What is the principle behind the working of sensors?

1. Principles of Sensors

A sensor is a device that uses certain laws to convert detected quantities into other physical quantities that can be easily processed. For example, a ruler is a very simple sensor. It marks scales at certain intervals, the scales are certain laws, and then measurements are made based on that law, the length of an object, and numerical distances for easy application.

For example, a phototransistor is a photoelectric converter that is made of a specific material so that its resistance varies proportionally over a range under the influence of light. To understand sensors, you must first identify the application of the sensor you want to understand and then learn more. But at the end of the day, the basic principle of a sensor is to use certain laws to convert a measurement into other physical quantities that can be easily processed, and there must be a specific law that exists within the sensor itself.

2. Sensor Principle Characterization

Static Characterization - The static characterization of a sensor refers to the correlation between the static input signal in the sensor's output and input.

Dynamic characteristics - the so-called dynamic characteristics refers to the output characteristics of the sensor when the input changes. In practice, the dynamic characteristics of a sensor are usually expressed in terms of its response to a specific standard input signal.

Linearity - Under normal conditions, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve, not a straight line. In practice, in order to make the instrument have a uniform scale reading, often used to fit a straight line to approximate the actual characteristic curve, linearity (non-linear error) is the performance indicator of this approximation.