Indian history and culture

1. Indian traditional culture is influenced by geographical environment, religious tradition, caste system, village structure and language.

Cracks and other influences have formed the characteristics of pluralism, complexity, strong religion and inclusiveness.

With a long history of religious traditions, tree worship and animal worship are very popular. Hinduism recognizes the authority of Vedas and yearns for Brahma.

For example, practicing reincarnation, pursuing spiritual liberation and practicing yoga devoutly, Hinduism, with its broad, flexible and tolerant spirit, not only maintains traditional beliefs, but also attracts the attachment of emerging religions, and has become a deeply rooted Indian state religion, which has always dominated and influenced the Indian people. Religious belief has become a spontaneous dominant force in Indian people's lives, making it a very typical traditional religious society. In India, the national and cultural identity is mainly in religion, and the focus of people's life is not in national politics but in religion.

2. Indian culture Indian culture is like a hard stone, but it stubbornly invades any foreign culture without great expansion.

Although many kings in early India used Buddhism as the state religion, they were later ruled by Mongolian and Turkic princes who believed in * * * and colonized by Christian Britain for nearly 200 years, after each ruler left, India stubbornly restored the ancient Hindu tradition. * * * culture has had a strong influence on India for hundreds of years, only hitting Pakistan and Bangladesh, but not shaking the main culture of India. It is precisely because India is the mainstay that the expansion of * * * religion is divided into two parts, so that other countries in the shadow of India are not affected by * * * religious culture.

The philosophical concept of Indian culture holds that time is infinite, always turning from one cycle to another, with no beginning or end, and space is limited. Indians don't care much about the world outside the Indian peninsula, nor do they care about and record history. Now Indian historians need to learn about Indian history with the help of Xuanzang's records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty and the accounts of the Greeks and the British.

Indian culture believes that death is just the next cycle. They are not afraid of death, full of hope for the future and have incomparable confidence in the world. Indian culture opposes killing and lives in harmony with nature. There will be no general hysteria and panic about any disaster, but I just don't want to fight against fate violently. Even if they strive for independence from British colonial rule, they will rely on peaceful means. Indian culture is not a single religious culture. In early India, some other religions appeared, such as Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism. In fact, the philosophical concepts of these religions are consistent with Hinduism, and they also absorb Hindu gods and legends, but they oppose the Hindu caste system. Like Hinduism, these religions are confined to India, and only Buddhism has successfully spread to other ethnic groups. Among them, Southern Buddhism countries became countries in Indian cultural circle, while Buddhism in the north absorbed Confucianism.

Indian culture does not yield to the pressure of any foreign culture, nor does it violently resist, and has always stubbornly maintained its own traditions. Indian cultural circle also includes Southern Buddhism countries, which have a unified cultural tradition and background.

3. About ancient Indian culture, explain in detail the world where ancient Indian buddhas and dreams interweave-Indian culture India is close to China, but because of the barrier of towering Himalayan snow-capped mountains, we know little about this neighbor. "Learning from the Western Heaven" has become synonymous with hardship in the ears of China people. Like the Nile and the two river basins in ancient Egypt and the Yellow and Yangtze rivers in China, the Indus and Ganges rivers are also brilliantly brewing.

Ancient Egypt, Babylon, China and India are called the four ancient civilizations in the world. 500 thousand years ago, there were ancient ancestors in the Indian subcontinent. They also slash and burn, fish, hunt and gather, and thrive here.

By the Neolithic Age about 10,000 years ago, there were settlements all over India, and people began to engage in agriculture, domesticate livestock and make exquisite household appliances. All these provided fertile soil for the birth of splendid ancient civilization.

In the South Asian subcontinent, there is an ancient country, the Himalayas are towering, and the Indian Ocean is vast, magnificent and full of vitality. This is India, known as the "country of the moon". Because its territory is shaped like a cow's head, some people call it "the country with cow's head bones".

The Ganges, an ancient Indian civilization, originated in the Himalayas and crossed an Asian peninsula surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, the Sea of * * and the Indian Ocean, which nourished this land, gave birth to splendid civilization and became a "holy river" of a country. And this lucky country is India, one of the four ancient civilizations in the world.

Pure hymn-like tunes India is a melting pot of culture. The unique historical background of this country makes it contain many cultural trends from ancient times to modern times, from west to east, from Asia to Europe and so on.

In addition, it is a country composed of five ethnic groups, and it is like a big cultural museum. Mumbai, located on the west bank of the capital New Delhi, is the cultural center, while Calcutta has news about culture every day. A variety of music, dance, ballet and comedy dazzle tourists and make them linger.

Living in a noisy big city for a long time, people yearn for returning to the original. The foundation of Indian traditional music is "nature".

It praises the relationship between man and man, man and nature, and man and God. The melodies of the four seasons are all reflected in the traditional tune "Lag"-it is said that the ancients wrote the first "Lag" inspired by the singing of birds in the forest and the burning of branches.

As for the content of the song, it originated from religious ceremonies in North India. Today, traditional songs still retain the ancient pronunciation, and the singer's sound quality is pure, which makes the song maintain a simple and pure feeling of hymn.

Even if you don't understand the lyrics, you can feel the sacredness and tranquility of nature. ——Natyam, one of the oldest dances in India, means "the art of dancing" in Hindi.

In addition to emphasizing the rhythm of dance, it also emphasizes that accompaniment music must be pleasant to listen to, consisting of solemn poems and simple music. This is a sacrificial dance, which can fully reflect the feelings of dancers. It was originally performed by temples in temples.

The key to this dance is to keep your upper body straight, your legs half bent, your knees apart, and your feet like a half-open fan. Although there are strict action norms, in fact, each actor's performance is different, and most of the time the performance is improvisation, so each Natyam's personal style is very strong.

Now, this traditional dance has re-emerged with a retro trend. However, ancient Natyam was generally a solo dance, and now group dance is more popular.

A group of graceful people in gorgeous traditional costumes danced like fairies in beautiful music, and the effect was better than solo dancing. Today, Natyam has developed into a technical art system. Indian curry, a delicacy cooked with earthen stoves and charcoal fire, is world-famous. Many people think that rice and curry are the main foods and seasonings in India.

But in fact, rice is only the staple food in some parts of India, and curry is a strange seasoning for most Indians. In fact, there is no unified style is the biggest feature of Indian food.

Moreover, there are not only great differences in eating habits among cities in India, but even every family has an obvious eating style. But in general, chicken, fish and mutton are the most common.

Gravy is the main sauce in India and is very popular all over India. Of course, the gravy in every place has its obvious local characteristics.

In Indian kitchens, only fresh green peppers and dried red peppers are spicy. So tourists who don't like spicy food don't have to worry about not eating authentic Indian food.

For tourists, India's most famous traditional dishes originated from the Indian royal family. Stewed meat, sauce and rice are the basis of three different cooking styles.

But after all, royal food can only be eaten in special restaurants and hotels, and ordinary people are not "cold" about it. In the local area, many popular Indian dishes are very common, such as unfermented oatmeal bread coated with green mustard, which has been cooked all night with coal fire. This simple winter snack is regarded as the favorite by farmers and city dwellers.

Authentic shortbread and steamed rice cakes are famous in southern cities. As for some coastal areas, in addition to seafood feasts such as crabs, lobsters, tiger shrimps and shellfish, fragrant coconuts are also the most commonly used ingredients.

Clay stove charcoal cooking is a unique cooking method in India. It is very particular about timing.

When the furnace temperature reaches 600 degrees Celsius, the difference between cooking is one or two minutes, even one or two seconds, which will affect the success or failure of cooking. The meat made in this way does not need oil, and it is dipped in yogurt when eating.

Before the food is served, the creaking charcoal fire and lingering fragrance have made your index finger move. In addition, in many parts of India, people like to hold food in a large shallow dish called "Tali".

When dining with "Tali", do as the Romans do and taste it slowly. Wolfing it will only make the local people laugh. The Soul of Tianzhu-Exhibition of Bronze Statues of Ancient India Ancient India is a mythical place with extremely developed religions and philosophies.

Therefore, bronze statues in ancient India are often symbols of myths, religious idols and philosophical metaphors, which embody the spirit of the gods. The tradition of Indian bronze statues is very long, dating back to Gong Yue.

4. What is the traditional culture of India? Haha, that's ridiculous. Take a foreign world yearbook for reference on the first floor. Who told you that traditional Chinese characters have been around for 2000 years? Who told you that Indian traditions have been preserved? Let me tell you some basic knowledge: Chinese without simplified Chinese characters is usually called traditional Chinese characters (some people who think traditional Chinese characters are orthodox will also call them "normal Chinese", and the words selected by the official word selection scheme of the Republic of China are called "normal Chinese", and the Chinese using this "normal Chinese" scheme is also called "normal Chinese").

In many cases, these characters are generally called "traditional Chinese characters". Because these Chinese characters have not been simplified, some people think that they are better than simplified characters, which are the essence of China traditional culture and should be called "regular characters".

The choice of traditional Chinese characters varies from place to place. The simplified Chinese characters listed in Chinese mainland's Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters are different from the actual words selected by Hong Kong and Taiwan, and the words selected by Hong Kong and Taiwan are not necessarily the same. Simplified Chinese characters, called mainland Chinese characters by some people in Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, are the symmetry of traditional Chinese characters.

At present, simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters popularized by People's Republic of China (PRC) in Chinese mainland. For the same Chinese character, simplified Chinese characters usually have fewer strokes than traditional Chinese characters.

Simplified Chinese characters are legal simplified Chinese characters published by the competent department of * * * on the basis of simplified Chinese characters, which are unique. In Chinese mainland, the current simplified characters are the simplified characters included in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (which was later developed into the Summary of Simplified Characters).

However, many Chinese characters have not been simplified, such as: "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first". These Chinese characters are called inheritance characters, which are neither traditional nor simplified.

Chinese with simplified characters and selected inherited characters is sometimes called simplified Chinese. Simplified characters are often called simplified characters because they are improved on the basis of simplified characters.

From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to regular script, Chinese characters have been simplified in the process of evolution. The simplification of Chinese characters reduces the number of strokes and Chinese characters, thus reducing the difficulty of learning Chinese characters, speeding up the writing speed, and facilitating the popularization of education.

India's culture is only a single religious culture, and because of its existence, India will never become a big country! .

5. Indian culture Indian culture has two basic characteristics, namely its diversity and religion.

Indian culture basically belongs to religious culture. At present, more than 99% people in India are religious believers, and there are very few atheists.

In the complicated Indian culture, Hindu culture has always occupied a dominant position, running through the history of Indian civilization. Hinduism arose with the Aryans entering India in 2000 BC, and originated from primitive worship and witchcraft in ancient times.

From about 0/500 BC to 600 BC, it gradually evolved into Vedas and finally developed into Brahmanism, which is today's Hinduism. Hinduism is an all-encompassing complex, a religion, a belief and a way of life.

Hinduism believes that the human soul is immortal and everything is animistic, and advocates karma and life cycle. In this religion's view, life does not start with life and end with death, but is a link in an endless series of lives, and each life is restricted and decided by previous life behavior.

A person's good deeds can make him ascend to heaven, and his evil deeds can make him fall into animal nature. Therefore, individuals must practice and accumulate merits in order to know Brahma, return to Brahma and become one with Brahma.

"Brahma Contract I" is the core of Hindu philosophical theory and the highest goal pursued by Hindus all their lives. Because of this pursuit and belief, Hindus tend to value spirit over material on the fundamental philosophical issue of spirit and material, which also determines the most basic values of most Indians.

It can be said that Mahatma Gandhi, the father of India, advocated that the eastern spiritual civilization should be above the western spiritual civilization. The spiritual perfection of Tagore, a famous poet, and the spiritual realm of harmony between man and nature are all concrete manifestations of this value. On the other hand, driven by this religious culture, the Indian nation is enthusiastic, good at words, good at thinking, full of fantasy but poor in sense of time and weak in practical ability.

At the same time, the value orientation formed by religious culture also dominates people's spiritual life and behavior, which makes Indian literature and art show the characteristics of romance, mystery and surrealism. In a word, this life philosophy and values of Hinduism, after thousands of years of historical evolution, has been recognized by the vast majority of Indians and is the main internal factor of Indian national cohesion.

Cultural Overview India is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. Around 2000 BC, an ancient civilization producing orchids was created.

From 1500 BC to 1200 BC, Aryans moved in, bringing Aryan culture, becoming the source of literature, philosophy and art of Hinduism and India, and opening up the civilization of Ganges valley. Around the 6th century BC, there appeared four kinds of sexuality: Brahman, Khrushchev, Veda and sudra, which was the embryonic period of slavery.

The 6th century BC to 5th century BC was a glorious stage in the history of Indian culture. Various schools of philosophy and social theory flourished, resulting in Buddhism, one of the three major religions in the world. In 325 BC, a unified slave country was formed.

The invasion of * * * people in the 8th century brought * * * culture. /kloc-In the 6th century, European colonialism began to enter India.

1600, Britain established the East India Company to plunder India economically. 1849, Britain occupied Jing Quan and began its brutal colonial rule.

India declared its independence and established a dominion. 1October 26th,1950,65438+announced the establishment of the Republic of India, but it is still a member of the Commonwealth.

Indian culture has exerted great influence and played a decisive role in the world. Indian culture is very unique, with strong religiosity, diversity and inclusiveness.

India is a religious country, which has produced and popularized many religions in history, and has a wide range of followers in other major religions in the world, such as Christianity and Judaism. The long-standing existence of various religions in India and the devout faith of Indian people in religion have formed a strong religious nature of Indian culture.

Religion permeates all aspects of social life. The formulation of national political laws, the formation of people's moral concepts, and the traditional customs and habits of all ethnic groups have also developed under the influence of religion.

Religion is also integrated into Indian culture, and its national language, literature, art, music, dance and sculpture are all centered on religion. In the Indian cultural system, it is not difficult to see the characteristics of Greek culture, Persian culture, British culture, China culture and other cultural elements.

There are two main reasons for India's cultural diversity, one is foreign invasion in history, and the other is peaceful cultural exchange. In addition, there are hundreds of ethnic groups and numerous tribes in India, all of which have their own languages, religious beliefs and cultural traditions.

Therefore, Indian culture has been enriched and developed in the process of constantly absorbing foreign cultures, showing a rare diversity in the world. In the long history, India has adopted an inclusive attitude towards all foreign cultures. Therefore, in all different types of regional culture, language culture and religious culture in India, different foreign cultural elements are more or less retained and integrated with foreign cultures.