Ten Ancient Appellations for People

A, ten kinds of modesty, modesty is a traditional Chinese virtue, so the ancients to address themselves with a modest gesture to show respect for others, showing the etiquette of the state.

First, people in ancient times were very respectful of their parents, they introduced their parents to others as "father, mother".

Secondly, although the emperor of the country is the king of the nine or five, but when he called himself is also very modest, they called themselves "widowed king".

Thirdly, people who are well read are afraid of others saying that they are showing off their literary skills, so the ancient readers humbly referred to themselves as "not talented" meaning that they still need to learn more.

Fourth, the ancients called themselves, will not directly say that I, but with a moral word, the word is "stupid", life is from this is not understand to understand the process, so everyone will have a stupid time, the stupid is the most modest self-proclaimed.

The fifth generation is relatively small people, the ancient for the younger generation they, to introduce themselves to others will be humbly referred to as "in the next" means in the ancient under the elders, in the face of the elders, so that the self-proclaimed, to show a kind of respect.

Sixthly, the oldest of the old, their modestly called "old man" is also a kind of modesty for the old man himself.

The seventh ancient. The woman called herself "concubine".

The eighth ancient emperor usually spoke to himself a modest title "widow" which is the emperor's own modest name.

Ninth, the monk will call himself "old line", line refers to their own body wearing a robe, ascetic had a lifetime of faith in Buddhism, only a cassock can spend the day, the monk life all the energy used in the practice of above, this is their own a modest name.

The tenth ancient officials, when they saw others, or people higher than themselves, they would address themselves as "inferior officer".

The reason why I don't need to express myself, because I'm too blunt, the ancient people attach importance to the culture of etiquette, modesty is a traditional virtue that the Chinese have, so in order to popularize this virtue, making the Chinese people are polite and courteous, to call their own, will popularize this modesty to the men and women, old and young.

Second, the top ten honorifics, in the exchange will also have to address others, the ancient people also defined ten honorifics to address others, which ten?

First, when you meet each other's parents and elders, you will respectfully address each other's parents as "your father, your mother" to show your respect for each other's parents.

Secondly, when the emperor was with his subjects, in order to show his respect for his subjects, he would call his subjects "爱卿", and the emperor would often say "众爱卿平身" as a kind of honorific for his ministers.

Third is the name of the dead, the ancient people for the dead will add a "first" word, such as "first father", "first emperor".

The fourth for the emperor's family of people's honorific, for the emperor people will respectfully address the royal family as "Your Highness".

Fifth, people will respectfully address the emperor as "long live", "Your Majesty", the ancient people will generally salute the emperor, and eventually read: "Long live the emperor, ten thousand years! "This expresses the hope that the emperor will live forever and respect.

Sixth for the ancient knowledge of the people, and has a great contribution to the people, the ancients respectfully called "saints", such as our "Confucius saint", he is a representative of the ancient school of Confucianism, and to promote Confucianism, for China's cultural He is a representative of the ancient school of Confucianism and has made great contributions to our culture, so he is honored as a "saint".

The seventh ancient general who killed the enemy on the battlefield, the ancients had a respected name for him as "banner".

In ancient times, there was a term of respect for an older man, "zhangren" (丈人).

The ninth ancient for the position of the more noble, higher rights, more prestige of the elders, the ancients for his respect called "Fu Zi".

Tenth, the ancient respect for people older than their own called "brother", showing their modesty and respect for their own older people.

These names plus ten modest and ten honorifics, better reflect the style of the ancients is gentle and courteous, and better show that our country is a great state of etiquette.

The ten ancient titles of people Part 3

First, directly call the name

The ancients had a name and a word. Ancient people believe that calling them by their names is disrespectful to others, so the direct name will only appear in the following special circumstances:

1. For self-proclaimed. For example:

Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poem. (Wen Tianxiang's Post-Preface to the Guide Book)

2. Used to make a biography of a person. For example:

Zhang Heng word Pingzi, Nanyang Xie'e people. (Hou Han Shu - Zhang Heng biography)

3. Elder to the younger generation called name to show affection. For example:

By (the name of Confucius's disciple Zi Lu), teach you to know! Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing. (The Analects of Confucius - For the Government)

4. Used to refer to a person whom one detests. For example:

Unfortunately, Lv Shimeng was in the front and Jia Yuqing was in the back. (Wen Tianxiang's "Guide to the Record after the preface")

(This sentence means: Unfortunately, Lv Shimeng has long been with me in the grudge, the first in front of the Yuan people to say bad things about me, Jia Yuqing followed by fawning on the enemy to offer plans)

Second, the word

The word, also known as the word of the table, taken at the time of adulthood. Words are generally explanations and supplements to names. Calling the word is out of courtesy and respect for the person being addressed. For example:

Dongyang Ma Sheng Junze, in the Imperial College has been two years. (Song Lian's "Preface to Sending Dongyang Ma Sheng")

Expanding on the cultural circle of Chinese characters, there is the phenomenon of the appellation of people's names "by word line". The name "以字行" is an abbreviation of the phrase "to walk in the world with words". That is, only call the person's "word", instead of his name. For example, Yang Shiqi, the famous cabinet minister of the Ming Dynasty, was known by his name, Shiqi, but the world usually only knows his words, so it is called "by word line". On the other hand, Li Bai, Bai, word Taibai, because the name and word are familiar to the world, can not be said to be "word line".

Third, the title (alias)

No., refers to the ancient Chinese in the name, the word outside of the alias, also known as "alias". The number of their own, but also by others. The number of practicality is very strong, in addition to for people to call, but also used as articles, books, calligraphy and painting of the signature. Such as:

Example 1: five people, cover when the polygonal Zhou Gong (polygonal liǎo Zhou Gong: that is, Zhou Shunchang, the word Jingwen, No. polygonal Zhou) was caught, excited by the righteousness of the death of the people. (Zhang Pu, "Tombstone of the Five")

Example 2: The author of Suiyuan Poetry, Yuan Mei, master of the Suiyuan Garden; the author of Jiaxuan Long and Short Sentences, Xin Qiji, Jiaxuan.

This literary section to learn solid, we should memorize the number of some historical figures, such as:

Du Fu: Shaoling wild old man

Li Bai: Qinglian Jushi

Tao Yuanming: Mr. Willow

Bai Juyi: Xiangshan Jushi

Su Shi: Dongpo Jushi

Ouyang Xiu: Drunken Weng, Sixth Jushi

In the previous lesson, we said that the ancient history of the emperor, the empress and the vassals and ministers of relatively high social status will generally have a posthumous name. Posthumous title is from a kind of respect for the sages. For example:

Township predecessor of the left Zhongyi Gong see the study of the capital city. (Fang Zhao "Zuo Zhongyi Gong Yi Shi")

The following is a summary of the "posthumous" commonly used words, everyone take up a small notebook to remember Oh:

Wen, Jing, Wu, Hui, Zhao, Xuan, Yuan, Cheng, Ping, Ming, Huan, Xuan, Kang, Mu (praiseworthy)

Ling, Li, Yang (critical)

Mourning, Huai, Yang (critical)

The first two words of the posthumous title are: "I am the first to be awarded the title of the first posthumous title, and I will be the only to receive it.

Mourning, counseling, and counselling (sympathetic)

Fifth, the name of the room

This refers to the name of the room or the name of the fasting room. Here we can think of the fast or room as the "studio" of the ancients.

Such as the Southern Song poet Yang Wanli Lent named "Chengzhai", people call it "Yang Chengzhai"; and then "Liaozhai" is the name of Pu Songling's Lent, so we call it "Mr. Liaozhai"; Drinking Ice Room is the name of Liang Qichao's room.

Six, said the official name

To serve in a certain place in the official name to call their people. This is also a unique method of address in ancient China.

For example, Du Fu was called "Du Gongbu" because he once served as a member of the Ministry of Public Works, and even his collection of poems was named "Du Gongbu Collection".

We should accumulate some common "official name" titles:

Jia Taifu: Jia Yi; Xie Taifu: Xie An

Wang Ruijun: Wang Xizhi; Wang Ruixing: Wang Anshi;

Du Gleaner: Du Fu; Liutundian: Liu Yong;

Su Bachelor: Su Shi

The name Du Gongbu is used to describe the name of the official in the Ministry of Public Works.

For example, in the "Battle of Red Cliff", "Yuzhou" refers to Liu Bei.

The first time I saw a woman in a room, I was able to see her.

Eight, said the place of origin

said the place of origin is very good to understand, where he is, we use the person's last name plus the place of origin called.

Such as the Tang Dynasty poet Meng Haoran is Xiangyang people, so people called "Meng Xiangyang"; Liu Zongyuan is Hedong people, so people called "Liu Hedong"; "Wang Linchuan" refers to the Wang Anshi.

Nine, said the county

This way of saying is relatively special. The so-called county prestige, refers to a certain area of prestigious family name (generally a family name can have one or more county prestige).

For example, Han Yu was a native of Hengyang, Henan Province, but we seldom refer to him as "Hengyang"; instead, he was known as Changli, and we often referred to him as "Han Changli".

Tenth, the name of the title

The title of the person.

For example, the poet Xie Ling Yun was called "Xie Kang Le" because he inherited the title of Duke of Kang Le.