What are the main features of architecture in Song Dynasty?

Song Dynasty architecture generally refers to the architecture of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty from 960 to 1279. Just like all previous dynasties, it inherited the architectural tradition of the previous dynasty.

With the development of economy, handicraft industry and science and technology in the Song Dynasty, the architects, carpenters, technicians, engineers, bucket systems, architectural structures and modeling techniques in the Song Dynasty reached a high level. The architectural style is becoming more and more systematic and modular, and the architecture gradually appears free and changeable combination, which blooms a mature style and a more professional appearance. In order to enhance the indoor space and lighting, the column lowering method and the column moving method were adopted, which increased the number of stories of huge bucket arches on beams and columns, and even appeared irregular beam-column layout, jumping out of the neat pattern of beam-column layout in Tang Dynasty.

There are various types of architecture in Song Dynasty, among which pagodas, stone bridges, wooden bridges, gardens, imperial tombs and palaces are prominent. Because the garden design that pays attention to artistic conception deliberately pursues the artistic conception of the combination of natural beauty and artificial beauty, the architecture of this period has changed the vigorous characteristics of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The roof and corner of the building tend to tilt, unlike the rich style of the Tang Dynasty, which gives people a gentle feeling. The extensive use of paint makes the color more prominent. The carving and painting of window lattice, beam column and stone pedestal are very varied, and the shapes of columns are even more varied.

For thousands of years, architectural wisdom has been passed down from mouth to mouth, but the literature on architecture has long existed. The architecture depicted in Chinese paintings handed down from generation to generation also allows historians to better understand the collocation of architecture in Song Dynasty. The architectural literature "Architectural Style" in the Song Dynasty has a very in-depth description of architecture and measurement, which is more organized than the previous literature and provides a reliable basis for later buildings. On the other hand, the imperial court set up an official position and institution responsible for building construction and related affairs-general supervisor, responsible for palace construction, which made the inheritance of architectural technology more systematic.

Kaifeng Tower, a huge and solid bucket arch and a gentle roof as seen from the riverside map on Qingming Festival.

The Song Dynasty witnessed the rapid development of economic activities, agriculture, culture, urbanization and population. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the population of China reached 52.88 million, and in the Song Dynasty, it increased from about 46.4 million in the early period to 654.38+25 million in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Most political cities in Song Dynasty developed into economic centers, such as Bianjing and Lin 'an. The architectural style has broken through the previous Li Fang system and become a system of imagination.

Get rid of the restrictions of Li Fang city wall and let the shops face the street directly. Business activities are no longer limited by time. There are post offices, shops and China opera stage-Goulan.

Society began to see the confluence of government and business, economic activities were unprecedentedly vigorous, and commercial buildings were in full swing. In agriculture, the land reclamation area (up to 700 million mu) and the yield per mu are both twice the highest value in the Tang Dynasty. In Yuanfeng year, the iron output in North China was as high as 1078- 1085. In shipbuilding, it can make ships carrying thousands of tons of goods. People live a rich life, and the pursuit of enjoyment spreads. Royal families, officials, literati and wealthy businessmen competed to build gardens.

Culturally, Neo-Confucianism, literature and art have made great progress. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have revived, and Taoism has prevailed, and the three have merged with each other. A large number of pagodas and monasteries were built. Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian marks the development of historiography. In terms of education, in addition to the official schools organized by the government, a large number of schools are also organized by the people, and there are many academies in urban and rural areas. At that time, the famous academies were Shigu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Songyang Academy, Yuelu Academy, Yingtianfu Academy and Maoshan Academy.

artistic value

Although the architecture in Song Dynasty lost the grandeur of the architecture in Tang Dynasty, its architectural structure and decoration have high artistic value, which is still praised by people until now.

The architectural layout is peculiar: for example, the layout and structure of longxing temple in Zhengding, Hebei Province are typical buildings in the Song Dynasty. The whole temple is deep, with many halls and climaxes. The courtyard space is wide and narrow, and changes with the scattered buildings. The space formed by Foxiang Pavilion and the surrounding Runwheel Pavilion and cishi Pavilion has become the climax of the whole group of temple buildings, which has a strong appeal. Monastery Mani Palace —— The existing Mani Palace with the highest historical, artistic and scientific value in longxing temple. The main hall is built on a platform with a height of1.2m.. There are seven halls with wide surface and deep depth, which are located on the top of the mountain. Strangely, there is a big house leaning against the mountain on both sides of the square temple, which makes the plane cross. Because of the temple and the four major buildings.

The combination of the car body and the overlapping appearance of the hall are magnificent. In this regard, Mr. Liang Sicheng, a famous ancient architect, greatly praised: "This layout is only seen in Song paintings except the turret of the Forbidden City in Beiping; The picturesque irrigation and ancient solemnity really give people an indescribable feeling, especially from the perspective of three-dimensional layout. This Mani Palace is magnificent and can be called the best of art, but it is also unique in China architecture. "

Song Dynasty is the mature period of China's classical garden creation. Taking Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty as an example, there are more than 150 private and imperial home forests registered in relevant documents, which shows the prosperity of garden architecture in the Song Dynasty. The number of royal gardens and private gardens in the Song Dynasty not only exceeded that of the previous generation, but also the artistic style was more meticulous and fresh, poetic and artistic conception was more conscious. Make up the scenery by borrowing scenery, and emphasize the harmony between man and nature. The representative palace garden in Song Dynasty is Jinci Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi.

Jinci Temple is located in the southwest suburb of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 25 kilometers away. Its main hall, Notre Dame Hall and "Fish Marsh Flying Beam" are the remains of the Northern Song Dynasty. Its landmark "Notre Dame" was built in the heyday of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1023- 1032), which is the oldest building in Jinci. In Notre Dame de Jinci, there are Song plastic maids (clay sculptures), old branches and endless old springs, which are also called "Three Musts of Jinci".

Fish pond flying beam is a square pool with 34 octagonal columns in the middle. The cross-shaped bridge deck is supported by the bucket arch and beam wood at the top of the columns. This is the flying beam. The whole shape is like a big bird spreading its wings, so it is called a flying beam. This strange and beautiful cross-shaped bridge is the only existing physical object in China. This is very valuable for studying the ancient bridge architecture in China.

Cultural connotation

Architecture is always rooted in a certain cultural soil and cultural background. The culture of the Song Dynasty is as described by Wang Zhenfu in the Course of Architectural Culture in China. "The Song Dynasty is an elegant era, and its thoughts and feelings gradually cooled down with the fanaticism of the Tang Dynasty, just like worshipping the rising sun and the bright moon. From daring to face the rising sun to looking up at the bright and silent starry sky, it seems quiet and heavy." The architectural style of the Song Dynasty is also deeply branded with the traces of Song-style culture.

First, the scale of the building has shrunk. Both Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, have much smaller cities and palaces than Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. The Architectural History of China pointed out: "The layout of palaces in the Northern Song Dynasty was not as magnificent as that in the Tang Dynasty." For example, Miyagi in Tokyo "because his Miyagi was expanded on the basis of a national sub-city." The circumference is only 2.5 kilometers, ..., these are places where the gas bureau is not big. "As for the scale of the mausoleum building, it is also obvious. Take the Seven Emperors and Eight Mausoleums in the Northern Song Dynasty as an example. They are crowded in Gongxian county, Henan province, and distributed in Xiang.

10 km geographical range. Although this kind of architectural layout was related to the weak national strength at that time, it was mainly influenced by the theory of acceptance, and Neo-Confucianism advocated "keeping justice in nature and eliminating human desires". Therefore, at that time, the cultural mentality of China literati students and their whole nation had the characteristics of "turning inward", "introversion" and "introversion", which generally did not seek the grandeur of the material level, but had profound implications in the spiritual symbolic sense. As Shao, a Neo-Confucianism scholar in Song Dynasty, said, "The mind is at ease, the body is at ease, and the room is wide." .

technology content

The Song Dynasty was a dynasty with a high level of scientific and technological development in ancient China. Similarly, the architecture of the Song Dynasty also reflected its superb technical level, which has certain guiding significance for future generations and even contemporary architectural circles. This is mainly manifested in masonry buildings, such as Asoka Tower in Haiqing Temple.

Ashoka Tower of Christina Temple, located on the bank of Dacun Reservoir in Huaguoshan Scenic Area, is a famous tourist area with mountains and mountains and blue waves. The tower was originally built in front of the main hall of Christina Temple, so it is called Christina Temple Tower. The tower is located in a big village, and the locals say it is big.

Village tower. There are "spirit teeth" of Ashoka in the tower, so it is also called the Ashoka Tower of Christina Temple. In the Ming Dynasty, the Chronicle of Haizhou in Qin Long was described as: "The pagoda is nine levels high, and the clouds are high." 6. We can imagine the scale and spirit of the ancient temple pagoda at that time. The ancient temple of Christina has disappeared, but the Ashoka Tower still stands in the scenic Huaguo Mountain Scenic Area. It is said that this tower was built by Weichi Gong in the Tang Dynasty. According to the inscription embedded in the southeast of the fifth floor of the tower, "The Buddha statue was placed on the fifth floor of Ashoka Tower from the first year to the ninth year, and the inscription was engraved on February 3 of the ninth year of the tower", which shows that the tower was built in the first year of the tower (1023) and completed in the ninth year of the tower, with a history of nearly a thousand years. It is the oldest and tallest pagoda in northern Jiangsu. Professor Chen Congzhou from Tongji University visited Lian in September 1972. He thought that this tower was similar to the Liao Emperor Tower in Dingxian County, Hebei Province, and its architectural form was similar, so it was called "two giant structures in the north and south".

Raft map of Yuan Lugou Bridge: It depicts the scene of transporting stones and wood from the western hills near Lugou Bridge to build the Grand Palace in three years (1266).

Christina Temple Tower is located in front of the inner hall of the mountain gate, and its plane layout is similar to Yongning Temple recorded in Luoyang THE TEMPLE OF JIALAN, which is different from the configuration of Buddhist temples after Tang and Song Dynasties. Christina Temple Tower was built in the Northern Song Dynasty. Although it is not located in front of Shanmen Temple, it is still on the central axis, which is an example of the evolution of Buddhist temples in the history of ancient temple architecture in China.

The tower is octagonal, with nine floors and eight sides and a height of 40.58 meters. The main entrance faces south, and an arched ticket gate is built in the east, west, north and south. The tower is a pure brick structure, and its body and mind columns, inner corridor steps, waist eaves and rolling brakes are all made of bricks. The other four sides of each floor above the second floor of the tower are hidden in the shape of straight windows. The first floor at the bottom of the tower is folded waist eaves, and the second to ninth floors are folded waist eaves. From the second floor to the eighth floor, the outer wall is surrounded by a corridor, with an octagonal tower core column in the middle and steps inside. The entrance of the first floor is in the southwest, the second floor is in the south, the third floor is in the northwest and the fourth floor is in the northeast. Then the trapezoid horizontally forms a cross shape. To the ninth floor, there are no brick columns and corridors, and the interior is easy and octagonal. Illicium verum

The pagoda of Christina Temple inherited the fine tradition of "architectural style" in Song Dynasty, and its construction was ingenious. The tower site and tower foundation have been carefully selected and treated. Although they have withstood the test of nearly a thousand years of ups and downs and 18 earthquakes recorded in history, they still stand tall without uneven subsidence and inclination, which is the inscription on the tower lintel: "Deep-rooted".