What is the background and main content of China's new security concept?

Since the end of the Cold War, with the relaxation of the world situation, the interdependence among countries in the world has been continuously improved, economic and trade exchanges between countries have increased rapidly, and military confrontation has been declining. Although local conflicts occur constantly, the possibility of large-scale conflicts between big countries has been declining. At the same time, driven by the information revolution, globalization is developing more rapidly, and the exchanges and contacts between countries are closer than at any time in history. Subsequently, various non-traditional security factors have posed new challenges to the security of all countries, prompting them to change their security concepts, from traditional hard security and macro security such as military and politics to soft security, micro security and human development such as economy, culture and environment, with more emphasis on cooperation and interdependence among countries and the pursuit of common security in the world. China's new security concept was put forward at the 1995 ASEAN Regional Forum, and it was developed and perfected in later practice, forming the core content of China's foreign strategy. On many occasions, China's leaders expounded the threats faced by all countries in the world and how to realize national security and international security, and the important documents of the Party and the government also made formal explanations.

On July 3 1 2002, the China delegation attending the ASEAN Regional Forum Foreign Ministers' Meeting submitted China's position paper on the new security concept to the General Assembly, which comprehensively and systematically expounded China's new security concept under the new situation. According to this document, the core contents of China's new security concept are: mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and cooperation; The essence of the new security concept is to "transcend the unilateral security category and seek common security through mutually beneficial cooperation".

The "newness" of China's new security concept first lies in transcending the Cold War mentality and abandoning the idea of seeking security through confrontation. China advocates establishing cooperative relations beyond ideology and social system on the basis of mutual benefit and mutual trust, and seeking common interests and resolving conflicts through cooperation. This new concept is the product of adapting to the development and changes of the international situation.

Before the end of the Cold War, the main threats faced by China were always the confrontation of great powers, the danger of world war and the threat of imperialist armed aggression and subversion. With the end of the East-West confrontation and the establishment of a new relationship based on the cooperation of big powers, the security problems faced by China have also changed. China's new security concept pays attention to both traditional threats and non-traditional threats. Including military and non-military security issues. This new security concern actually closely combines national security with international security, and links the threats facing China with the global threats facing mankind.

Observing the current international relations from a new perspective, we can see that the threats to world peace include local wars and conflicts, regional hotspots, the gap between the North and the South, the basic survival of people and even the safety of life are threatened by international terrorist forces, ethnic separatist forces and extreme religious forces. Environmental pollution, drug smuggling, transnational crimes and serious infectious diseases have become global problems faced by all countries in the world. The solution of all these problems requires the international community to have new ideas and strategies.

China's new security concept emphasizes equal cooperation rather than strength confrontation to solve problems. One of its core contents is "cooperation". More precisely, it is to resolve disputes through peaceful negotiations and carry out extensive and in-depth cooperation on security issues of concern. This cooperation is multi-channel, including multilateral security mechanism, multilateral security dialogue, bilateral security consultation and unofficial security dialogue. Compared with the "land of peace", the "cooperative security" model proposed by the new security concept is not only clearer in concept, but also institutionalized and standardized. Compared with alliance, it is not targeted at specific enemies, and there are no strict Covenant restrictions.

The concepts of "harmonious society" and "harmonious world" put forward by China leaders have injected new contents into China's new security concept and pushed it to a new height. China leaders emphasized that the socialist harmonious society to be built in China should be one characterized by democracy and the rule of law, fairness and justice, honesty and friendship, vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature. At the same time, the concept of people-oriented and governing for the people has been further strengthened. This makes China's new security concept go beyond the simple security relationship between countries and begin to truly form a new security concept covering the comprehensive security interests of the country and people.

When discussing China's new security concept, we should not completely separate China's new security concept from the emerging international security concept. At the end of 1970s, politicians and scholars in some western countries expounded their "new security concept" one after another. From 65438 to 0979, the Brandt Committee published a report entitled "Struggle for the Survival of the World", which defined the "new security concept" and held that "a new and more comprehensive security understanding must be put forward", so that it is not only limited to military aspects, but also includes solving non-military problems that threaten people. During the same period, the report of the Palme Security and Disarmament Commission put forward the concept of "* * * security" and called for the transformation of "military-based security concept" into a broader "* * security" achieved through international cooperation, demilitarization and disarmament. 199 1 year, the Global Governance Committee put forward the concepts of "people's security" and "global security" in its report Tianya Neighborhood, and elaborated the "new security concept" in more detail. The new security concept from Europe was quickly accepted by the United Nations, which had a great influence on the later changes of the United Nations security concept.

After the end of the Cold War, the United Nations actively advocated the transition from a narrow concept of international security to an all-inclusive concept of security. From 65438 to 0994, in the Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme, the concept of "human security" was comprehensively and systematically expounded from seven aspects: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. Since the Millennium Summit, the security concept of the United Nations has been linked with development and human rights, and has been defined as "people-centered security", which emphasizes not only the security of the country but also the security of the people. Security depends not only on force but also on development.

From the core content of China's new security concept, we can see that China's new security concept is consistent with that advocated by the United Nations. They also emphasized non-military means to deal with global threats and comprehensive security issues, including traditional and non-traditional security. The concepts of "harmonious society" and "harmonious world" have corrected the tendency of China's previous security concept to place too much emphasis on military security and economic development, and raised his concern about non-military security issues such as social security and personal safety. The concepts of "harmonious society" and "harmonious world" bring people-oriented, social justice and respect for nature into China's new security concept. It can be seen that China's new security concept is consistent with the basic content of the new security concept advocated by the United Nations.

At the same time, China's new security concept is a security concept with China characteristics, which is different from that based on western political, cultural and social systems. The new security concept advocated by western developed countries emphasizes individual freedom and personal safety, international intervention beyond sovereignty and global governance based on unified values. China's new security concept emphasizes the Five Principles of Peace and adheres to the principle of non-interference in internal affairs. This principle remains the guiding principle for China to deal with global threats and participate in the activities of international organizations such as the United Nations. For example, although China has begun to participate in United Nations peacekeeping operations, it advocates that peacekeeping operations should be conducted cautiously and respect the principle of sovereignty. China put forward three principles for participating in peacekeeping operations: first, the consent of the country concerned or the parties concerned must be obtained; Second, we must remain neutral; Third, force can only be used for self-defense. On the issue of human rights, China also expressed its opposition to interfering in the internal affairs of sovereign countries under the pretext of human rights.

On the road to security, China emphasizes the principle of equality among countries and the pluralism, diversification and democratization of international relations. China's new security concept advocates transcending the differences between ideology and political system, respecting different civilizations, different social systems and different development paths, learning from each other's strong points in competition, and seeking common ground while reserving differences for common development. This shows China's "new civilization view characterized by respect for diversity".

China's new security concept is the product of China at this stage, so it also reflects the consideration of special national security interests, such as border issues, Taiwan Province Province issues, anti-separatism, etc. As a developing country, China's new security concept is different from that of developed countries in emphasis. Like other developing countries, development remains the primary issue for China. The concept of "harmonious society" shows that China's new security concept has turned to pay more attention to social security issues, such as environmental security, social security, food security, health security and so on mentioned in the United Nations Human Development Report.

10 years, China's new security concept has been constantly enriched and developed. Internationally, China's new security concept reflects China's contribution to finding a human security concept suitable for the new era and safeguarding world peace.