water falls from a height, it will fall through wire, cloth, suspension, strips, etc. , can be gurgling leisurely, can also be magnificent. The third is still water, peaceful and quiet, crystal clear; The fourth kind is pressure water, which shows a dynamic beauty, such as splashing, surging, overflowing and intermittent water. Landscape with water, dynamic and static complement each other, sound and emotion set each other off, virtual and real set each other off, with rich levels. After getting water, ancient trees, pavilions and rocks are inseparable and will have a special charm. Water bodies such as pools, streams, rivers and lakes, waterfalls, fountains, etc. often give people a strong appeal of moving in silence, making sounds in silence, winning more with small ones and making people memorable.

I. Urban Water System and Garden Waterscape

The main tasks of urban water system planning are to protect, develop and utilize urban water system, regulate and control flood and sediment deposition, open up artificial rivers and lakes, promote urban water conservancy, prevent and control floods, and integrate urban water bodies into a complete water system.

Urban water bodies have the functions of flood discharge, water storage, organization of shipping, water transport and sightseeing. Adjust the urban climate and other functions. The short-term and long-term planned water levels of rivers and lakes, including the highest water level, normal water level and lowest water level, are also the basis for determining the type of revetment, the elevation of dike top and the low elevation of lakes. The tasks of rivers and lakes in urban water system, such as flood discharge, water storage, transportation, humidity control and sightseeing. The location, planning and requirements of hydraulic structures should be reflected in the water system planning. In addition to meeting these requirements, garden waterscape projects should also be landscaped as much as possible, so as to coordinate hydraulic structures with landscape and unify the contradiction between hydraulic structures and waterscape.

1, pool, bank protection and slope protection

First, the pool pool can improve the microclimate conditions in urban gardens, beautify the city and play a key decorative role. There are many kinds of pools, and the depth, wall and bottom materials are also different. Regular square pools look solemn, while free layout and compound staggered pools can make the space vivid and changeable. The embedded paintings, hidden carvings and underwater colored lights at the bottom of the pool, with the cooperation of the project, make the waterscape get all kinds of wonderful landscapes, no matter day or night. The pool design includes plane design, elevation design, section design and pipeline design. Its plane design mainly shows its plane and scale, and marks the elevation of bottom, wall top, water inlet, overflow outlet and drain outlet, planting pool and the position of selected section. The elevation design of the pool should reflect the elevation change and elevation landscape, and the section should be representative enough to reflect the material thickness from the foundation to the top of the wall.

The pool materials include concrete pool, brick pool and flexible structure pool. Different materials, shapes and requirements have different designs and constructions. In the garden, the pool can be made of brick (stone), with simple structure, saving formwork and steel, convenient construction and low cost. In recent years, with the emergence of new building materials, the pool structure appears as a flexible structure, which is a new way of combining rigidity with flexibility. At present, there are commonly used in engineering practice: concrete pool, brick pool, glass cloth asphalt pool, recycled rubber film pool, linoleum waterproof layer (two felt and three oil) pool and so on.

The appearance of various landscaping pools, such as pavilions, diving stones, falling water steps and fish ponds, also reflects the diversity of people's demand for waterscape projects. Various artificial fountains are equipped with various colorful underwater lights in festivals, which are varied and add to the festive atmosphere. The large musical computer fountain in front of Tiananmen Square is undoubtedly the embodiment of contemporary high technology.

B. The water body of the revetment and the revetment garden shall have a stable and beautiful waterfront, so as to keep a certain area ratio between the land and the water surface, and prevent the land from being flooded or the waterfront from collapsing, or the water body from collapsing due to frost heaving, anchorage and wind and waves. , destroyed the original intention of design. Therefore, it is necessary to build bank protection and slope protection on the edge of water body. Garden revetment can be divided into natural type and integral type according to section shape. Large water bodies or regular water bodies often adopt the form of integral straight revetment, which is composed of bricks, concrete and stones. However, small water bodies or water bodies with stable water level in gardens often adopt natural rock revetment to make them into shapes such as rocks, stones, cliffs and caves.

When designing a barge, it is necessary to determine the plane position and the elevation of the top of the dike. The revetment adjacent to the urban river is constructed according to the plane position specified by the urban water system, while the position of the revetment in the park is determined according to the architectural design of the lake. The constant water level line on the plan shows the position of the water surface, and the elevation of the dike top should be higher than the highest water level to ensure that the lake will not flood into the shore and land surface due to wind and waves, but the specific situation depends on the actual situation. When laying, it is required to be firm and stable, and the revetment is mainly driven by piling or firewood sinking, often with lath, rubble concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete, with mortar lath or mortar rubble jointing, brick plastered with waterproof mortar, reinforced concrete and rockfill as the wall, and lath, rock, concrete block and vegetation as the roof.

Slope protection is mainly to prevent landslides, reduce the erosion of surface water and wind waves, and ensure the stability of bank slopes. Common methods are: riprap slope protection plus willow trees and paving stones.

Second, the small sluice.

Sluices are widely used in gardens. Sluice is a hydraulic structure that controls the flow in and out of a certain section. According to their functions, sluices are generally divided into intake sluices (located at the inlet of water and connected with the upstream to control the water output), control sluices (located at the outlet of water and connected with the downstream to control the water output) and sub-sluices (used to control the water output of water tributaries). When selecting the gate position, we should know the topography, geology and hydrology of the gate position, especially the design parameters, so as to determine the gate position.

Sluice structure can be divided into three parts from bottom to top: foundation, sluice bottom and sluice superstructure. When determining the structural size of a small sluice, the data to be understood include: external water level, internal water level, lake bottom elevation, safe superelevation, linear distance from the farthest bank in front of the sluice, soil type and engineering properties, ground elevation near the sluice and flow requirements.

The required data are calculated through design: gate hole width, gate top elevation, gate wall height, gate bottom plate length and thickness, gate pier size, gate, etc.

Third, artificial springs.

Artificial spring is a kind of waterscape arrangement that has arisen in China in recent years. With the development of science and technology, various fountains, waterfalls, spewing springs, overflowing springs and falling into the water have appeared, which not only greatly enriched the waterscape of modern gardens, but also improved the microclimate. Waterfalls, geysers, fountains and falling water are also landscapes that reproduce the natural form of water in waterscape projects. Their key is not their size, but their true reproduction. For water control projects such as revetments, islands, fan beaches, river bends, ponds and streams, first-class methods such as source, movement, comparison, setting off, melody, light and shadow, hiding and painting should be used to make them reappear in line with the natural water potential, so as to achieve "seeing the big with small", "winning more with less" and "opening up the world".

There are many types of fountains, the common ones are:

(1) Common decorative fountain: a fixed water-spraying type that is often composed of various flower-shaped patterns.

(2) Sculpture Decorative Fountain: The water spray modeling of the fountain combines sculpture and sketch.

(3) Artificial water landscaping: such as artificial or mechanical waterfalls, water curtains and other large water columns.

(4) Self-control fountain: Using advanced computer technology or electronic technology, sound, light and electricity are integrated into the fountain technology to create colorful water features. Such as music fountain, computer-controlled fountain, geyser, etc.

The size and planning of the fountain mainly depends on the functions given to it in the planning, but it has a great relationship with the wind direction, wind force and climate temperature of the fountain's geographical location, which directly affects the area and shape of the fountain. Besides meeting the layout requirements of nozzles, pipes, pumps, water inlets, water outlets, overflow ports, suction pits, etc. The plane size of the fountain should also prevent water from being blown out of the pool by the wind at the design wind speed, so the plane size of the fountain should generally be increased by 0.5- 1.0m per side than the calculation requirements.

The depth of the fountain should be determined according to the layout requirements of pipelines and equipment. When installing a submersible pump, the submerged depth of the suction port should be no less than 0.5m, and when installing the suction port of a water pump, the submerged depth of the suction port should be no less than 0.5m. The pump house is mostly underground or semi-underground, and the ground drainage should be considered. The ground should have a slope of not less than 5‰, facing the sump. Ventilation should be strengthened in the pump room. In order to solve the coordination problem between the semi-underground pump house and the surrounding landscape, the pump house is often designed as a pavilion, platform, waterside pavilion or hidden under cliffs and waterfalls.

The common nozzle forms of fountain are: single nozzle, spray nozzle, annular spray chamber, rotating nozzle, fan nozzle, porous nozzle, special nozzle, combined nozzle and so on. When designing a fountain, the nozzle flow, the total flow and the total lift of the fountain should be calculated. Because there are many factors that affect the fountain design, it needs to be properly adjusted or even partially modified during installation and operation.

Underwater lamp in fountain is a necessary measure to ensure the effect of fountain, especially in today's advanced modern technology, the comprehensive application of light, machine, electricity and sound will make fountain technology more attractive in garden landscape.

Fourth, the coordination of water.

The water in China gardens should be still. "Zhou was born in Hangjianyuan in Qing Dynasty, and his name was Jianshuizhai, which originated from China's philosophy and embodied the dialectical view of" quietness and movement "(Chen Congzhou's On the Garden). The water is still, there is no water, but there are reflections of objects on the shore on the water surface, and swimming fish, algae and other things can be seen underwater. Behind this phenomenon is its philosophical connotation. ""Lao Tzu "said" good as water ". In Zhuangzi, it is said that "water is still bright" ("Heaven"), "silence is always bright, and brightness is empty." ("Geng Sangchu"). This profound connotation can exert a subtle influence on visitors, but recently some people don't understand this truth, and always feel that still water seems too dull, so they need to make some fountains and water sculptures. As everyone knows, this is incompatible with the traditional gardens in China.

Lotus can be planted on the water to make it more alive. Planting lotus in the garden, on the one hand, can imagine the noble artistic conception of "getting out of the mud without dyeing"; On the other hand, you can also imagine the beautiful scenery of Xizi Lake, Qu Yuan's wind and lotus flowers, "lotus flowers reflect the sun in a different color". But if you plant lotus flowers, it is often a few years later, and the lotus leaves are full of water in summer. This must also rely on technology: several large tanks can be used to plant loads in them, and then the lotus roots in the tanks will sink to the bottom of the pool together with the load tanks (the tanks here are designed in advance), so that the lotus roots in the tanks will not grow wildly. The method of water control lies in artistic conception. Therefore, although there are methods, we should not be confined to this, but improve the artistic accomplishment of gardens. However, it should be reminded that water treatment is not isolated, and water must be combined with mountains and buildings, such as platforms, waterside pavilions, water corridors and dry boats, and must be considered as a whole.

The water in the garden needs to be quiet, but the water source needs to be alive. For example, there is a curved bridge in the northwest of the big pool in Suzhou Master Park, and the water in the pool extends to the small ditch through the Jichang Garden under the bridge, which means endless meanings; Similarly, there is a bridge in the southeast of the pool, and the water is getting narrower and narrower to the south, which seems to flow far away. The big pool in the middle of the Humble Administrator's Garden, in its south and north, is the same. There are two pools in Zhanyuan, Nanjing, and there is a stream to the west of Miaojingtang, which makes the pool water come alive. In Jichangyuan, Wuxi, there is a spring in Bayinjian on the west side of the pool, which is indeed a water source, and there is a water inlet at the north end of the pool, which seems to be the place where the pool water flows out. There are countless examples of this practice.

Five, waterscape appreciation

Landscape design should have the effect of listening, seeing and understanding. Or the waterfall sounds like thunder, or the microwave beats on the shore, or the stream is light and turbulent, or the birds are singing, all listening; The breeze is fine and the water surface is flat; Lotus water, Xiao He is like money; Fish swim in waves, fine grass wears sand; The winding corridor is high and the reflection is clear, which is the scene; It is a tacit understanding to appreciate its amorous feelings, observe its implication and understand its philosophy when listening to it.

For example, the temple garden Taiyuan Jinci, although located in the Loess Plateau, is famous for its waterscape. There are many spring eyes in the temple, and the scenery consists of springs. In front of the hall of Notre Dame, the main hall where the old spring flows, a pond "fish marsh" was dug to store the spring water. Tourists come here and listen to the four springs flowing here. This is "listening". Here is a poem carved on a stone: "gurgling is a long wave, turbulence is agitation." A steady stream of coming and going, rolling day after day, is listening to spring. There is a small cross-shaped bridge on the fish pond, which forms a scene called "Fish Pond Flying Beam". Looking down from the bridge, the water is clear and the grass is green, and the fish are swimming between the sharp spring and the quiet swamp. This is the concept. Walking down the stone steps from Nan Lao Quan, there is a pavilion built by water. On the surface of the water, there is a Zhou Shi rippling with the blue waves, engraved with the words "Don't tie a boat", which means what Lao Tzu said: "Clever people work hard, wise people worry, those who don't want nothing, if they don't tie a boat". He will also remind people of the famous sentence of Wei, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty: "Spring tides bring rain late and rush, and no one crosses the boat in the wild." These are all tacit understandings.